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簡介：中文中文4300字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文題目基于C語言的MIS程序庫設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)專業(yè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)班級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)閱教師完成日期2014年12月20日第2頁共10頁統(tǒng)、DBMS和大多數(shù)的系統(tǒng)軟件，都是用C語言設(shè)計(jì)的。通過C語言設(shè)計(jì)的應(yīng)用軟件，有著大量的成功案例。這證明C語言對(duì)于開發(fā)像MIS這樣的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，也是一種合適而且強(qiáng)大的程序語言。事實(shí)上，通過精心選擇常用功能，以及編程使他們形成一個(gè)庫，用C語言設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)MIS的有效性也能得到顯著提高。本文提到的WEB編程庫是一個(gè)很好的例子，該庫的優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下。●網(wǎng)頁編程功能。設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)基于MIS的網(wǎng)頁，網(wǎng)頁編程是一項(xiàng)基本的要求。因此這類功能將無疑使程序員設(shè)計(jì)起來更為方便。這部分是庫的主要組成部分，它包括設(shè)置頁面風(fēng)格，顯示頁面標(biāo)題，顯示頁頭，顯示頁尾等。●安全登錄功能。對(duì)于現(xiàn)今的MIS系統(tǒng)，登錄系統(tǒng)是必不可少的部分，而且系統(tǒng)的安全性必須得到保證。該功能組將提供一些有用的功能，例如CAPTCHA功能，登錄功能，COOKIE處理功能，郵件功能，密碼修改功能，和密碼獲取功能等，從而簡化了安全登錄系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)?！駥?shí)用功能。能夠提供一些常用的工具，如計(jì)數(shù)器、迷你日歷、加密和編碼功能等。這將給程序員在開發(fā)中帶來一些幫助?！馛語言中的所有設(shè)計(jì)。通過使用C語言作為開發(fā)語言，在運(yùn)行MIS的時(shí)候，只需要二進(jìn)制對(duì)象代碼即可。這無疑增加了安全性、可靠性、可擴(kuò)展性和運(yùn)行效率。本文介紹了基于C語言的MIS程序庫，在設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施過程中的一些技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)。包括網(wǎng)頁編程功能，安全登錄功能和實(shí)用功能，并提供了一個(gè)詳細(xì)的演示，來展現(xiàn)庫的使用和效果。IIII網(wǎng)頁創(chuàng)作功能網(wǎng)頁創(chuàng)作功能在WEB服務(wù)器和CGI程序之間的核心業(yè)務(wù)，是通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入和輸出對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行翻譯。通過CGI程序形成一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁，發(fā)送網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容到服務(wù)器的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出是一個(gè)必要的工作。由于這個(gè)頁面實(shí)際上是一個(gè)HTML文檔，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的格式化輸出功能PRINTF就可以完成這個(gè)任務(wù)。根據(jù)CGL說明5中，通過CGL形成的頁面，必須由兩部分組成，頁頭和主體，其中頁頭用于發(fā)送屬性信息，而主體則是通過服務(wù)器提供給客戶端實(shí)體。這兩個(gè)部分通過一個(gè)空行分開。

簡介：中文中文5018字出處出處APPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING,2008,285372379【原文】ASTUDYONUNDERGROUNDTUNNELVENTILATIONFORPISTONEFFECTSINFLUENCEDBYDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTINSUBWAYSYSTEMCHIJILIN,YEWKHOYCHUAH,CHIAWEILIUABSTRACTTHISISASTUDYONUNDERGROUNDTUNNELVENTILATIONFORPISTONEFFECTSINFLUENCEDBYDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTFIELDMEASUREMENTSOFTRANSIENTAIRMOVEMENTINTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTFORATYPICALTAIPEIUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSTATIONWERETAKENUNDERWINTERANDSUMMERCONDITIONSITHASBEENFOUNDTHATTHEAIRINTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTHASAMAXIMUMOF2M/S,ANDONAVERAGELIESBETWEEN07AND11M/STHISSTUDYDEFINESANINDEXΗPE,FOREVALUATINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFTUNNELVENTILATIONBYPISTONEFFECTSTHISINDEXCANBEUSEDTOANALYZETHEPISTONEFFECTSDUETODIFFERENTSHAFTLENGTHANDSECTIONALAREATHEMEASUREMENTRESULTSSHOWTHATTHETRAINPISTONEFFECTSAREEFFECTIVEONLYFORCERTAINSHAFTLENGTHANDOPERATINGCONDITIONSTHISSTUDYALSOUSEDTHEAUTHORITATIVESESCOMPUTERPROGRAMTOSIMULATETHEPISTONEFFECTSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSFORINFLOWANDOUTFLOWVELOCITYPROFILEAREALMOSTCONSISTENTWITHTHEMEASUREMENTTHESHAFTSECTIONALAREAWASALSOINVESTIGATEDANDHASBEENFOUNDTHATALARGERSECTIONALAREARESULTEDINLARGERVOLUMEFLOWRATE,BUTTHEPERCENTAGEINCREASEISLESSTHANTHEPERCENTAGEINCREASEINTHESECTIONALAREATHISWILLRESULTINSMALLERAIRVELOCITYINSHAFTANDLESSEFFECTIVEAIREXCHANGEBETWEENTHETUNNELANDTHEOUTSIDEAMBIENTITALSOHASBEENFOUNDTHATLENGTHOFTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTISMORESOANIMPORTANTDESIGNPARAMETERFOREFFICIENTAIREXCHANGEBYPISTONEFFECTSFORUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSYSTEMSITISSUGGESTEDHERETHATTHEDESIGNOFTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTHASTOCONSIDERREQUIREMENTSINCLUDINGΗPE,PRESSURELOSSANDNOISEKEYWORDSDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTPISTONEFFECTUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSTATIONTUNNELVENTILATIONMC?AVVV?QB1AVQCFORAIRINFLOW,AVCM?KIC?P2AC?PSFORAIROUTFLOW,AVCM?KOC?P?1?C?HI3AC?PS?C?HCWHEREATUNNELAREAM2AVRELIEFSHAFTAREAM2CMRATIOOFMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHRELIEFSHAFTTOMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHTUNNELCΔPUPSTREAMRELIEFSHAFTHEADLOSSCΔPSRELIEFSHAFTHEADLOSSCΔHCCOUPLINGLOSSESRELATEDTOCONFIGURATIONOFTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTUNNELANDRELIEFSHAFTCΔHIENTRANCELOSSATTHEBOTTOMOFRELIEFSHAFTKI,KOEMPIRICALCONSTANTSFORINFLOWANDOUTFLOWQB,QCAIRFLOWVOLUMERATETHROUGHRELIEFSHAFTANDUPSTREAMORDOWNSTREAMM3/SVAIRVELOCITYATTUNNELM/SVVAIRVELOCITYATRELIEFSHAFTM/STHESPACEGEOMETRYOFAMODERNSUBWAYSTATIONISTYPICALLYCOMPLEXTHETRAINOPERATIONISAPRIMEFACTORFORTHEPISTONEFFECTSTHETRAINMOVEMENTINTUNNELISAHIGHLYTRANSIENTAIRMOVINGPROBLEMTHEABOVEEQUATIONSAREINSUFFICIENTTOANALYZETHETRANSIENTAIRMOVEMENTINTHETUNNELANDTHEVENTILATIONSHAFTTHEENVIRONMENTALCONTROLANDTHEAIRMOVEMENTAREANALYZEDFREQUENTLYUSINGSES

簡介：JMATERSCI4120062195–2200SURFACECHEMICALANALYSISOFTENCELANDCOTTONTREATEDWITHAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVENKISTAMAH,CMCARR?TEXTILESANDPAPER,THEUNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER,MANCHESTER,M601QD,UKEMAILNARAINDRAKISTAMAHMANCHESTERACUKEMAILCHRISCARRMANCHESTERACUKSROSUNEEDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILETECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFMAURITIUS,REDUIT,,MAURITIUSEMAILSROSUNEEUOMACMUPUBLISHEDONLINE3MARCH2006THEINTERACTIONANDDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGOFAREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,APPLIEDTOTENCELFABRICANDBLEACHEDCOTTONFABRIC,WASINVESTIGATEDUSINGXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTHEN1SXPSSPECTRAOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDSUBSTRATESREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHONTHEFIBRESURFACEANDTHATTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONINCREASEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHTHEBLEACHEDCOTTONHADARELATIVELYGREATERLEVELOFFIXATIONOFTHECHEMICALFINISHINCOMPARISONTOTHETREATEDTENCELTHEREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINFIXEDONTOTENCELANDBLEACHEDCOTTONWASDURABLETOISOCO6/C2SWASHESC?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INC1INTRODUCTIONCYCLODEXTRINSARECYCLICOLIGOSACCHARIDES,WITHTHEMAJORCYCLODEXTRINBEINGTHESEVENMEMBEREDRINGDERIVATIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINCYCLODEXTRINSAREBULKYRINGMOLECULES,CAPABLEOFFORMINGINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESWITHAGREATNUMBEROFORGANICCOMPOUNDSANDHAVEFOUNDWIDEAPPLICATIONSINMANYAREAS1–7INTEXTILES,CYCLODEXTRINSAREARELATIVELYNEWCLASSOFDYEINGANDFINISHINGAUXILIARIESCAPABLEOFINFLUENCINGBOTHTHEPROCESSINGOFTHETEXTILEMATERIALSANDTHEIRSERVICEABILITYPROPERTIES1,6–15CYCLODEXTRINSMAYBEBOUNDONTOTHEFIBRESURFACEBYTWODISTINCTINTERACTIONSAWHERENOCOVALENTBONDSEXISTSBETWEENTHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULESANDTHETEXTILEMATERIAL,ANDPHYSICALBONDINGISTHEMAJORFORCEOFINTERACTIONBWHERETHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEISPERMANENTLYFIXEDTOTHETEXTILEMATERIALTHROUGHCOVALENTBONDINGDUETOTHEIRSTRUCTUREANDABILITYTOFORMINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESCYCLODEXTRINSHAVEBEENEVALUATEDWITHAVIEWTOEITHERSLOWLYRELEASINGPERFUMEORABSORBINGUNPLEASANTODOURSONTEXTILESOROTHERMATERIALS11THEYAREPOTENTIALLYUSEFULINDETERGENTSANDOTHERTEXTILECAREPRODUCTS,BUTDUETOTHEIRRELATIVELYWEAKADSORPTIONWOULDBELOST?AUTHORTOWHOMALLCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDDURINGGARMENTLAUNDERINGANDTHEREFORETHEIREFFECTSARENOTPERMANENTANALTERNATIVEAPPROACHTOIMPROVEDURABILITYHASBEENTOCOVALENTLYFIXA“REACTIVE”CYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHETEXTILEFIBRESURFACEANDTHESERVICEABILITYPROPERTIESOFTHETEXTILEPRODUCTMAYBERENEWEDWITHOUTREAPPLICATIONOFTHEFINISHFORCELLULOSICS,THEMOSTPROMISINGAPPROACHHASBEENTHEUSEOFAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,WHICHCANBECOVALENTLYFIXEDTONUCLEOPHILICSUBSTRATESBYASUBSTITUTIONREACTIONANDCONTAINSTWOTOTHREEREACTIVETRIAZINYLGROUPSPERCYCLODEXTRINRING1,12–15THEPERCENTAGEFIXATIONOFTHEREACTIVECYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHESUBSTRATECANBEDETERMINEDBYFABRICWEIGHTGAINGRAVIMETRICMETHOD7ORTHEKJELDAHLMETHOD13ANDALTHOUGHBOTHMETHODSAREREPORTEDTOBESATISFACTORYNEITHERISSURFACESENSITIVENORSHOWSHOWTHEFIBRESURFACEMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDBYTEXTILEPROCESSINGINTHISSTUDY,THEFIBRESURFACESAREEXAMINEDTOMONITORTHEDEPOSITIONANDINTERACTIONOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVESANDITSDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGTHEXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTECHNIQUEHASBEENUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHENATUREOFTHESURFACESPECIESOUTER10NMONBOTHTENCELANDCOTTONFIBRESTREATEDWITHMCT00222461C?