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簡介：ACTAMETALLURGICASINICARENGLISHLETTERSVO1．17NO．5PP747753OCTOBER2004STUDIESOF跚C’NONSⅡRWELDEDAZ31H．ZHANG，S．B．LIN，L．WUANDJ．C．FENGSTATEKEYLAB．OFADVANCEDWELDINGPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY，HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY，HARBIIL150001，CHINAMANUSCRIPTRECEIVED30JUNC2003；INREVISEDFORM18OCTOBER2003FRICTIONSTIRWELDINGACHIEVESTHEWELDINSOLIDPHASEBYLOCALLYINTRODUCINGFRICTIONALHEATINGANDPLASTICFLOWARISINGFROMROTATIONOFTHEWELDINGTOOL,WHICHRESULTSINCHANGESINTHELOCALMICROSTRUCTUREOFMAGNESIUMALLOY．THEPURPOSEINTHEPAPERTOSTUDYTHEMICROSTRUCTURESOFFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDAZ31MAGNESIUMALLOY．RESIDUALMICROSTRUCTURES,INCLUDINGDYNAMICRECRYSTALLIZATIONZONEANDNUGGETSTRUCTURESHAVEBEENSYSTEMATICALLYINVESTIGATEDUTILIZINGOPTICALMICROSCOPYFOM，SCANNINGELECTRICMICROSCOPYRSEM，TRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYFTEMWITHENERGYDISPERSIVESPECTROSCOPYREDS，XRAYDIFRACTIONXRDANDMICROHARDNESS．AZ31MAGNESIUMALLOYHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDANDEXHIBITSTHEVARIATIONSOFMICROSTRUCTUREINCLUDINGDYNAMICALLYRECRYSTALLIZED,EQUAXIEDGRAINSINTHEWELDNUGGETRESIDUALHARDNESSINTHENUGGETWASFOUNDSLIGHTLYLOWERTHANTHEPARENTBUTNOTTOOOBVIOUS．KEYWORDSFRICTIONSTIRWELDING,AZ31MAGNESIUMALLOY，WELDNUGGET,THERMO．MECHANICALLYAFECTEDZONE,MICROSTRUCTURE111EINDUSTRIALOUTPUTOFMAGNESIUMALLOYSHASBEENRISINGBYALMOST20％PERANNUMOVERRECENTYEARS，WHICHISFASTERTHANTHATOFANYOTHERMETALT．MAGNESIUMALLOYSARESTIFERANDMORERECYCLABLETHANENGINEERINGPLASTICSOFCOMPARABLEDENSITY．ANEQUA1．VOLUMECOMPONENTMADEOFMAGNESIUMISROUGHLY23％THEWEIGHTOFASTEELPART，ANDINAUTOMOTIVEWEIGHTREDUCTION．EACH100KGOFWEIGHTREDUC．TIONISA5％FUELREDUCTIONT3川，BUTUSINGCONVENTIONALFUSIONWELDINGTOIOINTMGALLOYISEASYTOPRODUCEPOROSITYANDCRACK．FRICTIONSTIRWELDINGFSWISARELATIVELYNEWTECHNIQUEFOR．JOININGFERROUSALLOYSWHICHWASIN．VENTEDBYTMIN1991．THISTECHNIQUERESULTSINLOWDISTORTIONANDHIGHJOINTSTRENGTHCOMPAREDWITHOTHERWELDINGTECHNIQUES，ANDISCAPABLEOFJOINTINGMOSTOFFEROUSALLOYSTS1．FRICTIONSTIRWELDINGACHIEVESTHEWELDINSOLIDPHASEBYLOCALLYINTRODUCINGFRICTIONALHEATANDPLAS．TICFLOWBYROTATIONOFTHEWELDINGTOOLRESULTINGLOCALMICROSTRUCTURECHANGESINMAGNESIUMALLOY．MI．CROSTRUCTURALCHANGESDURINGFRICTIONSTIRWELDINGHAVEBEENTHESUBJECTOFSOMERESEARCHANDHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHATLOCALIZEDFRICTIONALHEATINGDURINGFRICTIONSTIRPRODUCESSIGNIFICANTMICROSTRUCTURALCHANGE，WHICHLEADSTOLOCALVARIATIONINMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEWELD912．SOTLLERELATIONSHIPBE．TWEENMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESISVERYIMPORTANT．BUTTHEDETAILSOFTHISRELATIONSHIPARENOTYETKNOWN．TODATE，THEMAJORITYOFRESEARCHHASCONCENTRATEDONFSWINALUMINUM．BUTVERYLIRLE維普資訊HTTP//WWWCQVIPCOM749AROTATIONALZONETHATROTATESANDADVANCESWITHTHEPROBEANDISVERYHILYDEFORMED．THEMATERIALONTHERETREATINGFRONTSIDEOFTHEPROBEISENTRAINEDANDFILLSINMATERIALONTHERETREATINGSIDEOFTHEPROBEBOTHTHEADVANCINGANDRETREATINGSIDEINTHEWELDNUGGETARECONSISTEDOFVERYFINEGRAINANDNEARLYHAVENODIFERENCE．ADJACENTTOTHENUGGETISTHETMAZ，INWHICHTHEBASEMETALGRAINSHAVEUNDERGONESOMEDEFORMATION．NLETMAZEXPERIENCEDBOTHTEMPERATUREANDDEFORMATIONDUNNGFSW。BUTINSU歷一CIENTDEFORMATIONTOCAUSERE．CRYSTALLIZATIONFIG．2DREVEALSTHATDEFORMATIONINTHETMAZRESULTSINSEVEREBENDINGOFTHEGRAINSTRICTURE．FIG．2ESHOWSTHEGRAINSIZEDIFERENCEBETWEENTHEWELDNUGETANDTHETMAZ．FIG．2ASHOWSTHATTHEAZ3】BASEMETALGRAMSWEREHIGHIYELONGATEDANDPANCAKESHAPED，MIRRORINGTHEDEFORMATIONIMPOSEDDURINGROLLING．INCONTRAST，THEMICROSTRUETURESWITHINTHEWELDNUGGETWEREMUCHSMALLERANDEQUIXEDFORTHERECRYSTALLIZATIONDURINGFSW．FIG．2MICROSTRUCTURESOFTHEFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDAZ31MGALLOYALBASEMATERIALFBWELDNUGGETRETREATINGSIDE；C1WELDNUGGETADVANCINGSIDE；IDTMAZ；ELWELDNUGGET,TMAZ3．2TRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYANALYSISTEMIMAGESOFTHEBASEMATERIALREGION，THETHERMALMECHANICALAFECTEDZONEANDTHEWELDNUGGETARESHOWNINFIG．3．TEMIMAGESINDICATETHATTMAZENDTHEWELDNUGGETHAVEGRAINSWITHAHIGBDENSITYOFDISLOCATIONSSEEFIGS．3BANDC．FIG3CSHOWSTHATTHEWELDNUGETHAVINGARECRYSTALLIZEDGRAINSTRUCTUREALSOCONTAINSAHIGHDENSIOFDISLOCATIONSINTHEFRICTIONSTIRWELDOFAZ31MAGNESIUMALLOY，THEDYNAMICRECRYSTALLIZATIONPROCESSINVOLVESMIGRATIONOFRECRYSTALLIZATIONFRONTSSTARTINGASSOONASENOUGHSTOREDENERGYISENOUGHTODRIVEMIGRATION．SINCETHEMATERIALISSTILLSTRAININGASDYNAMICRECRYS維普資訊HTTP//WWWCQVIPCOM

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簡介：LATESTDEVELOPMENTSINBELTCONVEYORTECHNOLOGYMAALSPAUGHOVERLANDCONVEYORCO,INCPRESENTEDATMINEXPO2004LASVEGAS,NV,USASEPTEMBER27,2004ABSTRACTBULKMATERIALTRANSPORTATIONREQUIREMENTSHAVECONTINUEDTOPRESSTHEBELTCONVEYORINDUSTRYTOCARRYHIGHERTONNAGESOVERLONGERDISTANCESANDMOREDIVERSEROUTESINORDERKEEPUP,SIGNIFICANTTECHNOLOGYADVANCESHAVEBEENREQUIREDINTHEFIELDOFSYSTEMDESIGN,ANALYSISANDNUMERICALSIMULATIONTHEAPPLICATIONOFTRADITIONALCOMPONENTSINNONTRADITIONALAPPLICATIONSREQUIRINGHORIZONTALCURVESANDINTERMEDIATEDRIVESHAVECHANGEDANDEXPANDEDBELTCONVEYORPOSSIBILITIESEXAMPLESOFCOMPLEXCONVEYINGAPPLICATIONSALONGWITHTHENUMERICALTOOLSREQUIREDTOINSURERELIABILITYANDAVAILABILITYWILLBEREVIEWEDINTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHTHETITLEOFTHISPRESENTATIONINDICATES“NEW”DEVELOPMENTSINBELTCONVEYORTECHNOLOGYWILLBEPRESENTED,MOSTOFTHEIDEASANDMETHODSOFFEREDHEREHAVEBEENAROUNDFORSOMETIMEWEDOUBTANYSINGLEPIECEOFEQUIPMENTORIDEAPRESENTEDWILLBE“NEW”TOMANYOFYOUWHATIS“NEW”ARETHESIGNIFICANTANDCOMPLEXSYSTEMSBEINGBUILTWITHMOSTLYMATURECOMPONENTSWHATISALSO“NEW”ARETHESYSTEMDESIGNTOOLSANDMETHODSUSEDTOPUTTHESECOMPONENTSTOGETHERINTOUNIQUECONVEYANCESYSTEMSDESIGNEDTOSOLVEEVEREXPANDINGBULKMATERIALHANDLINGNEEDSANDWHATISALSO“NEW”ISTHEINCREASINGABILITYTOPRODUCEACCURATECOMPUTERSIMULATIONSOFSYSTEMPERFORMANCEPRIORTOTHEFIRSTSYSTEMTESTCOMMISSIONINGASSUCH,THEMAINFOCUSOFTHISPRESENTATIONWILLBETHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSINCOMPLEXSYSTEMDESIGNESSENTIALTOPROPERLYENGINEERANDOPTIMIZETODAY’SLONGDISTANCECONVEYANCEREQUIREMENTSTHEFOURSPECIFICTOPICSCOVEREDWILLBEENERGYEFFICIENCYROUTEOPTIMIZATIONDISTRIBUTEDPOWERANALYSISANDSIMULATIONENERGYEFFICIENCYMINIMIZINGOVERALLPOWERCONSUMPTIONISACRITICALASPECTOFANYPROJECTANDBELTCONVEYORSARENODIFFERENTALTHOUGHBELTCONVEYORSHAVEALWAYSBEENANEFFICIENTMEANSOFTRANSPORTINGLARGETONNAGESASCOMPAREDTOOTHERTRANSPORTMETHODS,THEREARESTILLVARIOUSMETHODSTOREDUCEPOWERREQUIREMENTSONOVERLANDCONVEYORSTHEMAINRESISTANCESOFABELTCONVEYORAREMADEUPOFIDLERRESISTANCERUBBERINDENTATIONDUETOIDLERSUPPORTMATERIAL/BELTFLEXUREDUETOSAGBEINGIDLERSALIGNMENTTHESERESISTANCESPLUSMISCELLANEOUSSECONDARYRESISTANCESANDFORCESTOOVERCOMEGRAVITYLIFTMAKEUPTHEREQUIREDPOWERTOMOVETHEMATERIAL1LATESTDEVELOPMENTSINBELTCONVEYORTECHNOLOGYMINEXPO2004,LASVEGAS,NV,USAMAALSPAUGH,OVERLANDCONVEYORCO,INCSEPTEMBER27,2004THELONGESTCONVEYORINTHISSYSTEMPC2WAS1628KMINLENGTHWITH475MOFLIFTTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSYSTEMFACTWASTHAT50OFTHEOPERATINGPOWER4000KWAT1783MTPHAND46M/SWASREQUIREDTOTURNANEMPTYBELTTHEREFOREPOWEREFFICIENCYWASCRITICALVERYCLOSEATTENTIONWASFOCUSEDONTHEIDLERS,BELTCOVERRUBBERANDALIGNMENTONEWAYTODOCUMENTRELATIVEDIFFERENCESINEFFICIENCYISTOUSETHEDIN22101STANDARDDEFINITIONOF“EQUIVALENTFRICTIONFACTORF”ASAWAYTOCOMPARETHETOTALOFTHEMAINRESISTANCESINTHEPAST,ATYPICALDINFUSEDFORDESIGNOFACONVEYORLIKETHISMIGHTBEAROUND0016MANTAKRAFWASESTIMATINGTHEIRATTENTIONTOPOWERWOULDALLOWTHEMTOREALIZEANFOF0011,AREDUCTIONOFOVER30THISREDUCTIONCONTRIBUTEDASIGNIFICANTSAVINGINCAPITALCOSTOFTHEEQUIPMENTTHEACTUALMEASUREDRESULTSOVER6OPERATINGSHIFTSAFTERCOMMISSIONINGSHOWEDTHEVALUETOBE00075,OREVEN30LOWERTHANEXPECTEDMRKUNGSTATEDTHISREDUCTIONFROMEXPECTEDTORESULTINANADDITIONALUS100,000SAVINGSPERYEARINELECTRICITYCOSTSALONEROUTEOPTIMIZATIONFIGURE5TIANGINCHINAHORIZONTALADAPTABILITYOFCOURSETHEMOSTEFFICIENTWAYTOTRANSPORTMATERIALFROMONEPOINTTOTHENEXTISASDIRECTLYASPOSSIBLEBUTASWECONTINUETOTRANSPORTLONGERDISTANCESBYCONVEYOR,THEPOSSIBILITYOFCONVEYINGINASTRAIGHTLINEISLESSANDLESSLIKELYASMANYNATURALANDMANMADEOBSTACLESEXISTTHEFIRSTHORIZONTALLYCURVEDCONVEYORSWEREINSTALLEDMANYYEARSAGO,BUTTODAYITSEEMSJUSTABOUTEVERYOVERLANDCONVEYORBEINGINSTALLEDHASATLEASTONEHORIZONTALCHANGEINDIRECTIONANDTODAY’STECHNOLOGYALLOWSDESIGNERSTOACCOMMODATETHESECURVESRELATIVELYEASILYFIGURES5AND6SHOWSANOVERLANDCONVEYORTRANSPORTINGCOALFROMTHESTOCKPILETOTHESHIPLOADERATTHETIANJINCHINAPORTAUTHORITYINSTALLEDTHISYEARDESIGNEDBYEJO’DONOVANASSOCIATESANDBUILTBYCONTINENTALCONVEYORLTDOFAUSTRALIA,THIS9KMOVERLANDCARRIES6000MTPHWITH4X1500KWDRIVESINSTALLEDR3000R400024°36°CAPACITY6000MTPHLENGTH8980MLIFT8MBELTWIDTH1800MMBELTSPEED56MPSHEADTAILFIGURE6TIANGINCHINAPLANVIEWTHEWYODAKMINE,LOCATEDINTHEPOWDERRIVERBASINOFWYOMING,USA,ISTHEOLDESTCONTINUOUSLYOPERATINGCOALMINEINTHEUSHAVINGRECORDEDANNUALPRODUCTIONSINCE1923ITCURRENTLYUTILIZESANOVERLANDFIGURE7FROMTHENEWPITTOTHEPLANT756MLONG2,482FTWITHA700M2,300FTHORIZONTALRADIUSTHISPROVESACONVEYORDOESNOTNEEDTOBEEXTREMELYLONGTOBENEFITFROMAHORIZONTALTURN3FIGURE7WYODAKCOALTUNNELINGANOTHERINDUSTRYTHATWOULDNOTBEABLETOUSEBELTCONVEYORSWITHOUTTHEABILITYTONEGOTIATEHORIZONTALCURVESISCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELINGTUNNELSAREBEINGBOREAROUNDTHEWORLDFORINFRASTRUCTURESUCHASWASTEWATERANDTRANSPORTATIONTHEMOSTEFFICIENTMETHODOFREMOVINGTUNNELMUCKISBYCONNECTINGANADVANCINGCONVEYORTOTHETAILOFTHETUNNELBORINGMACHINEBUTTHESETUNNELSARESELDOMIFEVERSTRAIGHT

簡介：INCUBATIONEXPERIMENTSONNETNITROGENMINERALIZATIONINORGANICGREEKSOILSATHANASIOSCHAROULISANDTHEODOREKARYOTISNATIONALAGRICULTURALRESEARCHFOUNDATION,INSTITUTEFORSOILMAPPINGANDCLASSIFICATION,LARISSA,GREECEJOHNMITSIOSDEPARTMENTOFAGRONOMY,UNIVERSITYOFTHESSALY,NIONIA,VOLOS,GREECEABSTRACTAEROBICINCUBATIONEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDINORGANICSURFACESAMPLESCOLLECTEDFROMARABLESOILSOFPHILIPPOI,INNORTHERNGREECELABORATORYEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHENITROGENNMINERALIZEDFROMSOILSANDSUGARBEETRESIDUESINCORPORATEDINTOTHESOILSCUMULATIVEMINERALIZATIONOFN,POTENTIALLYMINERALIZABLENITROGENN0,ANDMINERALIZATIONRATECONSTANTKWEREESTIMATEDAFTER30CONTINUOUSINCUBATIONWEEKSAT358CTOTALNCONTENTOFSOILSRANGEDBETWEEN66AND192GKG21,TOTALSOILCARBONFROM119TO309GKG21,SOILORGANICCARBONRANGEDFROM119TO308GKG21,ANDTHECNRATIOVARIEDFROM135TO183THECUMULATIVENETMINERALIZEDNRANGEDBETWEEN132AND426MGKG21FORNONAMENDEDSOILANDBETWEEN165AND586MGKG21FORRESIDUEAMENDEDSOILNITRATEWASTHEMAINFORMOFMINERALIZEDN,ALTHOUGHAPPRECIABLEAMOUNTSOFAMMONIUMWEREMEASUREDPOTENTIALLYMINERALIZABLENITROGENN0VARIEDBETWEEN254AND1067MGKG21FORNONAMENDEDSOILAND311–1465MGNKG21INRESIDUETREATEDSOILTHEMINERALIZATIONCONSTANTKWASBETWEEN0052AND0068WEEK21CLOSERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTOTALSOILNANDSOILORGANICCARBON,ANDBETWEENCUMULATIVEMINERALIZATIONANDTOTALSOILNWEREFOUNDMINERALIZATIONOCCURREDRATHERRAPIDLY,ALTHOUGHTHEAMOUNTOFMINERALIZEDNPERWEEKWASREDUCEDINTHELATERWEEKSOFINCUBATIONVARIATIONINNETMINERALIZATIONAMONGSOILSAMPLESCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOSOILORGANICMATTERCONTENT,ORIGIN,ANDSTATEOFDECOMPOSITION,ASWELLASDIFFERENCESINMANAGEMENTHISTORIES,ADDRESSCORRESPONDENCETOATHANASIOSCHAROULIS,NATIONALAGRICULTURALRESEARCHFOUNDATION,INSTITUTEFORSOILMAPPINGANDCLASSIFICATION,1THEOPHRASTOUSTR,LARISSA41335,GREECEEMAILHAROULISLARFORTHNETGRCOMMUNICATIONSINSOILSCIENCEANDPLANTANALYSIS,36231–240,2005COPYRIGHTTAYLORFRANCIS,INCISSN00103624PRINT/15322416ONLINEDOI101081/CSS200043052DOWNLOADEDBYUNIVERSITYOFMANITOBALIBRARIESAT020004JULY2014WITHDISTILLEDWATER,DRIEDAT608CFOR48H,ANDTHENPULVERIZEDSOILPHVALUESWEREMEASUREDINA11SOILTOH2OSUSPENSION11SOILCARBONATESWEREDETERMINEDBYTHEVOLUMETRICCALCIMETERMETHOD12TOTALSOILCARBONANDTOTALNITROGENWEREDETERMINEDBYLECOELEMENTALANALYZERMODELCNS2000ORGANICCARBONCONTENTWASESTIMATEDASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTOTALANDINORGANICFORMHOMOGENEOUSSUBSAMPLESWEREOBTAINEDFROMEACHAIRDRIEDSOILSAMPLE,ANDNITROGENMINERALIZATIONWASESTIMATEDUNDERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSBYTHEINCUBATIONMETHODOFSTANFORDANDSMITH13THEINCUBATIONPROCEDUREINVOLVEDTHEADDITIONOFTRIPLICATE15GAIRDRIEDSOILSAMPLESMIXEDWITHEQUALQUANTITYOFQUARTZSAND20MESHTREATMENTSFORALLSOILSAMPLESWERE1NONAMENDEDSOILAND2SOILAMENDEDWITHDRIEDSUGARBEETRESIDUEFORSOILSRECEIVINGRESIDUE,DRIEDANDPULVERIZEDSUGARBEETLEAVES02GWEREADDEDTOEACHINCUBATIONTUBEANDMIXEDTHOROUGHLYSOILTUBESWEREPLACEDTOTHEINCUBATORINVERTICALPOSITIONINTHEDARKSOILWATERCONTENTWASMONITOREDBYWEIGHINGTHESAMPLESTHREETIMESAWEEKANDADDINGWATERUPTOFIELDWATERCAPACITYEXCESSWATERWASREMOVEDUNDERVACUUM60CMHG13THETEMPERATUREDURINGTHEPERIODOFINCUBATIONWASKEPTAT358C,ANDNMINERALIZATIONWASDETERMINEDATTIMEINTERVALSOF2,4,7,10,14,18,24,AND30WEEKSLEACHINGWASPERFORMEDBYADDING100MLOF001MCACL2FOLLOWEDBY25MLOFNFREENUTRIENTSOLUTIONTHELEACHATESWERECOLLECTEDINGLASSBEAKERSOF100ML,ANDTHETOTALVOLUMEWASMEASUREDAFTEREACHINCUBATION,NO3NANDNH4NWEREDETERMINEDBYAFIASTAR9000ANALYZERFOSSTECATOR,SWEDENTHENITROGENMINERALIZATIONPOTENTIALN0WASESTIMATEDFROMTHEEQUATIONNT?N0FIGURE1SIMPLIFIEDMAPOFNORTHERNGREECEINCUBATIONEXPERIMENTSONNETNITROGENMINERALIZATION233DOWNLOADEDBYUNIVERSITYOFMANITOBALIBRARIESAT020004JULY2014

簡介：1FPGA實現(xiàn)實時適應(yīng)圖像閾值ELHAMASHARI電氣與計算機工程系,滑鐵盧大學(xué)理查德霍恩西計算機科學(xué)和工程系,紐約大學(xué)摘要本文提出了一種基于實時閾值的通用FPGA結(jié)構(gòu)。硬件架構(gòu)是基于一種加權(quán)聚類算法的架構(gòu),這種算法的重點就在于聚類的前景和背景像素的閾值問題。該方法采用聚類的二值加權(quán)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)法找到兩個像素組的質(zhì)心。圖像的閾值是兩個質(zhì)心的平均值。因為對于每個輸入的像素，選定的最近的權(quán)值是用來更新的，因而推薦一種自適應(yīng)的閾值技術(shù)。更新是基于輸入像素的灰度級和相關(guān)權(quán)值的差額的，通過學(xué)習(xí)快慢因素來衡量其速率。硬件系統(tǒng)是在FPGA平臺上實現(xiàn)的，它包含兩個功能模塊。第一個模塊獲得圖像框架閾值，另一個模塊將閾值應(yīng)用于圖像的框架。兩個模塊的并行性和簡單的硬件組成部分使其適用于實時應(yīng)用程序，并且，其性能可與經(jīng)常用于離線閾值技術(shù)相媲美。通過利用FPGA對無數(shù)的例子進(jìn)行模擬和實驗，得到該算法的結(jié)果。這項工作的基本應(yīng)用是確定激光的質(zhì)心，但接下來將會討論它在其他方面的應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞實時閾值,自適應(yīng)閾值,FPGA實現(xiàn)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1簡介圖像二值化是圖像處理的一個主要問題。如果要從一張圖像上提取有用的信息，我們需要將它分成不同的部分（例如背景色和前景色）來進(jìn)行更為詳細(xì)的分析。一般來說，前景色的像素的灰度級與背景色的灰度級是不同的?，F(xiàn)在已有一些較好的使圖像二值化地算法，就性能而不是就速度而言，這些算法的主要目標(biāo)在于高效率，然而對于一些應(yīng)用，尤其對是在那些定制的硬件和實時應(yīng)用程序來說，速度則是最關(guān)鍵的要求?？蓪崿F(xiàn)的快速而簡單的閾值技術(shù)在實際成像系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。例如，結(jié)合了CMOS圖像傳感器的片上圖像處理技術(shù)普遍存在于各種各樣的成像系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。在這樣一個系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中，圖像的實時處理及其得到的相關(guān)信息是至關(guān)重要的。實時閾值技術(shù)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括機器人、汽車、目標(biāo)追蹤以及激光測距。在激光測距，即確定目標(biāo)的運動范圍的過程中，所捕獲的圖像為二值圖像。閾值技術(shù)被用來從背景色中分離耀斑以及質(zhì)心的定位。本文接下來將重點描述該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。實時閾值的另一個應(yīng)用是文件處理及光學(xué)字符識別（OCR）。例如，一個高速的掃描儀每分鐘可掃描并處理大約超過100頁的文件。這個系統(tǒng)中，為達(dá)到速度的要求，利用一種專用硬件對圖像進(jìn)行處理和二值化。其中，最為典型的例子就是，通過CMOS或CCD相機，由掃描儀捕獲的圖像，都被轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像。再由文本文檔來儲存這些相對統(tǒng)一的背景色信息。由于將圖像轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像，可以在不丟失圖像的重要數(shù)據(jù)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，明顯減少圖像的存儲空間，因此，更適合輸出和存儲。以上所提到的所有的應(yīng)用都有一個共同點，就是都是利用高性能、高精度的系統(tǒng)，通過快速算法來完成閾值的轉(zhuǎn)換。此外，在對圖像做進(jìn)一步的處理之前，都將圖像的二值化作為預(yù)處理步36局部法，根據(jù)局部圖像的特征，計算出每一像素點的閾值，例如局部對比度的方法WHITE14,表面濾波閾值法YAOWITZ15。為定量性能評估,SEZGIN1對以上所述方法進(jìn)行了具有比較性的調(diào)查研究，針對兩種不同的環(huán)境提出一些有用的閾值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即文檔圖像無損檢測和無損檢測的圖像。采用了五種平均性能準(zhǔn)則分類錯誤、邊緣匹配錯誤、相對前景區(qū)域的誤差,改進(jìn)的距離,以及區(qū)域的非均勻性聚類方法和基于聚類的閾值方法都是最常用的方法。這個排名同時也被認(rèn)為是對提取對象的視覺輪廓的主觀評價。從硬件實現(xiàn)的角度來看,一個閾值方法的有效性也可以用其他參數(shù)來衡量，例如速度和復(fù)雜性。這些在實時圖像處理應(yīng)用過程中，都是非常重要的。所有的高素質(zhì)技術(shù)集群在進(jìn)行閾值計算之前，先對圖像的一些屬性進(jìn)行估算,例如,直方圖、最大/最小灰度值或者圖像方差。因此,圖片進(jìn)行逐像素的預(yù)處理。對數(shù)計算在基于熵的技術(shù)復(fù)雜的計算程序中也是必需的。硬件對數(shù)實現(xiàn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差計算使這些方法對硬件的要求復(fù)雜化。此外,在獲得足以計算閾值的圖片之后，這種方法仍需要大量的處理時間。雖然我們所討論的這些方法都具有良好的性能,但他們一般不適合實時實現(xiàn)?；蛘呶覀兛梢栽鰪娀蛐薷倪@些技術(shù)。對于閾值法最基本的要求就是其適應(yīng)性和高效性。它應(yīng)該也對圖像的與處理存在一定的依賴性。3提出的方法CLUSTERINGBASED方法仍是一個很常用的閾值技術(shù)1。在該方法中,圖像的灰度像素被分為兩個集群，即前景和背景。有幾種方法可得到聚類的一組輸入灰度像素。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ANN技術(shù)對解決分類和聚類問題是非常有用的。TALUKDAR和SRIDHAR18使用一種神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)作為一個聚類技術(shù),稱為WEIGHTEDBASEDWCT聚類閾值。WEIGHTEDBASED聚類方法使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聚類特性來計算一個閾值,其閾值為兩個聚類質(zhì)心的均值。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是原始節(jié)點簡單聚類。聚類通過創(chuàng)建層產(chǎn)生，并且相互連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的處理能力儲存在層間連接處,稱為權(quán)、是通過從一組訓(xùn)練模式中學(xué)習(xí)獲得的每個節(jié)點的輸入都乘以了一個連接的權(quán)值。在最近幾十年里,研究人員提出了不同的類別神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。每個類別都有其適用的一個特定的域,因而提出一個通用的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來解決所有的問題似乎是不可能的。其中提出一種有關(guān)自適應(yīng)分類和圖像分割問題的解決方案，就是非監(jiān)督的競爭學(xué)習(xí)19。

簡介：中文中文5600字出處出處CEMENTANDCONCRETERESEARCH,2000,302307314畢業(yè)設(shè)計之畢業(yè)設(shè)計之英文翻譯英文翻譯系別材料科學(xué)與工程系系別材料科學(xué)與工程系專業(yè)復(fù)合材料加工與應(yīng)用專業(yè)復(fù)合材料加工與應(yīng)用【46】。這種粉末能很親密的混合，其中含有CAOH,ALOH,CANO4HO，混合比例為321。2332目前此階段在合成產(chǎn)品都進(jìn)行了測定，粉末是通過用X射線衍射儀XRD檢測，單晶組成的混合物是由電子分散分光儀（EDS）裝備的掃描電子顯微鏡SEM而檢測的。22熱失重分析法熱失重分析法熱失重分析法是取100毫克的樣品而進(jìn)行分析。在干氮流量中以3℃/分鐘的升溫速率從室溫升到950℃。該儀器是由一個自動調(diào)節(jié)的CHENEVARDJOUMIE組成系統(tǒng)T5THTYP電烤箱（ADAMEL,巴黎,法國）連接到一個電子UGINEEYRAUD系統(tǒng)B70TYPE桿秤CETARAM、里昂，法國。23拉曼光譜儀法拉曼光譜儀法拉曼光譜儀法的工作原理是用JOBINYVONT64000裝置JOBINYUONSPEX,巴黎，法國處于每毫米1800槽光柵三元負(fù)模型中而進(jìn)行。獲得的光譜分辨率為是關(guān)于27CM一個激發(fā)源在51450納米地方。拉曼1?光譜檢測器帶電耦合裝置CCD能夠冷卻液氮到140K。顯微鏡加上光譜儀共焦拉曼使我們能記錄的一個空間信號進(jìn)行橫向分辨率比1毫米好和縱向分辨率比2毫米好【7】。它裝備有一步移動80NM的電動裝置。我們使用一個50倍的物鏡和055的孔徑去觀察一個9NM的物體，將這一物體保持98的初期極化磁場的激光光束。把單晶放在物體的下面或固定在測角儀的毛細(xì)管的末端又或把其放在垂直于層熱激光束細(xì)胞中。加熱樣品時要用玻璃把熱量與物鏡隔開以避免損壞。此外,晶體要在低相對壓力下引入到坩堝中,這樣不會通過傳導(dǎo)作用而損壞顯微鏡鏡頭。在低相對壓力下根據(jù)拉曼光譜法獲得的溫度指示并不能與在大氣壓力下根據(jù)熱重分析實驗法獲得的溫度指示相比較。在拉曼光譜實驗期間可以根據(jù)溫度（T）和壓力的情況預(yù)測合適的熱重分析法的溫度RAM（T）,在表1中更容易對比熱重分析法和拉曼光譜法的結(jié)果。TGA表1記錄拉曼光譜法的T和壓力以及預(yù)測合適的溫度（T）RAMTGAT（℃）和壓力RAMT（℃）TGA25大氣壓2530大氣壓304025MBAR505010MBAR7060O1MBAR80表2在70℃下CAALOHNO4HO的晶態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)4212322