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INCDOI101007/S10853006718362195NNNCLNAOCDFIGURE2CHEMICALSTRUCTUREOFTHEMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALGROUPOFMCTCYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEFROMAFLOODGUNTOENSUREREPRODUCIBILITY,THESAMPLESWEREANALYSEDINDUPLICATEORTRIPLICATEWHEREAPPROPRIATECURVEFITTEDSPECTRAAREPRESENTEDTOCLEARLYDEFINETHEPEAKFORQUALITATIVEANALYSIS3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31XPSANALYSISOFUNTREATEDANDMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDTENCELTENCELISAREGENERATEDCELLULOSICFIBRE,WHICHISFREEOFNATURALIMPURITIESSUCHASNITROGENBASEDPROTEINS,PECTINSANDWAXESTYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHRAWUNSCOUREDCOTTONTHEN1SXPSSPECTRUMFORUNTREATED“CLEAN”TENCELSUBSTRATEREVEALEDTHATNITROGENSPECIESWEREABSENTFROMTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG1SINCETHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINCONTAINSNITROGENBASEDTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALITIES,ITSNITROGEN“LABEL”COULDBEUTILISEDASANELEMENTALTAGTOESTABLISHTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHATTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG2INATYPICALN1SXPSSPECTRUM,NITROGENBOUNDTOCARBONINPRIMARY,SECONDARYORTERTIARYAMINESORAMIDES,OCCURSATABEVALUEOF3990–4002EV16,17THEN1SSPECTRAOFUNWASHEDANDWASHED5TREATEDTENCELCLEARLYINDICATETHEOBVIOUSPRESENCEOFSURFACENITROGENSPECIESATAPPROXIMATELYABEVALUEOF3995EVWHICHMAYBEASSIGNEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFATRIAZINYLSYSTEMOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRIN,FIGS3AND4NITROGENSPECIESLOCATEDINC3N3AROMATICRINGSYSTEMSWOULDTYPICALLYOCCURATBEVALUESAROUND3992AND3994EV18THEPRESENCEOFNITROGENONTHEFABRICSURFACEINDICATESSTRONGCOVALENTBONDINGBETWEENTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINANDTHECELLULOSICFIBRESURFACE,EVENAFTERFIVEWASHES32XPSANALYSISOFTENCELTREATEDWITHVARYINGLEVELSOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTENCELFABRICSWERETREATEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELSOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETODEMONSTRATETHEBUILDUPPROPERTIESOFTHEFINISHONTOTHESURFACEOFTHEFIBRETHETREATEDFABRICSWERETHENSUBJECTEDTOMULTIPLEISO105C06/C2SWASHCYCLESINORDERTOASSESSTHEDURABILITYOFTHESURFACEFINISHTHEATOMICNITROGENCONTENT,ASDETERMINEDBYXPS,WASUSEDASAMEASUREOFTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONOFTHEFINISHITISEVIDENTTHATTHEPERCENTAGEATOMIC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簡介：HANDLINGSTUDIESOFDRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMSMLIN,AAPOPOVANDSMCWILLIAMSCHOOLOFMECHANICAL,MATERIALS,MANUFACTURINGENGINEERINGANDMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFNOTTINGHAM,UNIVERSITYPARK,NOTTINGHAMNG72RD,UKEMAILEAXMLNOTTINGHAMACUKTHEDRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMAPPROACHPROVIDESAFIRMBASISFORANALYSINGVEHICLEANDDRIVERDYNAMICSINVEHICLEHANDLINGDESIGNTHEPAPERAIMSTOPROVIDEANANALYSISOFDRIVER’SSTEERINGANDSPEEDCONTROLDURINGDRIVERVEHICLEINTERACTIONGENERICMATHEMATICALMODELSOFVEHICLEANDDRIVERAREIMPLEMENTED,ANDTHEHANDLINGCHARACTERISTICSINTYPICALMANOEUVRESARESTUDIEDTHROUGHNUMERICALSIMULATIONSASINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDELECTRONICSYSTEMSAREWIDELYINTRODUCEDFORVEHICLECHASSISCONTROLNOWADAYS,NEWHUMANFACTORPROBLEMSHAVEBEENPOSEDINTHESIMULATIONFORVEHICLEHANDLINGSTUDIESTHEPROPOSEDMODELSHEREPROVIDETOOLSFOREXPLORINGTHEEFFECTSOFACTIVECHASSISINTERVENTIONSYSTEMSONTHEDRIVERVEHICLEKEYWORDS/DRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMS,VEHICLEDYNAMICS,DRIVERBEHAVIOUR,CHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,ASVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGHASBEENINCREASINGLYAPPLIEDINVEHICLEDEVELOPMENT,VEHICLEHANDLINGDESIGNINAVIRTUALENVIRONMENTHASALSOBEENWIDELYUSEDINBOTHACADEMICRESEARCHANDTHEMANUFACTURINGAREAFORVEHICLEHANDLINGSIMULATIONS,VEHICLEDYNAMICSSIMULATIONMODELSVDSMSARENECESSITIESFORTHEDEVELOPERSSINCE1960’S35611,VDSMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONS,INCLUDINGDYNAMICANALYSIS,INTERACTIVEDRIVINGSIMULATION,ANDVEHICLETESTINGTHEMODELCOMPLEXITYANDSOLUTIONPROCEDURESAREDEFINEDACCORDINGTOAGIVENAPPLICATIONITCANBESEENTHATTHEVEHICLEANDDRIVERFORMACLOSELYCOUPLEDMANMACHINESYSTEMTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEVEHICLEANDTHEDRIVERBEHAVIOURPLAYSAPARAMOUNTROLETHROUGHOUTTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFTHESIMULATIONATTHESAMETIME,DUETOTHEDESIREFORPERSONALMOBILITY,AUTOMOTIVECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSAREINTRODUCEDINTOVEHICLESTHEYARETARGETINGONPROVIDINGSAFETY,STABILITYANDCOMFORT,ANDMINIMISINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSHOWEVER,ITISARGUEDTHATINSOMECASESTHESECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSCANCAUSEMOREHARMTHANGOODIN9,SHARPPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEASSESSMENTOFDRIVERVEHICLEDYNAMICSQUALITIESINTHECONTEXTOFELECTRONICENHANCEDVEHICLESCONTAINSMANYSEPARATEQUALITYISSUESANDMANYDESIGNCONFLICTSTHISINVOLVESDRIVERVEHICLESPEEDCONTROLANDITSRELATIONSHIPWITHDIRECTIONAL/STEERINGCONTROL,WHICHHASONLYRECENTLYRECEIVEDATTENTIONADETAILEDREVIEWONAUTOMOTIVECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSINHEAVYVEHICLES,PROVIDEDBYPALKOVICSANDFRIES8,INCLUDESSYSTEMSSUCHASANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMABS,TRACTIONCONTROLSYSTEMTCS,REARAXLESTEERINGSYSTEMANDDYNAMICSTABILITYCONTROLSYSTEMITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEDRIVERISKEPTINTHECONTROLLOOPASDRIVER’SINTENTIONISNECESSARYTOACTIVATETHESYSTEMSBYMAKINGAVEHICLEEASIERTOCONTROL,DRIVERSMAYBEENCOURAGEDTODRIVECLOSERTOTHEVEHICLELIMITS,THEREFOREAFFECTINGTHEINTENDEDSAFETYBENEFITSINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,ABASIC4DOFLONGITUDINAL,LATERAL,YAW,ROLLVEHICLEMODELANDADRIVERCONTROLMODELAREPRESENTEDTHEDRIVERMODELISDIRECTIONALLYSTRUCTUREDTOCONTROLVEHICLEHEADING/YAWANGLEANDLATERALPOSITION,ANDLONGITUDINALLYPERCEIVINGTHELONGITUDINALACCELERATIONERRORINSECTION4,DRIVERVEHICLEINTERACTIONISREVIEWEDTHESIMULATIONISTHENEMPLOYEDINSECTION5TOANALYSEMANOEUVRESINVOLVINGDOUBLELANECHANGEANDBRAKINGINTURN2VEHICLEMODELTHEVEHICLEISREPRESENTEDBYAFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMMODEL4,FORTHELONGITUDINAL,LATERAL,YAWANDROLLMOTIONASSHOWNINFIG1,ALTHOUGHTHESUSPENSIONSARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEMODELLING,THEMODELUSESASIMPLIFIEDDESCRIPTIONOFBODYROLLASSUMINGAFIXEDROLLAXISDEFINEDBYTHEHEIGHTSOFTHEROLLCENTRESOFTHEFRONTANDREARAXLESOFTHEVEHICLEVEHICLEMODELPARAMETERSAREREPORTEDINTHEAPPENDIXTHEEQUATIONSOFMOTIONUSINGAXESFIXEDTOTHEVEHICLEBODYAREGIVENBY,ΔΔSINCOSYFFXFFXRFRVUM??ΔΔSINCOSXFFYFFYRFRUVM?SINCOSSINSINCOSΔΔΦΔΔYFFXFFXRFHYRFBXFFYFFAPXZIRZI??????????SINCOSCOSSINΔΔΦΦΦΦΦΦΦXFYFYRZRZFRFRFXZXFFFHFFHPCCKKRIPI??????1MOREDIFFICULTANDIMPRECISETHANTHEPERCEPTIONFORHORIZONTALCURVATURE31DIRECTIONAL/STEERINGCONTROLFORDRIVER’SVISUALFEEDBACK,ATWOLEVELPREVIEWANDCOMPENSATORYDRIVERSTEERINGMODELBASEDONTHECONTROLSTRATEGYPROPOSEDBYDONGES3ISPRESENTEDHERETHEDRIVEREXERTSSTEERINGCONTROLTOMAINTAINLANEPOSITIONTHROUGHPREVIEWCONTROL,ANDTOMANOEUVRETHEVEHICLEDURINGCURVENEGOTIATION,LANECHANGEOROBSTACLEAVOIDANCEUNPREDICTABLEROADDISTURBANCESCANRANDOMLYMOVETHEVEHICLEWITHINTHELANE,ANDTHEDRIVERMUSTCOUNTERACTTHESEDISTURBANCESWITHCOMPENSATORYCONTROLFORPREVIEWCONTROL,WEIRANDMCRUER12SUGGESTEDTHAT,SYSTEMSSTRUCTUREDTOCONTROLVEHICLEHEADING/YAWANGLEANDLATERALPOSITIONORPATHANGLEANDLATERALPOSITIONOFFERGOODCLOSEDLOOPCHARACTERISTICSTHEREFORE,ITISASSUMEDHERETHATTHEDRIVERDEVELOPSSTEERINGCORRECTIONSBASEDONPERCEIVEDHEADING/YAWANDLANEPOSITIONERRORSBYSETTINGAPREVIEWPOINTPONTHEVEHICLEFIXEDXAXIS,ASORTOFPREDICTIVEBEHAVIOURISINCORPORATEDINTOTHESYSTEMFIG2ILLUSTRATESDRIVER’SBEHAVIOURTHROUGHPATHPREVIEWACOMPOSITEHEADINGERROROFTHEPREVIEWPOINTRELATIVETOTHEDESIREDPATHATTHEPREVIEWPOINTISGIVENBY,/PPECLYΨΨΨ?6WHEREYEISTHELANEPOSITIONERROR,LPISTHEPREVIEWDISTANCE,ΨISTHEHEADINGANGLEANDPΨISTHEHEADINGANGLEBETWEENXAXISANDAPLINEINSTEADOFSEPARATELYPERCEIVINGBOTHHEADINGANDLANEPOSITIONERRORS,THEDRIVERNEEDSONLYTOPERCEIVETHEANGULARERRORCΨTOTHEPREVIEWPOINTDOWNTHEROADTHEPREVIEWDISTANCELPHEREISTHEPRODUCTOFVEHICLEFORWARDSPEEDANDPREVIEWTIMECONSTANTT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簡介：JOURNALOFMEMBRANESCIENCE178200025–34SEPARATIONOFBUTANEANDXYLENEISOMERSWITHMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESYNTHESIZEDBYAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTMETHODTAKAAKIMATSUFUJIA,NORIKAZUNISHIYAMAA,MASAHIKOMATSUKATAB,1,KOREKAZUUEYAMAA,?ADIVISIONOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGSCIENCE,OSAKAUNIVERSITY,13MACHIKANEYAMACHO,TOYONAKASHI,OSAKA5608531,JAPANBDEPARTMENTOFAPPLIEDCHEMISTRY,WASEDAUNIVERSITY,341OKUBO,SHINNJYUKUKU,TOKYO1698555,JAPANRECEIVED25OCTOBER1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2MARCH2000ACCEPTED1MAY2000ABSTRACTMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESWEREPREPAREDBYAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTVPTMETHODONPOROUS?ALUMINAFLATDISKSSINGLEANDMIXEDGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFBUTANEISOMERSWEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHESEPARATIONFACTORWASALWAYSGREATERTHANTHEIDEALSELECTIVITYTHISRESULTISEXPLAINEDBYTHEPREFERENTIALADSORPTIONOFNBUTANEONMFIINTHEBINARYSYSTEMTHEPERVAPORATIONTESTSFORXYLENEISOMERSWEREPERFORMEDAT303KPXYLENEWASTHEMOSTPERMEABLECOMPONENTINTHEUNARYSYSTEMINTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFABINARYMIXTUREOFPXYLENE/MXYLENEANDATERNARYMIXTUREOFPXYLENE/MXYLENE/OXYLENE,PXYLENEPREDOMINANTLYPERMEATEDINTHEEARLYSTAGE,ANDTHEN,THEFLUXOFPXYLENEDECREASEDGRADUALLYANDFINALLYBECAMELOWERTHANTHATOFTHEOTHERXYLENEISOMERSTHEADSORPTIONOFMXYLENEINTHEPORESOFMFISEEMEDTOBLOCKTHEPERMEATIONOFPXYLENE?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSZEOLITEMEMBRANEMFIGASSEPARATIONADSORPTIONPERVAPORATION1INTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,ZEOLITICMEMBRANESHAVEBEENSYNTHESIZEDBYAHYDROTHERMALMETHOD1–21ANDAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTVPTMETHOD22–28SINCETHESIZEOFZEOLITEPORESISSIMILARTOTHEMOLECULARDIMENSION,BOTHSELECTIVEADSORPTIONANDMOLECULARSIEVINGPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHESEPARATIONOFHYDROCARBONMIXTURESINTERESTINGFEATURESONTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL81668506255FAX81668506255EMAILADDRESSESMMATSUMNWASEDAACJPMMATSUKATA,UEYAMACHENGESOSAKAUACJPKUEYAMA1TEL81352863850FAX81352863850SEPARATIONOFHYDROCARBONSUSINGZEOLITICMEMBRANESHAVEBEENREPORTED1–28SEPARATIONUSINGMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESWEREREPORTEDMOSTOFTENWITHRESPECTTOTHESEPARATIONOFLINEARANDBRANCHEDHYDROCARBONMIXTURESSUCHASNBUTANE/IBUTANE4,5,7,8,10–12ANDNHEXANE/2,2DIMETHYLBUTANE4,10,12MFIHASAFRAMEWORKSTRUCTURECOMPOSEDOFTWOTYPESOFINTERSECTINGCHANNELSWHICHAREBOTHDEFINEDBY10MEMBEREDRINGSMRSREPORTEDSEPARATIONFACTORSFORTHENBUTANE/IBUTANEANDNHEXANE/2,2DIMETHYLBUTANEMIXTURESWEREINTHERANGEOF20–60ANDOVER600,RESPECTIVELY,ATROOMTEMPERATUREINADDITIONTOTHESEPARATIONOFLINEARANDBRANCHEDHYDROCARBONMIXTURES,THESEPARATIONOFAROMATIC03767388/00/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0376738800004622TMATSUFUJIETAL/JOURNALOFMEMBRANESCIENCE178200025–3427FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHEEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUSFORPERVAPORATION23PERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSEPOXYRESINWASUSEDASASEALANTBETWEENMEMBRANEANDAPPARATUSASPRETREATMENTFORPERMEATIONTESTS,WATERADSORBEDINTHEZEOLITICMEMBRANEWASREMOVEDBYEVACUATIONAT420KFOR2HBEFOREEACHPERMEATIONEXPERIMENT,THEMEMBRANEWASCALCINEDFOR4–10HAT773KTOREMOVEADSORBEDCOMPONENTSANDEPOXYRESIN231PERVAPORATIONINORDERTOEVALUATETHECOMPACTNESSOFTHEMFIMEMBRANES,THEPERVAPORATIONOF1,3,5TRIISOPROPYLBENZENETIPBWITHAKINETICDIAMETER085NMLARGERTHANTHEPOREDIMENSIONSOFMFI053NM056NM,051NM055NMWASCARRIEDOUTFOR25HAT303KTHEZEOLITICMEMBRANEWASATTACHEDATONEENDOFAGLASSTUBEWITHACROSSSECTIONALAREAOF05010?4M2LIQUIDTIPBWEREPOUREDINTHEGLASSTUBE,ASSHOWNINFIG1THEPERMEATIONSIDEWASFIG2SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSKEPTUNDERVACUUMTHEPERMEANTWASCONTINUOUSLYCOLLECTEDFOR25HINACOLDTRAPUSINGLIQUIDNITROGENANDANALYZEDBYAGASCHROMATOGRAPHEQUIPPEDWITHAFLAMEIONIZATIONDETECTORPERVAPORATIONOFXYLENEISOMERSWEREALSOPERFORMEDAT303KSINGLE,BINARYPXYLENE/MXYLENEANDTERNARYPXYLENE/MXYLENE/OXYLENECOMPONENTSOFXYLENEISOMERSWERETESTEDTHECOMPOSITIONSOFTHEFEEDMIXTUREWEREDETERMINEDBYTHEGASCHROMATOGRAPH232GASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSWEREPERFORMEDUSINGAPRESSUREGRADIENTPGMETHODTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSWEREOPERATEDINABATCHWISEMANNER,ASSHOWNINFIG2INTHEPGMETHOD,THETOTALPRESSUREOFTHEFEEDSIDEWASMONITOREDUSINGTHEPRESSURETRANSMITTERDURINGTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTTHEPERMEATIONSIDEWASEVACUATEDTOLESSTHAN50PATHISCONDITIONISREFERREDTOASVACUUMSINGLEGASPERMEATIONTESTSFORHE,N2,NBUTANE,IBUTANEANDSF6WEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHEPERMEANCESOFTHESEGASESATATMOSPHERICPRESSUREWEREDETERMINEDBYUSINGTHERATEOFPRESSUREDECREASEOFTHEFEEDSIDEFROM105TO95KPAIDEALSELECTIVITYWASCALCULATEDFROMTHERATIOOFPERMEANCESMIXEDGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFBUTANEISOMERSMIXTUREWEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHEINITIALFEEDGASANDFINALFEEDGASWEREANALYZEDWITHAGASCHROMATOGRAPHOHKURA,MODEL802WITHATCDETECTORANDAPACKED

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEOPTIMALMACHINETOOLSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXDESIGNDRSALGADOFJALONSORECEIVED4AUGUST2006/ACCEPTED23MARCH2007/PUBLISHEDONLINE4MAY2007SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2007ABSTRACTMANYMACHINETOOLSAREEQUIPPEDWITHAMOTORGEARBOXTOEXTENDTHECONSTANTPOWERRANGEOFTHEMACHINETOOLSPINDLEDRIVEMOTORATLOWSPEEDSCURRENTLY,INTHELATESTSPINDLEDRIVEMOTORTECHNOLOGY,THEGEARBOXESAREINTEGRATEDINLINEBETWEENTHEWATERCOOLEDMOTORANDTHESPINDLEINSIDETHEMACHINETOOL’SRAMTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFASPINDLEGEARBOXDEPENDSDIRECTLYUPONITSCONSTRUCTIONALSOLUTION,ANDONTHEKINETICENERGYCORRESPONDINGTOTHISSOLUTIONINTHISWORK,SPINDLEGEARBOXESAREOPTIMIZEDTAKINGTHISDESIGNFACTORINTOACCOUNTINTHEAUTHORS’OPINION,THERESULTSCOULDBEOFGREATINTERESTFORSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXMANUFACTURERSKEYWORDSSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNOPTIMALDESIGNMINIMUMKINETICENERGYOPTIMIZATIONNOMENCLATUREΣHHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFBENDINGSTRESSΣHPALLOWABLEHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFPALLOWABLEBENDINGSTRESSΣHONOMINALHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFONOMINALBENDINGSTRESSΣHLIMMAXIMUMALLOWEDHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFLIMMAXIMUMALLOWEDBENDINGSTRESSΑPRESSUREANGLEFTTANGENTIALGEARFORCEBFACEWIDTHΒHELIXANGLEDPITCHDIAMETERMMODULEKAAPPLICATIONFACTORKHATRANSLOADSHARINGFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKHBLONGLOADSHARINGFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKFATRANSLOADSHARINGFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHKFBLONGLOADSHARINGFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYFAFORMFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYNTLIFEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYRRELTRELATIVERUGOSITYFACTORYSASTRESSCONCENTRATIONFACTORYSTSTRESSCONCENTRATIONFACTORYXSIZEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYDRELTNOTCHRELATIVESENSITIVITYFACTORY“CONTACTRATIOFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYBHELIXANGLEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHZEMATERIALFACTORZHGEOMETRYFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZLVISCOSITYFACTORZNLIFEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZRRUGOSITYFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZVVELOCITYFACTORZWHARDNESSRATIOFACTORZXSIZEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZBHELIXANGLEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZ“CONTACTRATIOFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKVDYNAMICFACTORNPNUMBEROFPLANETGEARSKEKINETICENERGYOFPLANETARYSYSTEMΩIANGULARSPEEDOFGEARIINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200837851–860DOI101007/S0017000710286DRSALGADODEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDELECTROMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFEXTREMADURA,STATERESADEJORNET38,06800MéRIDA,SPAINEMAILDRSUNEXESFJALONSODEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDELECTROMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFEXTREMADURA,AVDAELVASS/N,06071BADAJOZ,SPAINRATIOSINPARTICULAR,THETWOSPINDLEGEARBOXCONFIGURATIONSUSEDBYMANUFACTURERSARESTUDIEDFORALLTHEMARKETEDRANGEOFPOWERSANDSPEEDRATIOS,ANDTHEOPTIMALDESIGNSOFTHESECONFIGURATIONSAREGIVENANDCOMPAREDFORALLTHATRANGE2CONSIDERATIONSONTHEDESIGNOFSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXESINTHISSECTIONWEEXPLAINSOMEIMPORTANTCONSIDERATIONSTHATMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFORSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHEMEMBERSOFPGTSAREOFTHREETYPES,DEPENDINGONTHEIRMOVEMENTSANDLINKSWITHOTHERMEMBERSINTHEPRESENTWORK,THEYWILLBECALLEDSUNS,ARMS,ANDPLANETSTWODIFFERENTPGTCONFIGURATIONSAREUSEDBYSPINDLEGEARBOXMANUFACTURERSTHEYARESHOWNINFIG2AANDBINTHESEFIGURES,MEMBERS1AND2ARETHESUNS,3ISTHEARM,AND4AND4′ARETHEPLANETS21ECONOMICANDOPERATINGCONSIDERATIONSTHESPINDLEGEARBOXCONFIGURATIONOFFIG2BHASTHEADVANTAGEOFBEINGMOREINTERESTINGECONOMICALLY,SINCEITDOESNOTINCLUDEARINGGEARTHEREASONISTHATSPINDLEGEARBOXGEARSMUSTBEHARDENED,TEMPERED,ANDGROUNDTOAVOIDHIGHHEATING,ANDAGROUNDRINGGEARISMOREEXPENSIVETHANANONGROUNDRINGGEARALSO,IFTHERINGGEARISNOTGROUND,HEATBUILDUPWILLOCCURMOREQUICKLY,ANDTHISHEATINGLIMITSANDREDUCESTHEINPUTSPEEDANDTORQUE22EFFICIENCYCONSIDERATIONSANOTHERINTERESTINGCONSIDERATIONINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNISTHATITISPOSSIBLETOPROVETHATTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEREDUCERSBASEDONTHESETWOPGTCONFIGURATIONSISGREATERIFTHEYAREDESIGNEDWITHTHEINPUTBEINGTHESUNMEMBERTHISISWHYALLSPINDLEGEARBOXESAREDESIGNEDASREDUCERPGTSWITHTHESUNMEMBER1ASINPUTANDTHEARMMEMBER3ASOUTPUT,ASSHOWNINFIG2AANDB23PLANETMEMBERCONSIDERATIONSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGN,ITISQUITEIMPORTANTTOCHOOSEANOPTIMALNUMBEROFPLANETSFORTHEREQUIREDPOWERANDSPEEDRATIOINTHISCONTEXT,THENUMBEROFPLANETMEMBERSINAPGTNPISTHENUMBEROFTHESEMEMBERSTHATAREARRANGEDAROUNDTHEPGT’SPRINCIPALAXISFOREXAMPLE,THECOMMERCIALSPINDLEGEARBOXSHOWNINFIG2CHASTWOPLANETMEMBERS,IE,NP2THISNUMBERMUSTBEASSMALLASPOSSIBLETOREDUCETHEWEIGHTANDTHEKINETICENERGYOFTHETRANSMISSION,WHILEENSURINGAGOODDISTRIBUTIONOFTHELOADTOEACHOFTHEPLANETGEARSTHISNUMBERCANBETWO,THREE,FOUR,OREVENMORE,DEPENDINGONTHEAPPLICATIONWHICHEVERTHECASE,THEPLANETSMUSTALWAYSBEARRANGEDCONCENTRICALLYAROUNDTHEPGT’SPRINCIPALAXISTOBALANCETHEMASSDISTRIBUTION3THEFORMULATIONOFCONSTRAINTSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHECONSTRAINTSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHEYAREGROUPEDINTOTHREESETS,ACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFCONSTRAINTTHESEARE–CONSTRAINTSINVOLVINGGEARSIZEANDGEOMETRY–PLANETARYGEARTRAINMESHINGREQUIREMENTS–CONTACTANDBENDINGSTRESSES31CONSTRAINTSINVOLVINGGEARSIZEANDGEOMETRYTHEFIRSTCONSTRAINTISAPRACTICALLIMITATIONINTHERANGEOFACCEPTABLEFACEWIDTHSBTHISCONSTRAINTISASFOLLOWS9M?B?MD1TWHEREMISTHEMODULEINPUTMEMBEROUTPUTMEMBERINPUTMEMBEROUTPUTMEMBERABCFIG2A,B,CONSTRUCTIONALSOLUTIONSOFTHEPGTSUSEDTOEXTENDTHECONSTANTPOWERRANGECANEXAMPLEOFSPINDLEGEARBOXBASEDONTHEPGTOFFIG2BINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200837851–860853

簡介：VOL20NO1JOURNALOFWUHANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYMATERIEDMAR2005INFLUENCESOFANEWADMIXTUREMXONCONCRETEDURABILITYMABAOGUODONGRONGZHENZHUHONGBOZHANGLIZHONGKAIHONGHEXINGYANGLIZONGJINKEYLABORATORYOFSILICATEMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,MINISTRYOFEDUCATION,WUHANUNIVERSITYOFTEDMOTOGY,WUHAN430070,CHINAABSTRACTTHEPEOCOMMNCEOFCONCRETE,WITHANEWADMIXTUREMXWASSTUDIEDBYUSINGTHEFREEZETHAWCYCLE,PERMEABILITYANDCHEMICALATTACKTESTTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATMXINZPROVASTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEWITHINTHEOPTIMUMPROPORTIONRANGESFIOMO1TO1,THECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFCONCRETEAFTERFREEZE,THAWISINCREASEDT9“2050,ANDYOUNGSMODULUSCANBEINCREASEDBY376564TIMESTHE,STRENGTHANDWEIGHT/O,GSOFCONCRETEWITHO4MXARERESPECTIVELYDECREUSEDBY28AND60AFTERHYDROCH/OR/CAC/DATTACKTHESTRENGTHANDWEIGHTLO,GSOFCONCRETEWITHO4MXAREDECREASEDT9“520QFTERSULFURICACIDANDSODIUMSULFATEATTACKTHEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEWHH1MXAT28DAYSCANBEDECREASEDBYMORETHAN30THEIME,STIGATIONOFTHENEGATIVETEMPERATUREPROPERTYOFMXANDANALYSISONCONCRETECOMPOSITIONANDMICROSTRUCTUREBYMIPREEALTHATTHEHEATCONDUCTUMISRESISTEDANDTHEFREEZINGPROCEDUREOFSOLUTIONINCONCRETEPOREISRETARDEDDUETOTHEADDINGOFMXMOREWER,THEPORESTRUCTUREOFCONCRETE,WITHMXISIMPROVED,THUSIMPRWINGTHEDURABILITY13AEDONTHISSTUD,ARESISTANTVNUMELOFMXTOBLOCKTHEHEATANDMATRANSFERENCEWASPROPOSED,ANDTHEMECHANISMOFDURABILITYIMPROTEMENTOFCONCRETEWITHMXUEXPLAINEDKEYWORDSMXDURABILITYADMIXTURERATIOOFSTRENGTH/OSSNEGATIVE,TEMPERATUREPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONNOWPEOPLEPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHESTUDYONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEINSEVEREENVIRONMENTALOTOFNEWADMIXTURWITHDIFFERENTFUNCTIONS,MEETINGTHEREQUIREMENTFORDURABILITYINDIFFERENTENVIRONMENT,HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSUCCESSFULLY2BUTTHESENEWADMIXTURESONLYAIMEDATSOMESPECIALDURABILITYOFCONCRETESOTHEIRAPPLICATIONSINENGINEERINGARELIMITEDITISSIGNIFICANTTODEVELOPANEWCHEMICALADMIXTUREWITHLOWERCOSTANDHIGHPERFORMANCEIMPROVINGTHECOMPREHENSIVEDURABILITYOFCONCRETE,ESPECIALLYFORWESTERNDEVELOPMENTANDQINGHAIXIZANGRAILWAYCONSTRUCTIONOFCHINA31STUDIESONTHEANCIENTBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURESSUCHASNANJINGANDHEZHOUANCIENTWALL,DALIANANCIENTBATTERY,FUJIANANCIENTREDSOILFORTIFIEDVILLAGES,SHOWTHATTUNGOIL,POLISHEDGLUTINOUSRICEFLUIDANDCARAMBOLAVINELIQUIDADDEDTOLIMESANDMORTARCANINCREASETHEDURABILITYOFANCIENTBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES41ACCORDINGTOTHESUCCESSFULEXPERIENCEINANCIENTNATURALPLANTAPPLICATIONANDPRESENTTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEONRESINCONCRETEANDORGANICINORGANICCEMENTBASEDCOMPOSITE51,REPEATEDSHIFTINGONVARIOUSNATURALPLANTRESINWASCARRIEDOUTANDANEWKINDOFADMIXTUREMXFORCONCRETEDURABILITYWASPREPAREDBYMEANSOFALKALIRESOLUTIONMETHODANDHYDROTHERMALSYNTHESIS6MXISAKINDOFSOLUBLERESINITISASTICKYYELLOWLIQUIDITSDENSITYIS107,SURFACETENSIONIS6X104N/CITISANONAIRENTRAININGADMIXTURELLECEIVELAPR20,2004ACCEPTEDOCT23,2004MABAOGUO/4J/PROFEMAILMBGJOB163CORNFUMEDBYTHENATIONAL“973“PROJECT20OLCB6107043WITHWATERREDUCTIONWATERREDUCTION67THECHARACTERISTICSOFDURABILITYENHANCERMXWERESTUDIEDINTHISPAPERBYUSINGFREEZETHAWRESISTANCE,IMPERMEABILITY,CHEMICALATTACKRESISTANCE,XRDANDMIP2EXPERIMENTALRAWMATERI,DSFOREXPERIMENTISLISTEDASFOLLOWSCEMENTASTMTYPE1FROMHONGKONGANDFROMHUAXINCEMENTCOITSPHYSICALPROPERTIESARELISTEDASFOLLOWSRELATIVEDENSITY315,310SPECIFICSURFACE385M2/KG,350M2/KGFINEAGGREGATECRUSHEDLIMESTONEMAXPARTICLESIZELOMMCRUSHINGVALUE9RELATIVEDENSITY257WATERTAPWATERINORDERTOSHOWTHEOBVIOUSINFLUENCEOFMXONCONCRETEDURABILITY,ESSENTIALCEMENT/WATERRATIOOF06ISUSEDINORDERTOMAKESALTCRYSTALLIZATIONEASILYFORMCRYSTALLIZINGSTRESSINSIDECONCRETE,CEMENT/WATERRATIOOFO4ISUSEDFORCHEMICALATTACKEXPERIMENTTHEMIXEDRATIOOFCONCRETEISSHOWNINTABLE13RESULTS31FREEZERESISTANCETHEFREEZERESISTANCEOFCONCRETEWASSTUDIEDACCORDINGTOASTMC666FREEZETHAWCYCLESYSTEMIS4HOURSAT2025HOURSINWATERAT20CEXPERIMENTMETHODSCONCRETESPECIMENSWEREMADEANDCUREDINSATURATEDLIMEWATERFOR28DAYSTHREEOFTHEMWEREPLACEDINTOANINTELLIGENTFREEZETHAWCYCLEMACHINEFORFREEZETHAWEXPERIMENTTHEOTHERTHREEOFTHEMWEREPLACEDINAIRFORCOMPARISONEXPERIMENTTHECORNVOL20NO1MABAOGUOETALINFLUENCESOFANEWADMIXTUREMXONCONCRETEDURABILITY119TABLE3WATERPERMEABILITYOFSPECIMENSWITH/WITHOUTMXREDUCTIONRATENODEPTHOFPERMEABILITY/RAMAVERAGE/RAMIFDEPTH/D1283030291342119202030EXPERIMENTRESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE3ITCANBESEENFROMTABLE3THATTHEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEISREDUCEDBY30ANDTHEIMPERMEABILITYISOBVIOUSLYIMPROVEDDUETOTHEADDITIONOF05MXSOMXCANIMPROVETHEIMPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEITISHARDFORWATERSOLUTIONWITHVARIOUSATTACKIONSTOENTERTHECONCRETEWITHMXANDHARDLYFORCHEMICALATTACKTOOCCUR4DISCUSSION41NEGATIVETEMPERATUREPROPERTYTHEFREEZETHAWDAMAGETOCONCRETEISMAINLYCAUSEDBYTHESOLUTIONEXPANSIONINSIDECONCRETECAVITYANDPERMEABILITYPRESSUREOFOVERCOLDWATERTRANSFERENCEINCEMENTITIOUSGELPORETHEFREEZINGPOINTANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOFSOLUTIONINSIDECONCRETECAVITYHAVEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHEFREEZINGRESISTANCEOFCONCRETEMXCANIMPROVETHEFREEZINGRESISTANCETHEFREEZTHERMOMETER“,THERMOMET25“MX5FLASK46MLCOVERJ20LII2I15SAMPLESOLUTIONICCACETONCSALR“PRMIXTURECICUPA/AOOOML/LOIFIG3SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHETESTSETUPINGPOINTOFMXSOLUTIONANDTHETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOFMXSOLUTIONATLOWTEMPERATUREAREINVESTIGATEDINTHISPAPERTHEDEVICEISSHOWNINFIG3INORDERTOKEEPTHETEMPERATURECONSTANT,ICE,ACETONEANDSODITUNCHLORIDEMIXTUREAREUSEDASNEGATIVETEMPERATUREMEDIUMSOLUTIONTHEFREEZINGPOINTTEMPERATUREOFTHISSOLUTIONIS114WHENTHEICEEXISTS,THENEGATIVETEMPERATUREOF114CCANBEKEPTCONSTANTSODURINGTHEPROCEDUREOFTEST,THEICESHOULDBEKEPTENOUGHTOMAKETHETEMPERATURECONSTANTTHESAMPLESOLUTIONISSEALEDINTOTHETESTTUBEANDTHEINITIALTEMPERATUREISRECORDEDTHENTHETESTTUBEISPUTINTHENEGATIVETEMPERATUREENVIRONMENTAPRECISETHERMOMETERANDASTOPWATCHAREUSEDTOMONITORTHEVARIATIONOFTEMPERATUREWITHTIMETHEOTHERTHERMOMETERISUSEDTOMONITORWHETHERTHETEMPERATUREOFNEGATIVETEMPERATUREMEDIUMISCONSTANTORNOTTHEFREEZINGPOINTANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOF5MXSOLUTION,2MXSOLUTION,05MXSOLUTION,5NAC1SOLUTIONANDDISTILLEDWATERARETESTEDINTHEEXPERIMENT,RESPECTIVELYTHEEXPERIMENTRESULTSARESHOWNINFIG4ANDFIG55DISTILLEDWATERNAC1SOLUTION50300600900TIME/SFIG4THETWOTESTRESULTSFOREACHOFTHETHREEGROUPSOFSPECIMENSOLUTION252015LO55100MX5NOTETHEENCOMPASSINGLEEACETONEBRINE\MIXTUREISKEPTATATEMPERATUREOF114“12,DISTILLEDWATER\EPOINTFORDISTILLEDWATERNACIS01ULIO5300600900TIME/SFIG5TEMPERATUREDEPRESSIONCURVESOFTHESOLUTIONITISKNOWNFROMFIG4THATTHETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYCANREALLYREFLECTTHEACTUALPROPERTYOFSOLUTIONATNEGATIVETEMPERATUREITISSHOWNFROMFIG5THATTHETEMPERATUREOFMXSOLUTIONREDUCESMORESLOWLYTHANTHATOF5NAC1SOLUTIONANDDISTILLEDWATERWITHTHEINCREASEOFCONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTION,THEEFFECTOFTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONRESISTANCEISMOREEVIDENTATTHEONEHUNDREDFIFTIETHSECOND,THETEMPERATUREOF5MXSOLUTIONIS14C,ANDTHETEMPERATUREOFNAC1SOLUTIONISREDUCEDTO21ANDTHETEMPERATUREOFDISTILLEDWATERIS2INVIEWOFTHIS,MXCANRESISTHEATCONDUCTION,PROLONGTHEPROCEDUREOFTEMPERATUREREDUCTION,ANDDELAYTHEFREEZINGTIMEOFSOLUTIONITISGOODFORSOLUTIONINCONCRETECAVITYTRANSFERRINGTOTHEUNFILLEDSPACEINSIDECONCRETE,THUSLOWERINGTHEDAMAGETOCONCRETEDUETOFREEZINGOFSOLUTIONINCAVITY42COMPOSITIONANDMICROSTRUCTUREANALYSISTHEPROPERTYOFMATERIALSDEPENDSONTHEMATERIALSTRUCTUREFORCEMENTPRODUCTS,THEPOROSITYANDPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONARETHEMAINSTRUCTURECHARACTERISTICSANDINFLUENCETHEPHYSICALPROPERTYOFCONCRETEGREATLYIFTHEQUANTITYOFPORESOVER100RAMISREDUCED,THEDURABILITYOFCONCRETECANBEIMPROVEDGREATLYIT“SJINORDERTOANALYZETHEDURABILITYMECHANISMOFCONCRETEWITHMX,PORESTRUCTURESOFCONCRETEDIANDD4WERETESTEDTHERESULTSARESHOWNINFIG6ANDFIG7ITCANBESEENTHATTHEPORESTRUCTUREOFCONCRETEWITH1MXISOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFCONCRETEWITHOUTMXFORCONCRETEWITHMX,PORESWITHPORESIZEBETWEEN0LTMAND10TMAREOBVIOUSLYREDUCED,WHILEPORESWITHPORESIZEBETWEENLO0LMAND400IMHAVENOANYCHANGEANALYTICALRESULTSINDICATETHATMXCANIMPROVEPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFCONCRETE,REDUCETHEQUANTITYOFCAVITYTHEREACTIONFIELDISREDUCEDANDTHETRANSFERENCEOFATTACKMEDIUMTOINNERCONCRETEISRESISTEDDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFMXONTHEPORESTRUCTURE,ANDTHENTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEISINCREASEDACCOITINGLY

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEEVOLUTIONARYPROGRAMMINGOFACNCCUTTINGMACHINERECEIVED26MARCH2002/ACCEPTED17JUNE2002/PUBLISHEDONLINE19MARCH2003?SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2003ABSTRACTTHESCOPEOFTHEPAPERISTOCONSTRUCTANAUTONOMOUS,INTELLIGENTCAD/CAMPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMFORTHECUTTINGDEVICECONTROLLERFORINSTANCEACNCLASERCUTTINGMACHINETOOLBASEDONEVOLUTIONARYMETHODSTHECNCCUTTINGDEVICESHOULDBEABLETOOPTIMISEPATHSAUTONOMOUSLYBETWEENCUTTINGTRAJECTORIES,DETERMINEDBYTHEPRODUCT’SCADMODELANEVOLUTIONARYGAWASUSEDFORTHISPURPOSEKEYWORDSGENETICALGORITH?CNCLASERCUTTING?PATHPLANNINGRELATEDWORKONAUTOMATICPROGRAMMINGOFCNCMACHINESCONVENTIONALLYCAMSYSTEMSFORPROGRAMMINGOFCNCMACHINETOOLSAREWELLKNOWNANDCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEINRECENTYEARSAUTOMATICCNCPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDMOREANDMOREINTOOLSHOPSTHEREARESEVERALSYSTEMSREPORTEDINTHELITERATURETHELITERATURE1DESCRIBESANUMERICALCONTROLLERWHICHCONTAINSAPROGRAMMINGDEVICETOCONSTRUCTALEARNINGPROCESSINGPROGRAMWHICHISCOMBINEDWITHTHEENTEREDPROGRAMINORDERTOPRODUCETHERESULTINGCNCPROGRAMOFTHEWORKPIECETHISSYSTEMUSESANEWMETHODFORLEARNINGAPROCESSINGPROGRAMANDENABLINGTHEMACHINEOPERATORTOSELECTTHELEARNINGMODEANDCHANGETHECNCPROGRAMTHELITERATURE2DESCRIBESATOOLPATHDATAGENERATIONAPPARATUSWHICHCANSPEEDILYANDSECURELYGENERATETHETOOLPATHDATAONTHEBASISOFCADDATATHETOOLPATHDATAGENERATIONINCLUDESAFEATUREDATAEXTRACTORTOEXTRACTFEATURESINRELATIONTOACADMODELOFAWORKPIECE,THETOOLCUTTINGDATAFORSELECTINGACUTTINGMODE,THECUTTINGMETHODTOSETANOPTIMALCUTTINGMETHODANDATOOLPATHDATAGENERATORANOPERATORDOESNOTHAVETOINPUTANYDATAFORGENERATINGTOOLPATHDATATOOLPATHDATACANTHEREFOREBEGENERATEDAUTOMATICALLYANDSPEEDILYTHEDIALOGORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMDESCRIBEDIN3ISUSEDFORPROGRAMGENERATIONOFACNCMACHINEALLTHEACTIONSAREINITIATEDBYTHEDIALOGBETWEENOPERATORANDCNCUNIT,WHICHHASTHEABILITYTOPROCESSPROGRAMINPUTANDDOWNLOADITTOTHECNCUNITTHECONCEPTOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDNETWORKMANUFACTURINGMODEISOUTLINEDIN4THISRESEARCHISCONCENTRATEDONENHANCINGTHEINTELLIGENCEOFCONVENTIONALNCMACHINETOOLSANDTHEIRABILITYTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLDANDCOORDINATETHEWORKTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDNETWORKMANUFACTURINGPROTOTYPESYSTEMSHOWSTHATTHESYSTEMISINTELLIGENTANDITENHANCESTHEABILITYOFACONVENTIONALNCMILLINGMACHINETOIMPROVEITSEFFICIENCYANDQUALITYANDPROTECTTHECUTTINGTOOLASYSTEMANDMETHODFORCREATINGVARYINGCHARACTERISTICPRODUCTSFROMANAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONLINEISPRESENTEDIN5THEPRESENTSYSTEMINCLUDESANAUTOMATEDLASERCUTTINGDEVICETHEMETHODCOMPRISESPROGRAMMINGTHELASERCUTTERWITHAPARAMETRICCOMPUTERPROGRAMTORECEIVETHEDATAFILETHEMETHODMAYALSOINVOLVEANAUTOMATICPOWERSOURCEFORTHELASERCUTTERUPONRECEIPTOFTHEDATAFILEIN6ANNCFEATUREUNITISPROPOSEDINORDERTOGENERATETOOLPATHDATAINREALTIMEANDISIMPLEMENTEDIN25DPROFILE/POCKETAND3DSURFACEMILLINGOPERATIONSASPECTSALLSYSTEMSHAVEINCOMMONARETHATTHEYARENOTINTELLIGENTANDITISNOTPOSSIBLETOGENERATEACNCPROGRAMFORUNKNOWNPARTSWORKPIECESTHELEARNINGABILITYOFTHESYSTEMSISNOTPRESENTEDACONCEPTOFBIOLOGICALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSBMSTHATISBASEDONBIOLOGICALLYINSPIREDIDEASOFSELFORGANIZATION,EVOLUTIONANDLEARNINGISDISCUSSEDIN7INTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200322118–124DOI101007/S0017000214508MKOVACIC?JBALICMKOVACIC?JBALICFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,LABORATORYFORINTELLIGENTMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMS,UNIVERSITYOFMARIBOR,SMETANOVAULICA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILJOZEBALICUNIMBSIIETHEYAREBETTERADAPTEDTOTHEENVIRONMENTASELECTIVEOPERATIONASSURESTHESURVIVALOFTHEFITTERINDIVIDUALSINTHEPOPULATIONANDTHEYADVANCEUNCHANGEDINTOTHENEXTITERATION,ALSOCALLEDTHENEXTGENERATIONTHEVARIABLEOPERATIONAFFECTSONEORMOREPARENTALORGANISMS,WHICHCREATETHEIROFFSPRINGAFTERCOMPLETIONOFSELECTIONANDVARIATIONANEWGENERATIONISOBTAINEDANDEVALUATEDTHEPROCESSISREPEATEDUNTILTHETERMINATIONCRITERIONOFTHEPROCESSISFULFILLEDTHISCANBEAPRESCRIBEDNUMBEROFGENERATIONSORASUFFICIENTQUALITYOFSOLUTIONSGENETICALGORITHMSSINCETHEIRINTRODUCTIONBYJHOLLAND10THEUSEOFGENETICALGORITHMSHASSPREADTOALMOSTALLAREASOFRESEARCH11,13APOPULATIONCONSISTSOFORGANISMSORGANISMSAREPOINTSINTHESPACEOFTHESOLUTIONSANORGANISMHASCOORDINATESTHATARECALLEDGENESFIG4ITISACHARACTERISTICOFACONVENTIONALGATHATORGANISMSREPRESENTCODEDVALUESOFVARIABLESPARAMETERSOFTHEMATHEMATICALMODELCOSTFUNCTIONTHEMOSTWIDESPREADMETHODISTOCODEVARIABLESINTOFIXEDLENGTHBINARYSTRINGSTHELENGTHOFORGANISMSISDETERMINEDWITHTHERESPECTTOTHESIZEOFTHEINTERVALWITHWHICHTHESOLUTIONISSEARCHEDFORANDWITHRESPECTTOTHEDESIREDRESOLUTIONOFTHEVARIABLESTHEBINARYREPRESENTATIONOFTHEORGANISMISCALLEDGENOTYPEANDTHEACTUALVALUEOFTHEORGANISMISCALLEDAPHENOTYPEFIG4THEEVALUATIONOFORGANISMSISTHEDRIVINGFORCEINTHEEVOLUTIONARYPROCESSTHEQUALITYOFTHEINDIVIDUALORGANISMISDETERMINEDONTHEBASISOFITSABILITYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFCOOPERATINGINBASICOPERATIONSOFTHECONVENTIONALGAEGREPRODUCTION,CROSSOVER,ANDMUTATIONISPRESCRIBEDTOORGANISMSSOLUTIONSOFHIGHERQUALITYTHUS,THEFITTERORGANISMSTRANSFERTHEIRGENETICMATERIALMOREFREQUENTLYINTOTHENEXTGENERATION,WHEREASLESSFITORGANISMSSLOWLYDIEAWAYFROMTHEPOPULATIONLETUSLOOKATTHEBASICGENETICOPERATIONSTHEREPRODUCTIONOPERATIONFIG5GIVESAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFSELECTIONTOORGANISMSOFHIGHERQUALITYTHEYARECOPIEDUNCHANGEDINTOTHENEXTGENERATIONTHECROSSOVEROPERATIONFIG6ENSURESTHEEXCHANGEOFGENETICMATERIALBETWEENORGANISMSFROMTWOPARENTALORGANISMS,TWOOFFSPRINGORGANISMSRESULTATTHELEVELOFAGENOTYPEMUTATIONFIG7ATTHELEVELOFTHEGENOTYPERANDOMLYINTRODUCESNEWGENETICMATERIALINTOORGANISMSTHEEVOLUTIONARYDEVELOPMENTOFORGANISMSUSUALLYLEADSTOBETTERANDBETTERSOLUTIONSINTHELITERATUREITISPOSSIBLETOFINDMANYVARIANTSOFTHECONVENTIONALGATHATAREADAPTEDTOTHESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEOPTIMISATIONPROBLEMDEALTWITHTHEVARIANTSDIFFERPARTICULARLYINTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEORGANISMSANDTHEUSEOFADDITIONALORMODIFIEDGENETICOPERATIONS9,12,13EVOLUTIONISTERMINATEDWHENATERMINATIONCRITERIONISFULFILLEDTHISCANBEAPRESCRIBEDNUMBEROFGENERATIONSORASUFFICIENTQUALITYOFTHESOLUTIONSINCEEVOLUTIONISANONDETERMINISTICPROCESS,ITDOESNOTENDWITHASUCCESSFULSOLUTIONINEACHRUNINORDERTOOBTAINASUCCESSFULSOLUTION,THEPROBLEMMUSTBEPROCESSEDINSEVERALINDEPENDENTRUNSTHENUMBEROFRUNSREQUIREDFORTHESATISFACTORYSOLUTIONDEPENDSONTHEDIFFICULTYOFTHEPROBLEMEVOLUTIONARYPROGRAMMEDLASERCUTTINGPROBLEMSTATEMENTTHEEVOLUTIONARYSUPPORTEDLASERCUTTINGPROGRAMMINGPROBLEMISTOOBTAINANOPTIMALCUTTINGPATHBETWEENDETERMINEDCUTTINGTRAJECTORIESFIG3EVOLUTIONARYALGORITHMINPSEUDOCODEFIG4GENETICALGORITHMPOPULATION120

簡介：AUTOMATICDEFLECTIONANDTEMPERATUREMONITORINGOFABALANCEDCANTILEVERCONCRETEBRIDGEBYOLIVIERBURDET,PHDSWISSFEDERALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LAUSANNE,SWITZERLANDINSTITUTEOFREINFORCEDANDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETESUMMARYTHEREISANEEDFORRELIABLEMONITORINGSYSTEMSTOFOLLOWTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTURESOVERTIMEDEFLECTIONSANDROTATIONSAREVALUESTHATREFLECTTHEOVERALLSTRUCTUREBEHAVIORTHISPAPERPRESENTSANINNOVATIVEAPPROACHTOTHEMEASUREMENTOFLONGTERMDEFORMATIONSOFBRIDGESBYUSEOFINCLINOMETERSHIGHPRECISIONELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSCANBEUSEDTOFOLLOWEFFECTIVELYLONGTERMROTATIONSWITHOUTDISRUPTIONOFTHETRAFFICINADDITIONTOTHEIRACCURACY,THESEINSTRUMENTSHAVEPROVENTOBESUFFICIENTLYSTABLEOVERTIMEANDRELIABLEFORFIELDCONDITIONSTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWIN565MLONGBOXGIRDERPOSTTENSIONEDCONCRETEHIGHWAYBRIDGESUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINSWITZERLANDTHEBRIDGESAREBUILTBYTHEBALANCEDCANTILEVERMETHODOVERADEEPVALLEYTHEPIERSARE100MHIGHANDTHEMAINSPANIS150MACENTRALIZEDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMWASINSTALLEDINONEBRIDGEDURINGITSCONSTRUCTIONIN1997EVERYMINUTE,THESYSTEMRECORDSTHEROTATIONANDTEMPERATUREATANUMBEROFMEASURINGPOINTSTHESIMULTANEOUSMEASUREMENTOFROTATIONSANDCONCRETETEMPERATUREATSEVERALLOCATIONSGIVESACLEARIDEAOFTHEMOVEMENTSINDUCEDBYTHERMALCONDITIONSTHESYSTEMWILLBEUSEDINCOMBINATIONWITHAHYDROSTATICLEVELINGSETUPTOFOLLOWTHELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFTHEBRIDGEPRELIMINARYRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESYSTEMPERFORMSRELIABLYANDTHATTHEACCURACYOFTHESENSORSISEXCELLENTCOMPARISONOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFROTATIONSANDTEMPERATUREINDICATETHATTHESTRUCTURERESPONDSTOCHANGESINAIRTEMPERATURERATHERQUICKLYMEASUREMENTSEARLYINTHEMORNINGANDATTHESAMEPERIODEVERYYEAR,ITTOOKARELATIVELYLONGTIMEBEFOREITWASREALIZEDTHATTHERETROFITPERFORMEDONTHELUTRIVEBRIDGESIN1988BYADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONING3,7,11HADNOTHADTHESAMEEFFECTONBOTHOFTHEM180160140120100806040JUNE79JUNE82JUNE85JUNE88JUNE91JUNE94JUNE97VERTICALDISPLACEMENTSINCEJULY1973MMLAUSANNEVEVEYHINGE1HINGE220100MM1200240012001819MAY89HINGE1NORTHHINGE1SOUTHAEVOLUTIONOFDEFLECTIONSSINCE1973BDEFLECTIONSOVER24HOURSADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONINGFIGURE1LONGTERMDEFLECTIONSOFTHELUTRIVEBRIDGES,COMPAREDTODEFLECTIONSMEASUREDINA24HOURPERIODAUTOMATICDATAACQUISITION,ALLOWINGFREQUENTMEASUREMENTSTOBEPERFORMEDATANACCEPTABLECOST,ISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLEASTUDYOFPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSINCLUDINGLASERBASEDLEVELING,FIBEROPTICSSENSORSANDGPSPOSITIONINGWASPERFORMED,WITHTHECONCLUSIONTHAT,PROVIDEDTHATTHEIRLONGTERMSTABILITYCANBEDEMONSTRATED,CURRENTTYPESOFELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSARESUITABLEFORAUTOMATICMEASUREMENTSOFROTATIONSINEXISTINGBRIDGES83MENTUEBRIDGESTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWINBOXGIRDERBRIDGESTHATWILLCARRYTHEFUTUREA1MOTORWAYFROMLAUSANNETOBERNEACHBRIDGE,SIMILARINDESIGN,HASANOVERALLLENGTHOFAPPROXIMATELY565M,ANDAWIDTHOF1346M,DESIGNEDTO4LAUSANNEBERN565019302134391489411915695153210FIGURE2ELEVATIONOFTHEMENTUEBRIDGES

簡介：畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名姜海然姜海然系別應(yīng)用化學(xué)系應(yīng)用化學(xué)系專業(yè)化學(xué)化學(xué)年級(jí)20112011級(jí)專接本級(jí)專接本學(xué)號(hào)201120607111201120607111指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師王建芬王建芬衡水學(xué)院教務(wù)處印制衡水學(xué)院教務(wù)處印制第2頁FROMACONSISTENTLYANDRAPIDLYEXPANDINGDISCIPLINELEDERMAN,1992THEREISNOCONSENSUSAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSCONCERNINGTHESPECIFICCONTENTTOBEINCLUDEDINCONTEMPORARYSCIENCECOURSESOREVENTHEMETHODSANDSTRATEGIESOFINSTRUCTIONTOBEUSEDHOWEVER,THEREAPPEARSTOBESTRONGAGREEMENTONATLEASTONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAN“ADEQUATEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENATUREOFSCIENCE”O(jiān)RANUNDERSTANDINGOF“SCIENCEASAWAYOFKNOWING”CONTINUESTOBECONVINCINGLYADVOCATEDASADESIREDOUTCOMEOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONAMERICANASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFSCIENCEAAAS,1989,LEDERMAN,1992ALTHOUGHTHE“NATUREOFSCIENCE”HASBEENDEFINEDINNUMEROUSWAYS,ITMOSTCOMMONLYREFERSTOTHEVALUESANDASSUMPTIONSINHERENTTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGELEDERMANZEIDLER,1987THISCHARACTERIZATIONNEVERTHELESSREMAINFAIRLYGENERAL,ANDPHILOSOPHERSOFSCIENCE,HISTORIANSOFSCIENCE,SOCIOLOGISTSOFSCIENCE,ANDSCIENCEEDUCATORSAREQUICKTODISAGREEONASPECIFICDEFINITIONFORTHENATUREOFSCIENCENOSSUCHDISAGREEMENT,HOWEVER,SHOULDNOTBESURPRISINGGIVENTHEMULTIFACETEDANDCOMPLEXNATUREOFTHEHUMANENDEAVORWECALLSCIENCEMOREOVER,SIMILARTOSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE,CONCEPTIONSOFNOSARETENTATIVEANDDYNAMICTHESECONCEPTIONSHAVECHANGEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDSYSTEMATICTHINKINGABOUTITSNATUREANDWORKINGSDIDTOOABDELKHALICKLEDERMAN,1998HOWEVER,ATTHEEND,THEREISANAGREEMENTEVENTHROUGHNOTCOMPLETEABOUTNATUREOFSCIENCEAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSTHATSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEISTENTATIVESUBJECTTOCHANGE,EMPIRICALLYBASEDBASEDONAND/ORDERIVEDFROMOBSERVATIONSOFTHENATURALWORLD,SUBJECTIVETHEORYLADEN,PARTLYTHEPRODUCTOFHUMANINFERENCE,IMAGINATION,ANDCREATIVITYINVOLVESTHEINVENTIONOFEXPLANATION,ANDSOCIALLYANDCULTURALLYEMBEDDEDALSOTWOADDITIONALIMPORTANTASPECTSARETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENOBSERVATIONSANDINFERENCES,ANDTHEFUNCTIONSOFANDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSCIENTIFICTHEORIESANDLAWSLEDERMAN,ABDELKHALICK,AKERSON,2000