簡介：現(xiàn)代控制理論現(xiàn)代控制理論題目智能交通信號控制智能交通信號控制學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號學(xué)院專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師二Ｏ一二Ｏ一三年12月15日HAVESENSORSTHATCANDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFVEHICLEANDTHETRANSMITTERWIRELESSLYTRANSMITSTHETRAFFICDENSITYTOTHECENTRALCONTROLLERTHECONTROLLERMAKESUSEOFTHEPROPOSEDALGORITHMTOFINDWAYSTOREGULATETRAFFICEFFICIENTLYIITHENEEDFORANALTERNATESYSTEMTHEMOSTPREVALENTTRAFFICSIGNALINGSYSTEMINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISTHETIMERBASEDSYSTEMTHISSYSTEMINVOLVESAPREDEFINEDTIMESETTINGFOREACHROADATANINTERSECTIONWHILETHISMIGHTPROVEEFFECTIVEFORLIGHTTRAFFIC,HEAVYTRAFFICREQUIRESANADAPTIVESYSTEMTHATWILLWORKBASEDONTHEDENSITYOFTRAFFICONEACHROADTHEFIRSTSYSTEMPROPOSEDFORADAPTIVESIGNALINGWASBASEDONDIGITALIMAGEPROCESSINGTECHNIQUESTHISSYSTEMWORKSBASEDONTHECAPTUREDVISUALINPUTFROMTHEROADSANDPROCESSINGTHEMTOFINDWHICHROADHASDENSETRAFFICTHISSYSTEMFAILSDURINGENVIRONMENTALINTERACTIONLIKERAINORFOGALSOTHISSYSTEMINTESTINGDOESNOTPROVEEFFICIENTTHEADVANCEDSYSTEMINTESTINGATPITTSBURGH2INVOLVESSIGNALSCOMMUNICATINGWITHEACHOTHERANDALSOWITHTHEVEHICLESTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMDOESNOTREQUIREANETWORKBETWEENSIGNALSANDVEHICLESANDISASTANDALONESYSTEMATEACHINTERSECTIONIIITHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHECONCEPTOFINTELLIGENTTRAFFICROUTINGUSINGWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKSTHEPRIMARYELEMENTSOFTHISSYSTEMARETHESENSORNODESORMOTESCONSISTINGOFSENSORSANDATRANSMITTERTHESENSORSINTERACTWITHTHEPHYSICALENVIRONMENTWHILETHETRANSMITTERPAGESTHESENSOR’SDATATOTHECENTRALCONTROLLERTHISSYSTEMINVOLVESTHE4X2ARRAYOFSENSORNODESINEACHROADTHISSIGNIFIES4LEVELSOFTRAFFICAND2LANESINEACHROADTHESENSORSAREULTRASONICORIRBASEDOPTICALSENSORSWHICHTRANSMITSSTATUSBASEDONPRESENCEOFVEHICLENEARITTHESENSORNODESTRANSMITATSPECIFIEDTIMEINTERVALSVIAZIGBEEPROTOCOLTOTHECENTRALCONTROLLERPLACEDATEVERYINTERSECTIONTHECONTROLLERRECEIVESTHESIGNALANDCOMPUTESWHICHROADANDWHICHLANEHASTOBEGIVENGREENSIGNALBASEDONTHEDENSITYOFTRAFFICTHECONTROLLERMAKESUSEOFTHEDISCUSSEDALGORITHMTOPERFORMTHEINTELLIGENTTRAFFICROUTING

簡介：摘要摘要靜脈輸液是一種最常用的臨床治療方法，是護理專業(yè)的一項常用給藥治療技術(shù)。臨床上應(yīng)根據(jù)藥物和患者情況不同配以適當(dāng)?shù)妮斠核俣?。輸液過快，可能會導(dǎo)致中毒，更嚴(yán)重時會導(dǎo)致水腫和心力衰竭輸液過慢則可能發(fā)生藥量不夠或無謂地延長輸液時間，使治療受影響并給患者和護理工作增加不必要的負(fù)擔(dān)。常規(guī)臨床輸液，普遍采用掛瓶輸液，并用眼睛觀察，依靠手動夾子來控制輸液速度，不易精確控制輸液速度，而且工作量大。本系統(tǒng)是利用單片機設(shè)計并制作一個智能化的液體點滴速度監(jiān)測與控制裝置。該裝置由水滴速度測試系統(tǒng)、水速控制系統(tǒng)、顯示裝置、單片機系統(tǒng)、鍵盤和報警等系統(tǒng)組成。應(yīng)用水的壓強隨著高度差的變化而變化的原理，利用控制步進(jìn)電動機的升降來控制點滴速度。點滴速度可用鍵盤來設(shè)定，設(shè)定范圍為20150滴/分，每滴誤差范圍控制在10左右。從改變設(shè)定值起到點滴速度基本穩(wěn)定整個過程的調(diào)整時間小于3分鐘。同時在水到達(dá)警戒線以下時能發(fā)出報警信號。關(guān)鍵字點滴速度；步進(jìn)電動機；單片機；報警系統(tǒng)目錄1目錄摘要IABSTRACTII第1章緒論111課題研究意義112國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀213主要研究內(nèi)容3第2章系統(tǒng)方案選擇與論證421各模塊方案選擇和論證4211液體點滴速度及儲液瓶液面檢測4212液瓶液面檢測5213鍵盤方案6214顯示方案6215電機系統(tǒng)方案6216點滴速度控制方案722方案的確定7第3章系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)931系統(tǒng)硬件基本組成部分932電路模塊電路設(shè)計9321液體點滴速度檢測電路設(shè)計9322鍵盤控制電路11323步進(jìn)電機驅(qū)動電路11324系統(tǒng)原理圖錯誤錯誤未定義書簽。未定義書簽。325輸液管的機械控制1233元器件說明12331AT89C5212332集成運算放大器LM324N14333電壓比較器件LM33918334步進(jìn)電機及其驅(qū)動ULN2003213351602型LCD23第4章系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計2541點滴速度測量2542點滴速度控制2643鍵盤掃描2644液晶顯示2745系統(tǒng)源程序28結(jié)論30致謝31參考文獻(xiàn)32附錄A33附錄B34附錄C37

簡介：中文中文65006500字出處IEEETRANSACTIONSONCONSUMERELECTRONICS,1094VOL50,NO4,NOVEMBER2004基于區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN的智能家居自動化火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)KYUNGCHANGLEE,HONGHEELEE摘要本文提出一個應(yīng)用區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN的火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)并評估其應(yīng)用于智能家庭自動化控制的可能性。通常，傳統(tǒng)的火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)有一些不足，例如由于其使用420MA的模擬電流信號，噪聲對其干擾很大。因此，本文為替代原有系統(tǒng)，提出了一個基于CAN的火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)，闡述了CAN通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計方法并進(jìn)行試驗評估該系統(tǒng)的性能。這個網(wǎng)絡(luò)有以下幾個優(yōu)點，如比其他底層BACNET如以太網(wǎng)、ARCNET有更低的成本且更容易實現(xiàn)。因此，如果CAN被選為底層BACNET，家庭自動化系統(tǒng)將會更有效。關(guān)鍵詞網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)；區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN家庭自動化系統(tǒng)；家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)；智能建筑1引言當(dāng)前，建筑的智能化為人們帶來更多的方便與安全12。因此，家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動化系統(tǒng)的要求隨著智能家居要求的增長而日益增長3。為了滿足使用者的需求、家電如冰箱和微波爐、多媒體設(shè)備如電視和音響系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備如電腦已被包括在智能建筑，如圖1。在智能家居，我們可以在房內(nèi)或是戶外用一個手機或PDA監(jiān)控連接到家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)的電器。為了實現(xiàn)家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織、企業(yè)正在開發(fā)ECHONET,KONNEX,LNCP和LONWORKS等網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4。圖1家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)原理圖另外，為了提高人們生活的舒適與安全正在完善如強電控制、照明、防盜、火災(zāi)報警等家庭自動化系統(tǒng)。通常，在傳統(tǒng)的家庭自動化系統(tǒng)中，開關(guān)、閥門或者火災(zāi)探測器都直接與空調(diào)設(shè)備或火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)相連。傳統(tǒng)火災(zāi)告警系統(tǒng)采用420MA電流的模擬傳輸方式，當(dāng)從火災(zāi)探測器接受的電流信號超過閾值，判定發(fā)生火災(zāi)。因此，該系統(tǒng)存在一些不足，它容易受到包括尖脈沖等不同形式的干擾，同時它不能判斷實際的燃火點。為了解決這些問題，業(yè)界已經(jīng)開始研究用數(shù)字、無線傳輸INTERNET移動電腦手機、PDA等家庭網(wǎng)關(guān)家庭應(yīng)用控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)骨干網(wǎng)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)多媒體設(shè)備信息設(shè)備強電控制照明控制取暖控制家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)家庭自動化系統(tǒng)過這種連接方式，由于每一個火災(zāi)探測器都有屬于自己的唯一地址，接收器就可以識別是哪個探測器進(jìn)行告警。此外，由于接收器定期檢測各個火災(zāi)探測器的狀態(tài)，它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如探測器故障或是傳輸總線開路等系統(tǒng)故障。另外，因為各個探測器將煙霧與熱度的定量數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給接收器，所以錯誤警報要少于傳統(tǒng)火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)。在同一區(qū)域安裝多個火災(zāi)探測器，接收器可以到各位置直觀的煙霧、熱度數(shù)據(jù)，因此本系統(tǒng)可以直接應(yīng)用于智能火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)并能使用推理算法。同時由于探測信號可以進(jìn)行計算比較，系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險評估能力得到提升12。圖3網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)此外，由于PC的安裝維護比傳統(tǒng)的專用接收機更為方便，我們可以很容易地創(chuàng)建一個用戶界面，將人機界面應(yīng)用于PC，將本系統(tǒng)合成到家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中，因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)如果使用PC作為接收機會更為方便。當(dāng)前，已有BACNET、LONWORKS、BLUETOOTH等多種網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議將網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)告警系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用在智能建筑項目用56。3網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計31CAN協(xié)議概述CAN20B是專門為連接傳感器、驅(qū)動器、汽車中的電子控制單元ECU而編寫的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議。它的支持通信速率為5KBPS1MBPS，可以應(yīng)用于信息共享與實時控制領(lǐng)域。它可以選擇總線型或者星型網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。CAN20B具有以下性質(zhì)分布式總線存取控制。這意味著每一個設(shè)備都有相同的總線使用權(quán)限。競爭非破壞性總線讀取。雖然設(shè)配是通過競爭方式控制總線，但不會因競爭破壞報文。根據(jù)內(nèi)容確定地址。每條報文根據(jù)自身內(nèi)容確定唯一的標(biāo)識。循環(huán)冗余校驗錯誤檢測和錯誤禁閉來阻止任何不利影響的一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件失效。設(shè)備不管網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否空閑都可以傳輸信息。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)繁忙時，在正在傳輸?shù)男畔瓿汕埃瑢⒁l(fā)送的包會一直等待。電信號在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中傳輸?shù)乃俣仁怯邢薜模苡锌赡芏鄠€設(shè)備在很短的時間段內(nèi)都要開始傳輸信息。這種情況被稱為信息沖突，協(xié)議通過比較報文包含的標(biāo)識來解決這一難題。標(biāo)識的值最小的報文贏得網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用權(quán)，其他的設(shè)備必須立即停止傳輸。因為標(biāo)識在數(shù)據(jù)包的首部，一起傳輸?shù)碾娦盘枴?”將把電信號“1”改寫，所以標(biāo)識值最小的數(shù)據(jù)包將不被破壞的完成傳輸。其他的設(shè)備將在當(dāng)前傳輸結(jié)束后，繼續(xù)嘗試傳輸自己的數(shù)據(jù)。圖4展現(xiàn)這個仲裁的過程。響鈴指示燈火災(zāi)探測器驅(qū)動器PC端接收器網(wǎng)絡(luò)總線BDDA

簡介：AMULTIOPERATIONALMODEANTISWAYANDPOSITIONINGCONTROLFORANINDUSTRIALBRIDGECRANE?,??KHALIDSORENSEN?HANNASFISCH??STEVEDICKERSON???WILLIAMSINGHOSE?URSGLAUSER???WOODRUFFSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,GEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,ATLANTA,GA,30332USATEL4043850668EMAILSINGHOSEGATECHEDU??ZURICHUNIVERSITYOFAPPLIEDSCIENCES,WINTERTHUR,SWITZERLAND???CAMOTIONINC,ATLANTA,GA,30318USATEL4048740090EMAILSTEVEDICKERSONCAMOTIONCOMABSTRACTA30TONINDUSTRIALBRIDGECRANELOCATEDATANALUMINUMSHEETMANUFACTURERHASBEENEQUIPPEDWITHACRANEMANIPULATIONSYSTEMENABLINGSWINGFREEMOTION,DISTURBANCEREJECTION,ANDPRECISEPOSITIONINGPREVIOUSINVESTIGATIONSOFANTISWAY,POSITIONING,ANDCRANECONTROLHAVEYIELDEDIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONSINTHESEAREASTHESEADVANCEMENTSARECOMBINEDINTOTHEUNIFIEDCRANEMANIPULATIONSYSTEMDESCRIBEDHEREANOVERVIEWOFTHISSYSTEMISPRESENTED,ALONGWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTS,ANDADESCRIPTIONOFHOWHUMANOPERATORSUSETHECRANEKEYWORDSINPUTSHAPINGCOMMANDSHAPINGCRANECONTROLANTISWAYFEEDBACKCONTROLMACHINEVISION1INTRODUCTIONCRANESAREUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDINTHOUSANDSOFSHIPPINGYARDS,CONSTRUCTIONSITES,STEELMILLS,WAREHOUSES,NUCLEARPOWERANDWASTESTORAGEFACILITIES,ANDOTHERINDUSTRIALCOMPLEXESSAFEANDEFFICIENTMOTIONOFTHESESTRUCTURESISANIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTORTOINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIVITYANIMPORTANTPROPERTYOFCRANESTHATCANADVERSELYAFFECTSAFEANDEFFICIENTMOTIONISTHETENDENCYFORACRANEPAYLOADTOSWINGEXTERNALDISTURBANCES,SUCHASWIND,ORCOMMANDEDMOTIONCANCAUSESIGNIFICANTPAYLOADSWINGPAYLOADSWINGMAKESPRECISEPOSITIONINGTIMECONSUMINGFORAHUMANOPERATORFURTHERMORE,WHENTHEPAYLOADORSURROUNDINGOBSTACLESAREOFAHAZARDOUSORFRAGILENATURE,PAYLOADSWINGMAYPRESENTASAFETYHAZARDTHEBROADUSAGEOFCRANES,COUPLEDWITHTHENEEDTOREDUCEUNDESIREDOSCILLATION,HASMOTIVATEDALARGEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHSIGNIFICANTADVANCEMENTSHAVEBEENMADEINTHEAREASOF1MOTIONINDUCEDOSCILLATIONREDUCTION,2DISTURBANCEREJECTION,3POSITIONINGCAPABILITY,4PAYLOADSWINGDETECTION,AND5OPERATORINTERFACEDESIGNADVANCEMENTSFROMEACHOFTHESEAREASHAVEBEENCOMBINEDINTOAUNIFIEDCRANEMANIPULATIONSYSTEMCMSTHEUTILITYOFTHECMSISTHATITPROVIDESOPERATORSWITHAMEANSFORGENERATING?THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYCAMOTIONINCLOGANALUMINUM,ANDSIEMENSENERGYAUTOMATION??PATENTNOTICETHECONTROLMETHODSDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERAREPROTECTEDBYTHEWORLDINTELLECTUALPROPERTYORGANIZATIONWO2006/115912A2COMMERCIALUSEOFTHESEMETHODSREQUIRESWRITTENPERMISSIONFROMCAMOTIONINCANDTHEGEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYSAFEANDEFFICIENTSWINGFREEMOTION,ANDTHECAPABILITYFORPRECISEPOSITIONINGTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHECOMPONENTSOFTHECMS,ANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHISSYSTEMONA30TONINDUSTRIALBRIDGECRANETHISCRANEISLOCATEDATLOGANALUMINUM,ALEADINGMANUFACTUREROFALUMINUMSHEETPRODUCTSINSECTION2,ADESCRIPTIONOFTHELOGANCRANEANDITSDYNAMICBEHAVIORISPRESENTEDSECTION3PROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFTHECMSANDHOWTHISSYSTEMISINTEGRATEDINTOTHELOGANCRANERESULTSOFPERFORMANCEEXPERIMENTSCONDUCTEDONTHECMSEQUIPPEDLOGANCRANEAREPRESENTEDINSECTION42SYSTEMDESCRIPTIONFIGURE1SHOWSAPHOTOGRAPHOFTHE30TONLOGANCRANETHETROLLEYTRAVERSESALONGTHEBRIDGE,WHICHSPANSADISTANCEOFAPPROXIMATELY30METERSLIKEWISE,THEBRIDGECANTRAVERSEALONGSTATIONARYRAILSFORADISTANCEOFAPPROXIMATELY50METERSTHEHOOKISSUSPENDEDBENEATHTHETROLLEYDURINGOPERATION,THESUSPENSIONCABLELENGTHVARIESBETWEEN3AND10METERSTHEBRIDGEISEQUIPPEDWITHTWO75KILOWATT10HORSEPOWER480VOLTACINDUCTIONMOTORSSIMILARLY,THETROLLEYISEQUIPPEDWITHTWO375KILOWATT5HORSEPOWER480VOLTACINDUCTIONMOTORSTHEMOTORSARECONTROLLEDBYMAGNETEKIMPULSEP3VECTORDRIVESTHISEQUIPMENTPERMITSCONTINUOUSLYVARIABLEVELOCITYCONTROLADDITIONALLY,THEDRIVESAREPARAMETERIZABLETHEMAXIMUMPERMISSIBLEVELOCITYANDACCELERATIONLIMITSHAVEBEENPROGRAMMEDTOBE075M/SAND075M/S2,RESPECTIVELYPROCEEDINGSOFTHE17THWORLDCONGRESSTHEINTERNATIONALFEDERATIONOFAUTOMATICCONTROLSEOUL,KOREA,JULY611,20089783902661005/08/2000?2008IFAC881103182/200807065KR100138343INTEGRATIONOFTHECMSTHECRANEDESCRIBEDINSECTION2HASBEENAUGMENTEDWITHTHECMSATOPOLOGICALILLUSTRATIONOFTHECMSEQUIPPEDCRANEISSHOWNINFIG5THISFIGUREDEPICTSTHEELEMENTSTHATCOMPRISETHECMSACONTROLARCHITECTUREFORENABLINGSWINGFREEMOTIONANDPRECISEPAYLOADPOSITIONINGAVISUALHUMANMACHINEINTERFACEFORAIDINGPRECISEPOSITIONINGOFTHECRANETHISINTERFACEISIMPLEMENTEDONATOUCHSCREENMONITORAJOYSTICKINTERFACEFORSIMPLIFYINGGROSSMOTIONTASKSASTANDARDLEVERINTERFACEAMACHINEVISIONSYSTEMFORSENSINGHOOKSWINGLASERRANGESENSORSFORMEASURINGCRANEPOSITIONTHEPRINCIPALELEMENTOFTHECMSISTHEANTISWAYANDPOSITIONINGCONTROLTHISCOMPONENTACCEPTSINFORMATIONFROMTHEOTHERCMSELEMENTSMOTIONCOMMANDSFROMTHETHREEINTERFACEDEVICES,CRANEPOSITIONINFORMATIONFROMTHELASERRANGESENSORS,ANDHOOKDISPLACEMENTINFORMATIONFROMTHEMACHINEVISIONSYSTEMTHEINFORMATIONFROMTHESEELEMENTSISUSEDBYTHECONTROLTOPRODUCELOWSWAYVELOCITYCOMMANDS,WHICHAREISSUEDTOTHECRANEDRIVESTHEFOLLOWINGSUBSECTIONSPROVIDEGREATERDETAILABOUTEACHELEMENTOFTHECMS31HUMANMACHINEINTERFACEPRIORTOINSTALLATIONOFTHECMSONTOTHELOGANCRANE,OPERATORSCOMMANDEDCRANEMOTIONBYUSINGATHREELEVERINTERFACETHISDEVICEPERMITSTHEBRIDGE,TROLLEY,ANDHOOKTOBECOMMANDEDINDEPENDENTLYFROMEACHOTHERBYTHEIRRESPECTIVEACTUATIONLEVERSTWOADDITIONALINTERFACEDEVICESWEREINSTALLEDWITHTHECMSAJOYSTICKINTERFACE,ANDAVISUALTOUCHSCREENINTERFACETHEMOTIVATIONFORIMPLEMENTINGTHESEDEVICESWASROOTEDINIMPROVINGTHEWAYOPERATORSCONTROLTHECRANETHEVISUALINTERFACEPERMITSSIMPLIFIEDPOSITIONINGCONTROL,WHILETHEJOYSTICKPERMITSSIMPLIFIEDVELOCITYCONTROLSIMPLIFIEDPOSITIONINGINMANYAPPLICATIONS,PRECISEANDREPETITIVEPAYLOADPOSITIONINGISREQUIREDTHEVISUALINTERFACEISAREALTIMEGRAPHICALREPRESENTATIONOFTHECRANEANDCRANEWORKSPACETHATPERMITSOPERATORSTOSTOREDESIREDPAYLOADDESTINATIONS,ANDALSOCOMMANDTHECRANETOTRAVELTOTHESELOCATIONSSUTERETAL,2007,SORENSENGDM?LEVERINTERFACETOUCHSCREENJOYSTICKANTISWAYPOSITIONINGCONTROLLERRANGESENSORSMACHINEVISIONVRVTORIGINALCRANESYSTEMFIG5COMPONENTSOFTHECMSINTEGRATEDINTOACRANESYSTEMETAL,2007BTOSTOREAPAYLOADDESTINATIONFORFUTUREUSE,ANOPERATORMUSTFIRSTMANUALLYPOSITIONTHECRANEINTHISLOCATIONTHEN,THECOORDINATESCORRESPONDINGTHECRANE’SPOSITIONCANBEAUTOMATICALLYSTOREDINTOTHEVISUALINTERFACEATARGETIMAGEREPRESENTSTHELOCATIONONTHETOUCHSCREENOPERATORSSPECIFYADESIREDHOOKDESTINATIONBYTOUCHINGASTOREDTARGETTHATISDISPLAYEDINTHEGRAPHICALWORKSPACEIMAGEONCETHEOPERATORSPECIFIESTHEDESIREDDESTINATION,THEFEEDBACKCONTROLSYSTEMAUTOMATICALLYDRIVESTHECRANETOTHESPECIFIEDLOCATIONWITHOUTPAYLOADSWAYFIGURE6ISASCREENSHOTOFTHEVISUALINTERFACEINREGIONA,THEOPERATORCANSTOREANDSPECIFYHOOKDESTINATIONSREGIONBDISPLAYSVARIOUSSYSTEMINDICATORS,SUCHASANTISWAYACTIVITY,SYSTEMERRORS,ANDOPERATIONMODEREGIONCDISPLAYSACTUALANDDESIREDCRANEPOSITIONINFORMATIONFORPRECISEPOSITIONINGAPPLICATIONS,THEVISUALINTERFACEYIELDSSIGNIFICANTEFFICIENCYADVANTAGESOVERTRADITIONALMANUALCONTROLSORENSENETAL,2007BTHISISBECAUSEOPERATORSUSINGTHEINTERFACECANAUTOMATICALLYPOSITIONTHECRANEATADESIREDLOCATIONINANEARLYTIMEOPTIMALANDSWINGFREEMANNERMANUALPOSITIONINGISMOREDIFFICULTOPERATORSMUSTHAVEEXTENSIVETRAININGOFTEN,THESTRUCTURESAREMOVEDVERYSLOWLYTOENSUREACCURATEANDSAFEPOSITIONINGAVISUALINTERFACE,SIMILARTOTHEONEDESCRIBEDHERE,WASINSTALLEDONA10TONINDUSTRIALBRIDGECRANELOCATEDATTHEGEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYOPERATORSTUDIESCONDUCTEDONTHISCRANEREVEALEDTHATOPERATORSUSINGTHEVISUALINTERFACECOMPLETEDPOSITIONINGTASKS5TO45MOREQUICKLYTHANWITHMANUALCONTROLSORENSENETAL,2007BINADDITIONTOPOSITIONINGSIMPLICITY,THEREAREOTHERBENEFITSTOUSINGTHEVISUALINTERFACETHESEBENEFITSARERELATEDTOTHECOGNITIVEPROCESSESOFTHEHUMANOPERATORTHETYPEOFGESTUREBASEDCONTROLPROVIDEDBYTHEVISUALINTERFACEUTILIZESINTUITIONBASEDBEHAVIORFRIGOLAETAL,2003,AMATETAL,2004,WHICHISLESSCOMPLEXANDREQUIRESLESSCOGNITIVERESOURCEUSETHANMANUALPOSITIONINGASDISCUSSEDINSTAHRE,1995,ATREMENDOUSBENEFITOF“SHIFTING”O(jiān)PERATORACTIONSTOWARDINTUITIONBASEDBEHAVIORISTHATMOREREGIONBTARGETREGIONCREGIONAFIG6SCREENSHOTOFTHELOGANCRANEVISUALINTERFACE17THIFACWORLDCONGRESSIFAC08SEOUL,KOREA,JULY611,2008883

簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/262994653FIRSTPRINCIPLECALCULATIONSOFHIGHPRESSUREPHASETRANSFORMATIONSINRUCARTICLEINEPLEUROPHYSICSLETTERSJANUARY2014IMPACTFACTOR21DOI101209/02955075/105/46004READS684AUTHORS,INCLUDINGJIANHAOJIANGSUNORMALUNIVERSITY31PUBLICATIONS191CITATIONSSEEPROFILEYINWEILIJIANGSUNORMALUNIVERSITY47PUBLICATIONS401CITATIONSSEEPROFILEAVAILABLEFROMYINWEILIRETRIEVEDON06JANUARY2016JIANHAOETALTABLE1CALCULATEDSTRUCTURALPARAMETERSOFRUCWITHINTHEZBTYPE,WCTYPEANDI4MMSTRUCTURESATSELECTEDPRESSURESPGPALATTICEPARAMETERS?AV0ATOMICCOORDINATESZBTYPE0A46024545A,4566B24367RU4A0,0,0C4C1/4,1/4,1/4I4MM0A285421818RU2A0,0,0C5356C2A0,0,062810A2829RU2A0,0,0C5279C2A0,0,0626WCTYPE0A29632908C,2921A20531RU1A0,0,0C27012822C,2672AC1F2/3,1/3,1/230A2875C2652AREFERENCE8BREFERENCE9CREFERENCE6PLANEWAVEKINETICENERGYCUTOFFOF520EVMONKHORSTPACKBRILLOUINZONESAMPLINGGRIDSWITHTHERESOLUTIONOF2Π003?A?1WEREUSED,RESULTINGINTOTALENERGYCONVERGENCETOBETTERTHAN1MEV/ATOMELASTICCONSTANTSWERECALCULATEDBYTHESTRAINSTRESSMETHOD14WITHGRIDSDENSERTHAN2Π002?A?1THEPHONONDISPERSIONCURVESWERECOMPUTEDUSINGTHEPHONOPYPROGRAM15,WHICHISANOPENSOURCEPACKAGEOFPHONONCALCULATIONSBASEDONTHESUPERCELLAPPROACH16THISAPPROACHUSESTHEFORCESOBTAINEDBYTHEHELLMANNFEYNMANTHEOREMCALCULATEDFROMTHEOPTIMIZEDSUPERCELLTHROUGHTHEVASPCODEWEUSED333SUPERCELLS27RUCFORMULAUNITSFORALLTHETHREEPHASESRESULTSANDDISCUSSION–AFTERFULLGEOMETRYOPTIMIZATIONS,THEZBTYPEANDWCTYPESTRUCTURESKEEPTHEIRINITIALSYMMETRIES,ASSHOWNINFIG1INTHEZBTYPESTRUCTURE,EACHRUCATOMISBONDEDWITHFOURCRUATOMSWITHRUCBONDLENGTHOF198?AATAMBIENTPRESSUREFORTHEWCTYPESTRUCTURE,EACHRUCATOMISSURROUNDEDBYSIXCRUATOMSWITHRELATIVELONGERRUCBONDLENGTHOF2179?AATAMBIENTPRESSUREINTABLE1THESTRUCTURALPARAMETERSOFTHEZBTYPEANDWCTYPEPHASESARECOMPAREDWITHTHEAVAILABLEEXPERIMENTALDATA6ANDEARLIERTHEORETICALRESULTS8,9AGOODAGREEMENTWITHINA2INTERVALISFOUNDTHECELLPARAMETERSANDATOMICPOSITIONSFORPMN21RUCWEREALSOFULLYOPTIMIZEDATSELECTEDPRESSURESHOWEVER,WESURPRISINGLYFOUNDTHATTHESYMMETRYOFPMN21CHANGESDURINGTHEOPTIMIZATIONINTHEPMN21STRUCTUREOFOSC10,EACHOSATOMISCOORDINATEDBYFIVECATOMS,FORMINGDISTORTEDOSC5PYRAMIDSINEACHOSC5PYRAMID,THEFOURBOTTOMOSCBONDSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPESWITHSLIGHTLYDIFFERENTBONDLENGTHS,ASSHOWNINFIG1CONCETHEOSISREPLACEDBYRU,THEFOURBOTTOMRUCBONDSAUTOMATICALLYBECOMEEQUALDURINGOPTIMIZATIONATALLPRESSURESSTUDIEDCONSEQUENTLY,STANDARDRUC5PYRAMIDRUCBONDLENGTHSOF1984?AANDFIG1COLORONLINECRYSTALSTRUCTURESOFRUCINAZBTYPE,BWCTYPEANDDI4MMSTRUCTURESCISTHEPMN21STRUCTUREOFOSCTOSHOWTHESTRUCTURECHANGEFROMPMN21TOI4MMBIGBLACKANDSMALLBLUESPHERESREPRESENTRUOSANDCATOMS,RESPECTIVELY2113?A4ISFORMEDANDTHEPMN21STRUCTURETRANSFORMSTOAHIGHERSYMMETRICTETRAGONALSTRUCTUREWITHSPACEGROUPI4MMFIG1DFIGURE2APRESENTSTHECALCULATEDENTHALPIESOFTHEZBTYPEANDWCTYPESTRUCTURESWITHRESPECTTOTHEI4MMSTRUCTUREONEOBSERVESOBVIOUSLYTHATTHEI4MMSTRUCTUREBECOMESENERGETICALLYMOREFAVORABLETHANTHEZBTYPEABOVE93GPATHEI4MMSTRUCTUREISSTABLEUPTO26GPA,ABOVEWHICHTHEWCTYPESTRUCTURETAKESOVERACCORDINGTOOURENTHALPYRESULTS,APHASESEQUENCEOFZBTYPE→I4MM→WCTYPEWASTHUSUNCOVEREDFORRUC,46004P2

簡介：COMPUTERSININDUSTRY301996145162EXTRACTINGPROCESSPLANNINGINFORMATIONFROMVARIOUSWIREFRAMEANDFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMSJPKRUTH,GVANZEIR,JDETANDKUTHOLIEKEUNIRERSITEITLMUEN,DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,DIVISIONPMA,CELESTIJNENLAAN3OOB,B3001LAWEN,BELGIUMRECEIVED23NOVEMBER1995REVISED7JUNE1996ACCEPTED7JUNE1996ABSTRACTINRECENTYEARS,FEATURESHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDBYTHEENGINEERINGCOMMUNITYASMEANINGFULABSTRACTIONSWITHWHICHHUMANSCANREASONABOUTPRODUCTSANDPROCESSESFROMTHEDESIGNER’SPOINTOFVIEW,FEATURESAREFUNCTIONALPRIMITIVES,WHICHSERVEASTHEBASISFORSUFFICIENTPRODUCTREPRESENTATION,IMPROVINGTHEQUALITYOFDESIGNANDTHELINKTOLIFECYCLEACTIVITIES,SUCHASPROCESSPLANNINGANDMANUFACTURINGUPTONOW,VIRTUALLYNOCOMMERCIALWIREFRAMECADSYSTEMGIVESTHEUSERTHEPOSSIBILITYTODESIGNWITHFEATURESALLOBJECTSINADRAWINGARELOOSECADENTITIESPOINTS,LINES,ARCS,THATCANNOTBERECOGNISEDASFEATURESFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMSMOSTLYOFFERTHEUSERAFIXEDFEATURECATALOGUETODESIGNWITHINMANYCASESTHISFEATURECATALOGUEISTOORIGIDAFIXEDSETOFFEATURETYPESWITHFIXEDPARAMETERSANDDOESNOTCORRESPONDTOTHEFEATURESTHATAREUSEDINACOMPANYFOROTHERFEATUREBASEDAPPLICATIONSEGPROCESSPLANNING,NCPROGRAMMING,THISPAPERDESCRIBESAMETHODFORDEFININGANDEXTRACTINGUSERDEFINABLEMANUFACTURINGFEATUREINFORMATIONFROMSEVERALWIREFRAMEANDFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMSTHISMETHODISAPPLIEDMASOFTWAREMODULETHATINTERFACESCADSYSTEMSANDAFEATUREBASEDPROCESSPLANNINGSYSTEM18,191THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISMODULE,CALLEDTHECADPROCESSPLANNINGINTERFACECADPPI,WASCARRIEDOUTINTHEFRAMEWORKOFTHEESPRITPROJECT6805COMPLAN22KEFBRORDSFEATUREBASEDDESIGN/CAPPMULTIPLEFEATUREVIEWSCAD/CAPPINTEGRATIONFEATUREMODELLINGFORCAPPNEUTRALPROGRAMMINGINTERFACECONCURRENTENGINEERING1INTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,FEATURESHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDBYTHEENGINEERINGCOMMUNITYASMEANINGFULABSTRACTIONSWITHWHICHHUMANSCANREASONABOUTPRODUCTSANDPROCESSESTHISINTRODUCTIONEXPLAINSWHERETHEUSEOFFEATURESORIGINATESFROMANDSUMMARISESSOMECORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILJEANPIERREKRUTHMECHKULEUVENACBEMETHODSFORIDENTIFYINGFEATURESONAPARTDESIGNFURTHERITREVEALSWHATFEATUREIDENTIFICATIONANDEXTRACTIONMETHODSAREAPPLIEDINTHEDEVELOPEDSOFTWARETHATISDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERSOMEOFTHEIMPORTANTCONCEPTSANDMETHODSUSEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTSOFTHECADPROCESSPLANNINGINTERFACECADPPIAREDESCRIBEDINSECTION2OFTHISPAPERWITHTHESECONCEPTSINMIND,ITISEASIERTOUNDERSTANDTHEMODULARCADPPIARCHITECTURE,EXPLAINEDINSECTION3ANEXAMPLEOFHOWTOUSETHEDEVELOPEDSOFTWAREFORASAMPLEPARTISDESCRIBEDINSECTION4SECTION5SUMMARISESTHEACHIEVEDRESULTS01663615/96/1500COLJYRIGHT01996ELSEVIERSCIENCEALLRIGHTSRESERVEDP/FSO166361596000395JPKRUTHETAL/COMPUTERSININDUSTRY301996145162147ENGINEERINGSPECIFICATIONSDESIGNINGWITHMANUFACTURINGFEATURESRESTRICTSTHEDESIGNERTOALIMITEDSETOFDESIGNPRIMITIVESEGONLYMATERIALREMOVALPRIMITIVES7,ANDISTHEREFOREONLYUSEFULFORALIMITED,ANDWELLDEFINEDWORKPIECESPECTRUMCONVERSIONOFDESIGNFEATURESTOMANUFACTURINGFEATURESANDMANUFACTURABILITYANALYSISTHEDESIGNISEXECUTEDMAKINGUSEOFDESIGNFEATURES,ANDINCORPORATEGEOMETRICASWELLASTECHNOLOGICALDATA,THELATTERBEINGDEFINEDINTHECADSYSTEMASATTRIBUTESASSOCIATEDTOTHERESPECTIVEFEATURESHOWEVER,THISDESIGNFEATUREBASEDVIEWNEEDSTOBECONVERTEDINTOASETOFMANUFACTURINGFEATURESPRACTICALTASKSINVOLVEDINTHESEMAPPINGSAREDESCRIBEDIN3,9,34OTHERSYSTEMSENABLETOANALYSETHEPARTDURINGTHEDESIGNPROCESSANDGENERATESUGGESTIONSFORIMPROVINGTHEMACHINABILITYOFTHEPART6,10,2513THEAUTHOR’SAPPROACHTHEFEATUREIDENTIFICATIONAPPROACH,THATHASBEENSELECTEDWITHINTHISRESEARCH,ISTHEINTERACTIVEONE,MAINLYBECAUSEITAPPLIESTO2DAND3DWIREFRAMECADSYSTEMSSTILLREPRESENTING80OFTHEINDUSTRIALCADAPPLICATIONSMOREOVER,INTERACTIVEFEATUREIDENTIFICATIONCANBEAPPLIEDTOFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMSFOLLOWINGTWOMETHODSWEREINTEGRATEDFOREXTRACTINGMANUFACTURINGFEATUREINFORMATIONFORWIREFRAMECADSYSTEMS,THEFEATURESAREEXTRACTEDSEMIAUTOMATICALLYFIRST,THEUSERMUSTSELECTASETOFGEOMETRYEGTWOARCSANDINDICATETHEKINDOFMANUFACTURINGFEATURETOASSOCIATETHISGEOMETRYTOEGAHOLENEXT,THEDEVELOPED“CAYDPROCESSPLANNINGINTERFACE”CADPPIFORWIREFRAMECANAUTOMATICALLYEXTRACTTHEFEATUREPARAMETERSTHECADPPIRUNSONAWIDERANGTOFCADSYSTEMS,THROUGHTHECONCEPTOFANEUTRALCADPROGRAMMINGINTERFACENHFORFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMS,THEMANUFACTURINGFEATURESAREEXTRACTEDDIRECTLYFROMTHECADDATABASESINCETHEPARTWASDESIGNEDWITHFEATURESONEORMOREDESIGNFEATURESAREMATCHEDONTOAMANUFACTURINGFEATURETHECADPPIFORBOTHFEATUREBASEDANDWIREFRAMECADSYSTEMSCANAUTOMATICALLYEXTRACTFEATUREPARAMETERSASWELLASWORKPIECEPARAMETERSTHERESULTOFBOTHEXTRACTIONMETHODSISAFULLDESCRIPTIONOFTHEWORKPIECE,INCLUDINGALLFEATUREPARAMETERSANDFEATURERELATIONSTHECADPPICANBEEASILYCONFIGUREDEXTENDIBLEANDUSERDEFINABLETOCOMPANYSPECIFICFEATUREANDWORKPIECETYPES2CONCEPTSUSEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTSTHISSECTIONPRESENTSSOMEIMPORTANTCONCEPTSTHATAREUSEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTSOFTHECADPPIFIRSTITISEXPLAINEDWHYANEXTENDIBLEANDCUSTOMISABLEFEATURECATALOGUEISUSEDINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONNEXT,THE“NEUTRALPROGRAMMINGINTERFACE”CONCEPTEXPLAINSWHYTHESOFTWARECANRUNONAWIDERANGEOFWIREFRAMECADSYSTEMSFURTHER,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENGENERICFEATURESANDUSERDEFINEDFEATURESISELABORATEDFORBOTHWIREFRAMEANDFEATUREBASEDCADSYSTEMSFINALLY,THEIMPORTANCEOFTECHNOLOGICALFEATUREINFORMATIONBESIDEGEOMETRIC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簡介：SHIFTDYNAMICSANDCONTROLOFDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONSMANISHKULKARNI,TAEHYUNSHIM,YIZHANGDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMICHIGANDEARBORN,DEARBORNMI48128,UNITEDSTATESRECEIVED4OCTOBER2005ACCEPTED1MARCH2006AVAILABLEONLINE18MAY2006ABSTRACTSHIFTSINADUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONDCTAREREALIZEDBYTORQUETRANSFERFROMONECLUTCHTOANOTHERWITHOUTTRACTIONINTERRUPTIONDUETOTHECONTROLLEDSLIPPAGEOFTHECLUTCHESTHETIMINGOFENGAGEMENTANDDISENGAGEMENTOFTHETWOCLUTCHESISCRITICALFORACHIEVINGASMOOTHSHIFTWITHOUTENGINEFLAREANDCLUTCHTIEUPTHISPAPERPRESENTSANANALYTICALMODELFORTHESIMULATION,ANALYSISANDCONTROLOFSHIFTDYNAMICSFORDCTVEHICLESADYNAMICMODELANDTHECONTROLLOGICFORTHEINTEGRATEDVEHICLEHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDUSINGMATLAB/SIMULINKASTHESIMULATIONPLATFORMTHEMODELHASBEENUSEDTOSTUDYTHEVARIATIONINOUTPUTTORQUEINRESPONSETODIFFERENTCLUTCHPRESSUREPROFILESDURINGSHIFTSOPTIMIZEDCLUTCHPRESSUREPROFILESHAVEBEENCREATEDFORTHEBESTPOSSIBLESHIFTQUALITYBASEDONMODELSIMULATIONASANUMERICALEXAMPLE,THEMODELISUSEDFORADCTVEHICLETOSIMULATETHEWIDEOPENTHROTTLEPERFORMANCEVEHICLELAUNCHANDSHIFTPROCESSAREBOTHSIMULATEDTOASSESSTRANSMISSIONSHIFTQUALITYANDVALIDATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESHIFTCONTROL?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONS1INTRODUCTIONTHEREHASBEENACLEARTRENDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYINRECENTYEARSTOWARDSINCREASEDRIDECOMFORTANDFUELEFFICIENCYASTHEPOWERTRANSMISSIONUNIT,TRANSMISSIONSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINVEHICLEPERFORMANCEANDFUELECONOMYTHEREARECURRENTLYSEVERALTYPESOFTRANSMISSIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDTECHNOLOGIESTHATOFFERDIFFERENTPERFORMANCEPRIORITIESWHENFITINTOAVEHICLE1MANUALTRANSMISSIONSHAVEANOVERALLEFFICIENCYOF962,WHICHISTHEHIGHESTEFFICIENCYVALUEFORANYTYPEOFTRANSMISSIONCURRENTPRODUCTIONAUTOMATICSHAVEBEENIMPROVEDTOPROVIDEANEFFICIENCYOFNOTMORETHAN863BELTTYPECVT’SHAVEANOVERALLEFFICIENCYOF846,HOWEVER,THEMAJORADVANTAGEOFCVTISTHATITALLOWSTHEENGINETOOPERATEINTHEMOSTFUELEFFICIENTMANNER2AUTOMATEDMANUALTRANSMISSIONSHAVETHESAMEEFFICIENCYOFMANUALTRANSMISSIONSANDOFFEROPERATIONCONVENIENCESIMILARTOCONVENTIONALAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONSTHEREEXISTTWOTECHNICALLYFEASIBLEDESIGNSFORAUTOMATEDLAYSHAFTGEARINGTRANSMISSIONSONEUSESASINGLECLUTCHANDISBASICALLYAMANUALTRANSMISSIONWITHANADDEDONCONTROLUNITTHATAUTOMATESTHECLUTCHANDSHIFTOPERATIONSINTHISDESIGN,THEREISANINTERRUPTIONOF0094114X/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMECHMACHTHEORY200603002CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL13135935539EMAILADDRESSANDINGUMICHEDUYZHANGMECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY422007168–182WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MECHMTMECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORYTHEENGINEOUTPUTTORQUEISINTERPOLATEDINTERMSOFTHETHROTTLEANGLEANDRPMFROMTHEENGINEMAPGEARSHAVENOBACKLASHALLTHEMECHANICALLOSSESAREMODELEDASAPARTOFTHEVEHICLEDRAGDELAYSDUETOHYDRAULICACTUATIONSYSTEMARENOTCONSIDEREDCLUTCHESAREMODELEDASCOULOMBFRICTIONELEMENTSTEMPERATUREEFFECTSOFTHEDRIVETRAINARENEGLECTEDCL2CL1SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN244231INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5FINALDRIVEPINION2FINALDRIVEPINION1INTERMEDIATESHAFT1INTERMEDIATESHAFT2SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN24INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN24INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5FINALDRIVEPINION2FINALDRIVEPINION1INTERMEDIATESHAFT1INTERMEDIATESHAFT2FIG1DCTSTICKDIAGRAM4OUTPUTSHAFT4RCL1CL2131265INPUTSHAFTII/PIECL1312ENGINEKMCMIMEΩPI/ΩK1C1IHISI1SΩI2IMΩIMΩHΩK2C2I3AIOΩWΩFIG2DCTDYNAMICMODEL170MKULKARNIETAL/MECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY422007168–182