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芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆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簡介：1中文中文13200字出處出處ENGINEERINGSTRUCTURES,2011,33721202133估計(jì)鐵路軌道特性的概率方法RHAYMAN,BRESSOLETTEP,BREULP摘要摘要由于鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的退化和昂貴的維護(hù)費(fèi)用，當(dāng)今鐵路工程面臨著許多問題。再加上缺乏幾何知識(shí)和軌道的力學(xué)參數(shù)，鐵路的優(yōu)化維護(hù)管理變得很艱難。在這種背景下，本文提出一種新的方法分析鐵路軌道的特性。該方法結(jié)合了新的診斷設(shè)備，該設(shè)備能夠獲得許多重要的數(shù)據(jù)，從而得到幾何和力學(xué)參數(shù)以及基于非入侵式方法的統(tǒng)計(jì)量，并且該非入侵式方法能夠加上任何力學(xué)模型。對(duì)于研究參數(shù)（參數(shù)之間的相關(guān)性的分布和影響），許多結(jié)果都顯示了這種方法的可行性。在不久的將來，這種方法將會(huì)給鐵路管理人員帶來許多重要的信息，以便進(jìn)行優(yōu)化維護(hù)操作。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞隨機(jī)有限元方法、隨機(jī)配置、拉格朗日多項(xiàng)式、鐵路軌道11介紹介紹在當(dāng)代計(jì)算力學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，均認(rèn)為力學(xué)和幾何參數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)值模型有重要的影響。為了滿足這一要求，這有一種可行性選擇一些特定情況下不定參數(shù)的特殊值（極值、均值）然后估計(jì)這些情況下相應(yīng)的力學(xué)響應(yīng)，最終就一個(gè)給定的破壞準(zhǔn)則而言，其保留了最不利的情況。這種策略通常在試驗(yàn)中使用，但是該策略非常值得商榷，因?yàn)樽畈焕闆r下的選擇是由一連串情況組合的，其中不自然地包含了所有可能的情況。最嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕鉀Q方案實(shí)際上是使用一種基于概率的策略方法（18）。在本文中，這種類型的策略，提出了對(duì)鐵路軌道特性的概率分析。鐵路工程正遭受著因鐵路網(wǎng)退化帶來的諸多問題，而這些鐵路網(wǎng)需要重要和昂貴的維修工作。由排水問題，相對(duì)沉降、層退化帶來的鐵路受損和必要的維修措施造成了路基不同地層的非線性力學(xué)和幾何特征，所以提高軌道水平變得更加艱難。由于缺乏對(duì)這些非線性的了解，以及其對(duì)軌道行為可能帶來的后果，因此制定一個(gè)優(yōu)化的維護(hù)管理變得更加困難。因此，為了以逼真的方式描述動(dòng)力荷載作用下鐵路軌道的特性，有必要使用一種數(shù)值模型來分析力學(xué)和幾何參數(shù)的不確定性。在過去的幾十年，已經(jīng)利用了幾個(gè)基于有限元（FE）方法來研究鐵路軌道的整體與局部的特性（9）。為了考慮這個(gè)隨機(jī)不確定性，我們很自然想到利用隨機(jī)有限元法（SFE）（1020）。本文選擇的解決方案是以分析不確定性傳播為目的，通過數(shù)值模型來描述軌道段的力學(xué)特性。通過此方案，鐵路管理者就可以對(duì)不同的解決辦法進(jìn)行分析和比較。3相應(yīng)側(cè)輪22平均垂直位移之間，通過對(duì)一段200米的距離進(jìn)行每10厘米的測量方式得到的。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，使用的MAUZIN車具有8車軸并且其速度為160公里/小時(shí)。此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差被認(rèn)為是軌道和維護(hù)操作的一個(gè)劣化指標(biāo)，并且軌道和維護(hù)的運(yùn)行是根據(jù)這個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)化編程操作的。一個(gè)使用軌道幾何測量和維護(hù)操作數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用程序稱為TIMON，目前在法國應(yīng)用。這個(gè)應(yīng)用程序演示了軌道的演變,提供了一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的隨訪和前瞻性分析。瑞典鐵路管理器（BANVERKET）使用滾動(dòng)剛度測量車輛（RSMV）。這種技術(shù)是基于軌道剛度的測量，它是用來標(biāo)記沿線鐵路需要進(jìn)行維護(hù)的位置。在英國，落錘彎彎沉儀（FWD）26使用從測試中獲得的偏轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)軌道下部的彈性模量的值進(jìn)行估計(jì)。22、互補(bǔ)的診斷設(shè)備互補(bǔ)的診斷設(shè)備對(duì)于鐵路結(jié)構(gòu)每個(gè)組件的或者可變性來說，之前提出的方法不能夠評(píng)估和分離物理力學(xué)特征。在過去的十幾年里軌道診斷工具的進(jìn)程已經(jīng)完成幾個(gè)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，來測量連續(xù)或定位點(diǎn)（26）?？紤]到變異量雖然是隨機(jī)的，但過程還是可能的。最近在工作中設(shè)備的測試及使用被提出。三種不同的設(shè)備在本研究中已被使用地面穿透雷達(dá)（GPR），光動(dòng)針入度（PANDA）和地緣內(nèi)鏡檢查。所述GPR是一種快速，非破壞性檢查裝置來估計(jì)鐵路軌道子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性（27）。如圖3所示,非接觸式測量裝置允許數(shù)據(jù)收集操作的速度。探地雷達(dá)提供連續(xù)TOPOFRAIL子結(jié)構(gòu)層和厚度的測量（道砟，底砟，路基）。應(yīng)該注意到,測量水分含量和敏感材料密度。GPR也可能能夠從干凈的道砟中區(qū)別出結(jié)垢的道砟（27）。光動(dòng)力觸探（PANDA）（28、29）可以測量土的垂直方向的抗力。測試使用驅(qū)動(dòng)錐2、4或10平方厘米且在最后一組棒使用錘子。對(duì)于槌的每次打擊，滲透和沖擊能量的深度被記錄來計(jì)算動(dòng)態(tài)錐阻力（QD）與荷蘭式相應(yīng)的深度。與獲得原位測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較，以前的研究已經(jīng)證明了結(jié)果的可靠性﹝30﹞。然后使用BUISMAN對(duì)土體模量進(jìn)行近似估計(jì)第一錐形阻力涉及體側(cè)限壓縮彈性模量（）（31、32）而體側(cè)限壓縮彈性EOED模量是與上述彈性模量（E）有關(guān)，具體如下（1）??????112,1OEDVVEOEDQDEEV??????其中，取決于土壤性質(zhì)，Ν是泊松比取等于03。為了使用這些相關(guān)性，就必須有?一個(gè)土壤表征。這可以通過使用地緣內(nèi)鏡檢查來實(shí)現(xiàn)。地緣內(nèi)鏡檢查（33）由一個(gè)小相機(jī)（86毫米直徑），用于從與滲透試驗(yàn)（圖4）執(zhí)行的所述腔收集的圖像。該設(shè)備所允許的土壤聽診多達(dá)8米深。圖像處理后，就可以得到該結(jié)構(gòu)的表征厚度不同的層，土壤分類和材料氫氣的狀態(tài)。這些技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)能快速設(shè)置和執(zhí)行大量的測試，而且不會(huì)干擾土體。它們?cè)试S一個(gè)收集物理和鐵路結(jié)構(gòu)的不同層的機(jī)械特性和它們的變異性的評(píng)估?？梢詤^(qū)分兩種變異第一個(gè)是被鏈接到實(shí)驗(yàn)測量和

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯題目題目ANALYSISANALYSISANDANDRESEARCHRESEARCHONONDECISIONDECISIONMAKINGMAKINGPROCESSPROCESSFORFORTHETHESELECTIONSELECTIONOFOFTECHNICALTECHNICALALLIANCEALLIANCEPARTNERSPARTNERSININCONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGENGINEERING姓名學(xué)號(hào)院（系）（系）土木工程與建筑學(xué)院土木工程與建筑學(xué)院專業(yè)工程管理工程管理指導(dǎo)老師指導(dǎo)老師20122012年4月1010日目，他們不得不尋求外部合作，這樣他們才有余力花費(fèi)在資源上，否則他們將會(huì)不能自己。因此對(duì)于特定的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目需要設(shè)立一個(gè)橫向合作關(guān)系。成功的事業(yè)是由于合理利用資源，避免浪費(fèi)，并且保持彼此之間靈通，使各自的優(yōu)勢互相支持。在共同的利益和互相信任的基礎(chǔ)上共同進(jìn)步，共同發(fā)展，齊頭并進(jìn)。通常，在一個(gè)水平的合作伙伴應(yīng)滿足以下4個(gè)要求第一，他們的資源有一些相對(duì)優(yōu)勢和國家級(jí)的藝術(shù)特色；其次雙方的資源相似度應(yīng)該保持在最低限度；第三，在他們的行業(yè)，作為一個(gè)先行者，他們?cè)谀承┓矫鎽?yīng)該有自己獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢；第四，所有的合作企業(yè)有一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)。222垂直合作這種合作關(guān)系是建立在針對(duì)機(jī)會(huì)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的供應(yīng)與需求上的。合作的成本將會(huì)降低，市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)避免，市場回報(bào)能共享。通過高、低等級(jí)的聯(lián)盟成員企業(yè)，一個(gè)密集的、集中的控制就達(dá)成了。每個(gè)商業(yè)成員作為一個(gè)給與者和接受者都面臨著供給和需求之間的沖突。他是一個(gè)供應(yīng)商也是一個(gè)使用者。事實(shí)上這是一個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈，每個(gè)企業(yè)就是一個(gè)鏈接。縱向地，所有企業(yè)必須選擇自己的合作伙伴，這就直接影響了自己公司的順利運(yùn)作。合作伙伴分為兩大類供應(yīng)者和使用者。從使用者的角度來看，一個(gè)合作伙伴應(yīng)該符合5個(gè)要求首先他們應(yīng)該全面地能勝任這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，這包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)能力等；其次，質(zhì)量控制體系應(yīng)該做到位并有效運(yùn)行，以保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量；第三，通過生產(chǎn)控制或者調(diào)整倉儲(chǔ)來及時(shí)提供供應(yīng)；第四，他們的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該享有一定的市場份額和聲譽(yù)；第五，他們能夠開發(fā)新技術(shù)，并且有技術(shù)實(shí)力依托。從伙作合伴的角度來看，應(yīng)滿足3個(gè)條件首先他們能夠識(shí)別機(jī)會(huì)并確定一個(gè)現(xiàn)成的市場；第二。正常的現(xiàn)金流量和有保障的基金回報(bào)；第三，被需要的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該有一定的產(chǎn)品周期。223商業(yè)活動(dòng)中的合作伙伴這個(gè)共同的組織是相當(dāng)獨(dú)立和松散的，實(shí)際上對(duì)于一個(gè)特殊的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，它是一種戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟。這是一條關(guān)于市場共享和分銷的條約。這種合作的理念是為了避免不公平競爭而造成損害；損害有關(guān)各方的不合理的投標(biāo)也能避免。這種成功的合作關(guān)系囊產(chǎn)生出業(yè)務(wù)伙伴，而不是商業(yè)對(duì)手。四個(gè)基本要求如下首先他們對(duì)一個(gè)各自都有市場份額的市場聯(lián)合同意，沒有對(duì)對(duì)方的合法權(quán)益和福利有任何損害；其次，合理的定價(jià)是在建設(shè)成本上聯(lián)合制定出的，以避免極端的價(jià)格競爭損害了雙方；第三，他們用各自的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢一起工作以滿足各種不同的社會(huì)團(tuán)體；第四，他們根據(jù)各自的資源優(yōu)勢來參與聯(lián)合研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)?；旌仙鲜鋈N類型的合作，在選擇合作伙伴時(shí)被采用，因?yàn)樗械钠髽I(yè)都在考慮類似因素和運(yùn)行它們的業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)面臨著類似的問題，盡管他們的相似之處存在于貿(mào)易和各自不同的優(yōu)勢上。此外，企業(yè)不可能僅僅考慮一個(gè)或幾個(gè)因素，一個(gè)或幾個(gè)優(yōu)勢，而是必須徹底，有包容性和曲面的分析，避免由于幾個(gè)原因?qū)е潞献魇　?選擇合作伙伴的決定因素選擇合作伙伴的決定因素定性分析是選擇合作伙伴的基礎(chǔ)，是定量分析的前提。31合作者跨越不同行業(yè)聯(lián)合起來合作者跨越不同行業(yè)聯(lián)合起來

簡介：中文中文5300字出處出處BINDIGANAVILEV,BANTHIANSIZEEFFECTSANDTHEDYNAMICRESPONSEOFPLAINCONCRETEJJOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING,2006,184485491素混凝土的尺寸效應(yīng)及動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)素混凝土的尺寸效應(yīng)及動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)BINDIGANAVILEV,BANTHIAN摘要摘要本文研究了素混凝土試樣動(dòng)力響應(yīng)的尺寸效應(yīng)。該報(bào)告是根據(jù)作者和其他人的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)并考慮了梁的蠕變、彎曲影響下的梁和受軸向沖擊載荷作用的圓柱體的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。尺寸效應(yīng)是通過使用BAZANT的規(guī)模效應(yīng)法和多重標(biāo)法則來監(jiān)測的，而且縮放模式能夠捕捉尺寸效應(yīng)的強(qiáng)度。對(duì)于斷裂能，換言之，規(guī)模效應(yīng)僅僅體現(xiàn)在影響率上。在準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)荷載作用下，受壓素混凝土對(duì)試件尺寸更加不敏感。但是在沖擊作用下，壓縮反應(yīng)相對(duì)于彎曲作用似乎更依賴尺寸。然而，考慮到應(yīng)力變化率的影響，彎曲響應(yīng)描繪了更加重要的尺寸效應(yīng)，它類似于準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)荷載作用下的響應(yīng)。DOIDOI（數(shù)字對(duì)象唯一標(biāo)識(shí)）101061/_ASCE_08991561_2006_184_485_數(shù)據(jù)庫主題詞土木工程數(shù)據(jù)庫主題詞斷裂混凝土尺寸效應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)。前言前言尺度問題在任何物理理論都具有重要地位。在最近的一篇BABAZANTANT所寫的文章中介紹了運(yùn)用固體力學(xué)解決這一問題的歷史。在現(xiàn)代，自從WEIBULL提出其辦法以來該問題已經(jīng)歸于統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，其方法是基于“薄弱環(huán)節(jié)”理念和“薄弱環(huán)節(jié)”的發(fā)生概率隨試樣尺寸大增大而增加。早些時(shí)候，GRIFFITH的基于能量的用于解決裂紋擴(kuò)展的方法假象過規(guī)模效應(yīng)，不過這種方法具有物質(zhì)依賴性。在過去的幾十年中，在過去的幾十年中，有許多關(guān)于準(zhǔn)脆性材料試件尺寸效應(yīng)的報(bào)告。針對(duì)這些材料，BAZANT認(rèn)為源于裂紋能量吸收率和釋放率的不匹配。能量吸收率的增加的很大一部分隨著尺寸平方的增加而增加，然而釋放率的增加確實(shí)線性的。因此，通過減少標(biāo)本的能源釋放率，減少名義應(yīng)力被看作是補(bǔ)償差額的一種手段。不同于準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)荷載，在動(dòng)力學(xué)領(lǐng)域樣本尺寸效應(yīng)的研究還沒有獲得很大的重視。這種嘗試是主要限于纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物。關(guān)于水泥基材料的數(shù)據(jù)極為稀缺并且近期已開始關(guān)注沖擊速率。設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范及試驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法的缺乏阻止我們賦予建筑材料抵抗沖擊和爆炸的能力。此外，沖擊試驗(yàn)介紹一些不相干的影響，諸如慣性和試驗(yàn)機(jī)的影響。也許最嚴(yán)重的障礙是水泥基復(fù)合材料的固有的應(yīng)力變化率敏感性。MORTON說建立一個(gè)精確的速率破壞應(yīng)力通過下列無窮級(jí)數(shù)來描述}1122120NBF1AAD/DT???????D為特征尺寸；B,和是實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)常數(shù)。因?yàn)槌叽?DAI1,}I??1/20??，無窮級(jí)數(shù)公式（1）能化簡為兩項(xiàng)。因此，BAZANT的尺寸律簡化為（2）01TNBFDD???多邊標(biāo)度律（多邊標(biāo)度律（CARPINTERICARPINTERI和CHIAIACHIAIA19971997）CARPINTERI和他的同事通過使用自相似形態(tài)學(xué)的概念和被稱作分形的非整數(shù)尺寸來描述諸如混凝土這樣的準(zhǔn)脆性材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。隨著探測程度的加深，拓?fù)浞中涡员徽J(rèn)為將要消失。由于這一混合材料依然不受尺寸影響，因此他們假定宏觀尺寸對(duì)力學(xué)性能的影響是試樣尺寸B和特征長度相互作用的結(jié)果。在此假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)之上，建議如下CHL所示的多分形標(biāo)定律（MFSL）（3）1/21CHUTLFB???此處為尺寸無限大前提下的名義應(yīng)力的漸近值。（和BESL截然不同的是，MFSL似TFU?乎適合無凹槽的試樣，因?yàn)樵嚇尤匀挥袣堄鄳?yīng)力即使尺寸很大。圖221992年BAZANT和GETTU荷載關(guān)系試驗(yàn)的尺寸數(shù)據(jù)及試驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)材料，試樣和試驗(yàn)的細(xì)節(jié)材料，試樣和試驗(yàn)的細(xì)節(jié)為了準(zhǔn)備這篇論文，，下面的研究數(shù)據(jù)已被整理BAZANT和GETTU（1992）,CHEN

簡介：EXPERIMENTALRESEARCHONSEISMICBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEABSTRACTBASEDONNINEPLANEABNORMALJOINTS,ONESPACEABNORMALJOINTEXPERIMENTANDAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFAPOWERPLANTMODEL,THEWORKMECHANISMANDTHEHYSTERETICCHARACTERISTICOFABNORMALJOINTAREPUTTOANALYSISINTHISPAPERACONCEPTIONOFMINORCOREDETERMINEDBYTHESMALLBEAMANDSMALLCOLUMN,ANDACONCLUSIONTHATTHESHEARCAPACITYOFAB2NORMALJOINTDEPENDSONMINORCOREAREPUTFORWARDINTHISPAPERTHISPAPERALSOANALYZESTHEEFFECTSOFAXIALCOMPRES2SION,HORIZONTALSTIRRUPSANDSECTIONVARIATIONOFBEAMANDCOLUMNONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTFINALLY,THEFORMULAOFSHEARCAPACITYFORABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEISPROVIDEDKEYWORDSABNORMALJOINTMINORCORESEISMICBEHAVIORSHEARCAPACITYCLCNUMBERTU3754TU3171DOCUMENTCODEAARTICLEID100627930200602201682101INTRODUCTIONFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESTRUCTURE,THEJOINTISAKEYCOMPONENTITISSUBJECTEDTOAXIALCOMPRESSION,BENDINGMOMENTANDSHEARFORCETHEKEYISWHETHERTHEJOINTHASENOUGHSHEARCAPACI2TYTHECHINESECODEFORSEISMICDESIGNOFBUILDINGSGB5001122001ADOPTSTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULATOCALCULATETHESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEJOINTVJ11ΗJFTBJHJ005ΗJNBJBCFYVASVJHB0A′SS1WHEREVJDESIGNVALUEOFTHESEISMICSHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONΗJINFLUENTIALCOEFFICIENTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAMTOTHECOLUMNFTDESIGNVALUEOFCONCRETETENSILESTRENGTHBJEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONHJDEPTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTION,WHICHCANBEADOPTEDASTHEDEPTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONINTHEVERIFICATIONDIRECTIONNDESIGNVALUEOFAXIALCOMPRESSIONATTHEBOTTOMOFUPPERCOLUMNWITHCONSIDERINGTHECOMBI2NATIONOFTHEEARTHQUAKEACTION,WHENN015FCBCHC,LETN05FCBCHCBCWIDTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONFYVDESIGNVALUEOFTHESTIRRUPTENSILESTRENGTHASVJTOTALSTIRRUPAREAINASETMAKINGUPONELAYERHB0EFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHEBEAMIFTHEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSATTHESIDEOFTHEJOINTISUNEQUAL,HB0THEAVERAGEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSA′SDISTANCEFROMTHECENTROIDOFTHECOMPRESSIONBEAMSTEELBARTOTHEEXTREMECONCRETEFIBERSDISTANCEOFTHESTIRRUPEQ1ISBASEDONTHEFORMULAINTHEPREVIOUSSEISMICCODE1ANDSOMEMODIFICATIONSMADEEAVLICRANDITISSUIT2ABLETOTHENORMALJOINTOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAME,BUTNOTTOTHEABNORMALONEWHICHHASLARGEDIFFERENTINTHESECTIONOFTHEUPPERCOLUMNANDLOWERONE3600MMAND1200MM,LEFTBEAMANDRIGHTBEAM1800MMAND1200MMTHESHEARCAPACITYOFABNORMALJOINTSCALCULAT2EDBYEQ1MAYCAUSESOMEUNSAFERESULTSATYPEOFAB2NORMALJOINTWHICHOFTENEXISTSINTHEPOWERPLANTSTRUC2TUREISDISCUSSEDSEEFIG1,ANDITSBEHAVIORWASSTUD2IEDBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTINTHISPAPERBONDGRADUALLYPERMEATEDTOWARDSTHEINTERNALCORE,ENHANCINGTHEBURDENOFTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDACCELERATESTHECOMPRESSIONFAILUREOFCONCRETEFIG4SHOWSTHEPHOTOSOFTYPICALDAMAGEDJOINTSAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFSPACEMODELOFPOWERPLANTSTRUCTUREWASCARRIEDOUTTORESEARCHTHEWORKINGBEHAVIOROFTHEABNORMALJOINTSINRE2ALSTRUCTUREANDTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTUREFIG5SHOWSTHEPHOTOOFMODELTHETESTINCLUDESTWOSTEPSTHEFIRSTISTHEPSEUDODYNAMICTESTATTHISSTEP,EL2CENTROWAVEISINPUTANDTHEPEAKACCELERATIONVARIESFROM50GALTO1200GALTHESEISMICRESPONSEISMEASUREDTHESECONDISTHEPSEUDOSTATICTESTTHELOADINGCAN’TSTOPUNTILTHEMODELFAILSFIG7MINORCORETHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRACKISINFLUENCEDBYTHERESTRICTIVEEFFECTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAM,ANDTHECRACKOFJOINTCOREMAINLYDISTRIBUTESUNDERTHEORTHOGONALBEAMSEEFIG6,WHICHISDIFFERENTFROMTHERESULTOFTHEPLANEJOINTTEST,BUTSIMILARTOJ421033ANALYSISOFTESTRESULTS331MECHANICALANALYSISINTHEEXPERIMENT,THELOCATIONOFTHEINITIALCRACKOFTHEEXTERIORJOINTANDTHECRUSHEDPOSITIONOFCONCRETEBOTHAPPEARINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEJOINTCORE,ANDTHEPOSITIONISNEARTHECENTERLINEOFTHEUPPERCOL2UMNTHEINITIALCRACKANDCRUSHEDPOSITIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEINTERIORJOINTBOTHAPPEARINTHEMI2NORCORESEEFIG4,FIG7FORINTERIORABNORMALJOINTTHECRACKDOESN’TAPPEARORDEVELOPINTHEMA2JORCOREOUTSIDEOFTHEMINORCOREUNTILTHOROUGHCRACKINGTAKESPLACE,WHILETHECRACKSELDOMAPPEARSINTHESHADOWREGIONSEEFIG7ASTHEJOINTFAILSTHEREFORE,FORABNORMALJOINT,THESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCOREDEPENDSONTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEMINORCORE,NAMELY,ONTHESTRENGTHGRADESOFCONCRETE,THESIZEANDTHEREINFORCEMENTOFTHEMINORCORE,GETTHEEFFECTOFTHEMAJORCOREDIMENSIONCAN’TBENEGLECTEDMECHANICALEFFECTSARETHESAMEWILLTHATOFTHENORMALJOINT,WHENTHEFORCESTRANSFERTOTHEMI2NORCORETHROUGHCOLUMNANDBEAMANDREINFORCEMENTBARTHEREFORE,THEWORKINGMECHANISMSOFNOR2MALJOINT,INCLUDINGTRUSSMECHANISM,DIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDRESTRICTIVEMECHANISMOFSTIRRUP,AREALSOSUITABLEFORMINORCOREOFTHEABNORMALJOINT,BUTTHEIRWORKINGCHARACTERISTICISNOTSYMMETRICALWHENTHELOADREVERSESFIG8ILLUSTRATESTHEWORKINGMECHANISMOFTHEABNORMALJOINTWHENTHELOADTRANSFERTOMINORCORE,THEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARAREAOFMINORCOREISBIGGERTHANNORMALJOINTCORE2COMPOSEDBYSMALLCOLUMNANDSMALLBEAMOFABNORMALJOINT,WHICHISDUETOTHECOMPRESSIVESTRESSDIFFUSIONOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVEREGIONOFTHEBEAMANDCOLUMN,WHILEATTHESAMETIMETHECOMPRESSIONCARRIEDBYTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBECOMESLARGEBECAUSETHEMAINPARTOFBONDFORCEOFCOLUMNANDBEAMISADDEDTOTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBUTCONTRASTINGWITHTHEINCREASEDAREAOFDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR,THEINCREASEDACTIONISSMALLTHEREGIONINTHEMAJORCOREBUTOUTOFTHEMINORCOREHASLESSSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONANDFEWERCRACKSTHEREGIONCANCONFINETHEEXPANSIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARCONCRETE,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