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簡(jiǎn)介：ELECTROLYTICTREATMENTOFBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERKRISHNANVIJAYARAGHAVAN,DESAAHMAD,ANDRENNYLESADEPARTMENTOFBIOLOGICALCOD,64MG/LBIOCHEMICALOXYGENDEMANDBOD5,30MG/LTOTALORGANICCARBONTOC,40MG/LRESIDUALTOTALCHLORINE,162MG/LTURBIDITY,20NTUNEPHELOMETRICTURBIDITYUNITSAMMONIANITROGENNH3N,BELOWTHEDETECTABLELIMITANDTEMPERATURE,40°CTHEENERGYREQUIREMENTSWEREDETERMINEDTOBE56AND39W/L,WHILETREATING24LOFBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERWITHSODIUMCHLORIDECONCENTRATIONSOF2AND3ANDATACURRENTDENSITYOF745MA/CM2THEOBSERVEDENERGYDIFFERENCEWASDUETOTHEIMPROVEDCONDUCTIVITYATHIGHSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTSTHECOSTINCURREDINTREATING1M3OFBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERWASDETERMINEDTOBERM8,WHENTHEELECTROLYTICREACTORWASOPERATEDATACURRENTDENSITYOF745MA/CM2ANDTHESODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTWAS31INTRODUCTIONBECAUSETHECONVENTIONALMETHODOFBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERTREATMENTISBASEDONBIOLOGICALMETHODS,ITNATURALLYLEADSTOLONGERHYDRAULICRETENTIONTIMEANDISSUBJECTTOFAILURESDUETOSHOCKLOADINGANDIMPROPERMAINTENANCEMOREOVER,THEBIODEGRADATIONOFFLAVONOIDSPRESENTINTHEBREWERYREQUIRESSPECIFICBACTERIALSTRAINSTOACHIEVEHIGHERREMOVALEFFICIENCIESTHEELECTROCHEMICALMETHODOFTREATMENTISWELLSUITEDFORDEGRADINGBIOREFRACTORYORGANICPOLLUTANTS,BECAUSEITISPOSSIBLETOACHIEVEPARTIALORCOMPLETEDECOMPOSITIONOFTHEORGANICSUBSTANCETHEELECTROCHEMICALMETHODSOFTREATMENTAREFAVORED,BECAUSETHEYARENEITHERSUBJECTTOFAILURESDUETOVARIATIONINWASTEWATERSTRENGTHNORDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFTOXICSUBSTANCESANDREQUIRELESSHYDRAULICRETENTIONTIMETHEINSITUGENERATIONOFHYPOCHLOROUSACIDINWASTEWATERTREATMENTISADVANTAGEOUS,BECAUSEAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSOFSODIUMHYPOCHLORITEAREMUCHSAFERTOUSETHANCHLORINEGASINTHECASEOFCHLORINEORCHLORINECONTAININGCHEMICALS,THESTORAGEANDTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSAREGREAT,BECAUSEOFTHEREQUIREMENTOFHAVINGSAFETYEQUIPMENTPRESENT,TOTACKLEANYMISHAPTHEELECTROCHEMICALMETHODOFWASTETREATMENTCAMEINTOEXISTENCEWHENITWASFIRSTUSEDTOTREATSEWAGEGENERATEDONBOARDBYSHIPS,BYMIXINGSEWAGEANDSEAWATERINA31RATIOANDSUBJECTINGTHEMTOELECTROLYSIS1THEREAFTER,THEAPPLICATIONOFELECTROCHEMICALTREATMENTWASWIDELYRECEIVEDINTREATINGINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERSTHATARERICHINREFRACTORYORGANICSANDCHLORIDECONTENTELECTROCHEMICALOXIDATIONOFEFFLUENTSFROMTEXTILES,26OLIVEMILLS,7,8TANNERIES,911DISTILLERIES,12ANDSYNTANFACILITIES13HADBEENSUCCESSFULLYTREATEDTHEELECTROCHEMICALOXIDATIONOFSWINEMANURERESULTEDINTHESIMULTANEOUSREMOVALOFCHEMICALOXYGENDEMANDCODANDAMMONIANITROGENNH3N14THEELECTROCHEMICALOXIDATIONOFPHENOLANDCHLORINATEDPHENOLWASSTUDIEDUSINGPOROUSCARBONFELT,15BORONDOPEDDIAMOND,16RUTHENIUMMIXEDOXIDE,17DSA,ANDGRAPHITEFELTASELECTRODEMATERIAL18TOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THEREARENOPUBLISHEDSCIENTIFICREPORTSTHATAREBASEDONINSITUHYPOCHLOROUSOXIDATIONFORBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERHENCE,INTHISARTICLE,ELECTROLYTICOXIDATIONBASEDONINSITUHYPOCHLOROUSACIDGENERATIONISBEINGPROPOSEDASAMETHODOFTREATMENTFORBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERTHEHYPOCHLOROUSACIDISGENERATEDUSINGAGRAPHITEANODEANDSTAINLESSSTEELSHEETASACATHODEINANUNDIVIDEDELECTROLYTICREACTORTHEBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERWASOBTAINEDFROMTHECARLSBERGBREWERYMALAYSIABERHAD2MATERIALANDMETHODS21BEERBREWERYWASTEWATERCHARACTERISTICSTHERAWBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHECARLSBERGBREWERYMALAYSIABERHAD,ANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWASTEWATERAREPRESENTEDINTABLE1THEBREWERYWASTEWATERWASPRESERVEDATATEMPERATUREOF4°C,BUTABOVETHEFREEZINGPOINT,TOPREVENTTHEWASTEWATERFROMUNDERGOINGBIODEGRADATIONDUETOMICROBIALACTION19THEPRESERVEDSAMPLEWASUTILIZEDWITHIN25DTHEREAFTER,FRESHSAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFORFURTHEREXPERIMENTALPURPOSES22ELECTROLYTICREACTORSETUPTHEELECTROLYTICREACTORHADACIRCULARSHAPEWITHTHEFOLLOWINGDIMENSIONSANINNERDIAMETEROF300MMANDAHEIGHTOF450MM,WITHALIQUIDVOLUMEOF24L,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1AGRAPHITEROD270MMINLENGTHAND60MMINDIAMETERWASUSEDASANANODEPERFORATEDSTAINLESSSTEELSHEETS270MMLONG,50MMWIDE,ANDWITHATHICKNESSOF08MMWEREUSEDASCATHODESTWOSETSOFANODESANDCATHODESWEREUSEDDURINGTHEELECTROLYSISEACHSETOFGRAPHITETOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDTEL0060389466416FAX0060389466425EMAILADDRESSVIJAYENGUPMEDUMYTABLE1CHARACTERISTICSOFRAWBEERBREWERYWASTEWATERPARAMETERVALUEPH8502CONCENTRATIONOFCOD2470MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFBOD1457MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFTOC820MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFTKN97MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFNH3N62MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFPHOSPHATE56MG/LCONCENTRATIONOFSUSPENDEDSOLIDS350MG/L6854INDENGCHEMRES2006,45,68546859101021/IE0604371CCC3350?2006AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETYPUBLISHEDONWEB08/23/2006CURRENTDENSITYOF372AND745MA/CM2ANDFORSODIUMCHLORIDECONCENTRATIONSOF1,2,AND3FOREXAMPLE,ATACURRENTDENSITYOF372MA/CM2FORSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTSOF1,2,AND3,ATTHEENDOF30MINOFELECTROLYSIS,THERESIDUALCODVALUESWERE1405,915,AND730MG/L,RESPECTIVELYINTHECASEOFELECTROLYSISATACURRENTDENSITY745MA/CM2FORTHEAFOREMENTIONEDSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTSANDELECTROLYSISPERIOD,THERESIDUALCODVALUESWERE1130,470,AND360MG/L,RESPECTIVELYFURTHERINCREASESINTHEELECTROLYSISPERIODSHOWEDADECREASEINRESIDUALCODCONCENTRATION,IRRESPECTIVEOFTHECURRENTDENSITIESINTHECASEWHERE3SODIUMCHLORIDEWASUSEDASANELECTROLYTEATACURRENTDENSITYOF372AND745MA/CM2,FORANELECTROLYSISPERIODOF50MIN,RESIDUALCODCONCENTRATIONSOF170AND64MG/L,RESPECTIVELY,RESULTEDATHIGHERCURRENTDENSITIES,MOREHYPOCHLOROUSACIDWASGENERATED,LEADINGTOTHEOXIDATIONOFORGANICPRESENTINTHEWASTEWATERINSHORTERPERIODTHERESIDUALBOD5CONCENTRATIONVERSUSTHEELECTROLYSISPERIODISSHOWNINFIGURE4FORCURRENTDENSITIESOF372AND745MA/CM2ATSODIUMCHLORIDECONCENTRATIONSOF1,2,AND3,RESPECTIVELYASSHOWNINFIGURE4,WITHTHEINCREASEINCURRENTDENSITYRESULTEDINLOWERRESIDUALBOD5CONCENTRATIONFOREXAMPLE,ATTHEENDOF50MINOFELECTROLYSISWITH3SODIUMCHLORIDEASANELECTROLYTEFORCURRENTDENSITIESOF372AND745MA/CM2,THERESIDUALBODWASDETERMINEDTOBE90AND30MG/L,RESPECTIVELYTHETOCREMOVALDURINGTHEELECTROLYSISPERIODISSHOWNINFIGURE5FORCURRENTDENSITIESOF372AND745MA/CM2ATASODIUMCHLORIDECONCENTRATIONOF1,2,AND3,RESPECTIVELYASTHEELECTROLYSISPERIODINCREASED,THETOCALSODECREASED,ANDAHIGHERREMOVALINTOCWASOBSERVEDWITHTHEINCREASEINCURRENTDENSITYFOREXAMPLE,ATTHEENDOF50MINOFELECTROLYSISWITH3SODIUMCHLORIDEASANELECTROLYTEFORCURRENTDENSITIESOF372AND745MA/CM2,THERESIDUALTOCWASDETERMINEDTOBE94AND40MG/L,RESPECTIVELYFORTHEAFOREMENTIONEDELECTROLYSISPERIODANDSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTATACURRENTDENSITY372MA/CM2,THECOD/TOCRATIODECREASEDFROM30TO18INTHECASEWHERETHECURRENTDENSITYWAS745MA/CM2,THECOD/TOCRATIODECREASEDFROM30TO16,RESPECTIVELYTHEDECREASEINCOD/TOCRATIOSHOWSTHATTHECARBONWASDESTROYED,BECAUSEOFTHEOXIDIZINGACTIONOFTHEGENERATEDHYPOCHLOROUSACIDINTHECASEOFPHENOLFORMALDEHYDERESINWASTEWATER,TREATMENTBASEDONHYPOCHLORUSOXIDATIONRESULTEDINADECREASEINTHECOD/TOCRATIO,FROM43TO1322ELECTROCHEMICALOXIDATIONOFTHEEFFLUENTSORIGINATEDFROMFLAVORMANUFACTURINGFACILITYSHOWEDADECREASEINCOD/TOCRATIOFROM33TO1723THETOTALRESIDUALCHLORINECONCENTRATIONDURINGTHEELECTROLYSISPERIODISSHOWNINFIGURE6,FORANINITIALCODCONCENTRATIONOF2470MG/LATVARYINGSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENT1,2,AND3ANDATACURRENTDENSITYOF372AND745MA/CM2FOREXAMPLE,ATACURRENTDENSITYOF372MA/CM2FORSODIUMCHLORIDECONTENTSOF1,2,AND3,ATTHEENDOF30FIGURE3RESIDUALCHEMICALOXYGENDEMANDCODCONCENTRATIONVERSUSELECTROLYSISPERIODFIGURE4RESIDUALBIOCHEMICALOXYGENDEMANDBOD5CONCENTRATIONVERSUSELECTROLYSISPERIODFIGURE5RESIDUALTOTALORGANICCARBONTOCCONCENTRATIONVERSUSELECTROLYSISPERIODFIGURE6RESIDUALTOTALCHLORINECONCENTRATIONVERSUSELECTROLYSISPERIOD6856INDENGCHEMRES,VOL45,NO20,2006

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EWELLCOMPLETIONSTOOMANYOPERATORSHAVERECOGNIZEDASIMPORTANTANDMEASUREDGASCONTENTANDNETCOALTHICKNESSINDECIDINGTODEVELOPACBMPLAY,BUTHAVEUNDERESTIMATEDOREVENIGNOREDTHEROLEOFPERMEABILITYSOMETIMESAFEWTOKENMEASUREMENTSHAVEBEENMADEOFPERMEABILITY,BUTNOTHINGLIKEASTATISTICALREPRESENTATIONOFTHEWHOLEFIELDPERMEABILITY,VARIESALOTDUETOTHEINHERENTVARIABILITYOFCLEATSANDJOINTSNATURALFRACTURES,BUTTHEMOREPERMEABILITYMEASUREMENTS,THELESSISTHEUNCERTAINTYAGOODREVIEWOFFRACTURESYSTEMSINCOALISAVAILABLELAUBACHETAL,1998FIG3ILLUSTRATESTHERESULTSOFSUCHACOMPREHENSIVEAPPROACHTOMEASURINGPERMEABILITY,WHICHHASACTUALLYBEENDONEBYATLEASTONECOMPANY,RELIANCEININDIA2THEOBVIOUSADVANTAGEOFSUCHAPICTUREISTHATWECANSEEWHERETHESWEETSPOTSANDFAIRWAYSARE,WHICHISWHEREWEWANTTODRILLTHEFIRSTWELLSANDSHOWTHATWECANMAKEGASATTHEOTHEREXTREME,THEPICTURETELLSUSWHERETHECOALSARETIGHTPERMEABILITYB3MD,WHICHREQUIRESSPECIALATTENTIONASDESCRIBEDLATERWITHOUTTHEFULLPERMEABILITYPICTURE,ANOPERATORMAYDRILLTHEFIRSTWELLSINTIGHTCOAL,WHICHWILLVERYLIKELYNOTPRODUCECOMMERCIALGAS,ANDTHEPROJECTMAYFAILPREMATURELYOFCOURSE,CREATINGPERMEABILITYPICTURESLIKEFIG3ISEASIERIFTHEREISONEMAINSEAMIFTHEREARESEVERALMAINSEAMS,IDEALLYWEWOULDCREATEAPERMEABILITYCONTOURFOREACHOFTHEPRINCIPALSEAMS,WHICHOFCOURSEWILLBEEVENMOREEXPENSIVETOCLARIFYTHISSITUATION,APERMEABILITYMEASUREMENTINEACHSEAMOFAVERTICALWELL,ORATLEASTINEACHOFTHEMAINSEAMS,SHOULDBEMANDATORYHOWAREPERMEABILITYMEASUREMENTSBESTDONETHEREARESEVERALMETHODS,ANDINJECTIONFALLOFFTESTSIFOTS,DIAGNOSTICFRACTUREINJECTIONTESTSDFITS,ANDDRILLSTEMTESTSDSTSAPPEARTOBEEQUALLYGOODSINCETHEREHAVEBEENSOMEREPORTSTHATDFITSOVERESTIMATEPERMEABILITYBUTTHEDISCREPANCYDEPENDSONPERMEABILITY,ITWOULDBEGOODTOFIRSTDOADFITANDANIFOTINTHESAMESEAMOFTHESAMEWELLTOCOMPARETHEMNOTETHATPERMEABILITYFROMHISTORYMATCHINGOFGASRATEISNOTIMMEDIATELYCOMPARABLEWITHWELLTESTMEASUREMENTSBECAUSE1THEREWILLOFTENBESEVERALSEAMSCONTRIBUTINGTOTHEGASFLOW,AND2OTHERINFLUENTIALINPUTPARAMETERSSUCHASRELATIVEPERMEABILITYAREOFTENNOTWELLKNOWN4PERMBASEDCOMPLETIONSTRATEGYASIMPLIFIEDCOMPLETIONSTRATEGYISPROVIDEDINFIG4,WHICHCOVERSTHEENTIRESPECTRUM,ANDWEWILLDISCUSSEACHBANDSEPARATELY41PERMBANDB3MDMULTILATERALWELLSTHISISTHEARENAFORMULTILATERALWELLS,WHICHCANBETRILATERALPITCHFORK,QUADRILATERAL,ORPINNATEFIG5SHOWSAPATTERNOFPINNATEWELLSSPAFFORD,2007THEWELLSAREDESIGNEDFORFULLCOVERAGEOFTHERESERVOIR,TOINITIATEGASFLOWFASTER,ANDTORECOVERMOREOFTHEGASMOREQUICKLYTHELATERALSAREUNLINED,WHICHMAYCAUSETHEMTOCOLLAPSEINSOMESITUATIONSSOMETIMESTHEDOWNDIPQUADRANTISLEFTUNDRILLEDBECAUSEITISMOREDIFFICULTFORGASTOLIFTWATERINANUPDIPDIRECTIONPINNATEWELLSHAVEBEENDRILLEDEXTENSIVELYINTHEAPPALACHIANBASIN209SINCE1989,WHEREPERMEABILITYISLOWANDTHETERRAINISRUGGEDITPROVIDESASMALLERFOOTPRINT,BUTALSOINTHEARKOMABASIN51SINCE2000ANDTHECAHABABASININTHEARKOMABASIN,PINNATESHAVEPERFORMEDWELLASFIG6REVEALSSPAFFORD,2007THEYOUTPERFORMEDSINGLELATERALSINTWOWAYS1CUMGASRATIOIS23,AND2THEYCONTINUETOPRODUCEGASAFTERSINGLELATERALSDIEDTHEPRODUCTIONADVANTAGEOF23MUSTOFCOURSEBEEVALUATEDALONGWITHTHEADDITIONALCOSTOFAPINNATEWELLTHESINGLELATERALSDIEAFTER18–24MONTHS,WHICHISLIKELYDUETOTHEMEDIUMBUILDRADIUS～400FTFORTHESEWELLS,MAKINGITHARDERFORGASTOLIFTTHEWATERINLATEWELLLIFECAMERONETAL,2007INCONTRAST,THEPINNATESHAVEZERORADIUSFORTHEIRBUILD,SINCETHELATERALSAREDRILLEDTHROUGHTHEMOTHERPRODUCINGWELLATRIGHTANGLESHOWEVER,PINNATESDONOTALWAYSDOSOWELLINTHECAHABABASIN,GASRATESARENODIFFERENTFROMVERTICALWELLSWHICHWEREHYDRAULICALLYFRACTUREDONEEXPLANATIONISTHATTHEPINNATESMAYHAVECOLLAPSED,SINCETHEREGIONISCHOPPEDUPBYFAULTSANOTHERGEOMETRYFORMULTILATERALWELLSISTHEQUADRILATERALORJUSTQUADSHOWNINFIG7THISISACNXGASDESIGNFORTHEPITTSBURGHFIG2PERMEABILITYBANDSFORCBMCOMPLETIONSFIG3IDEALIZEDMAPVIEWOFPERMEABILITYCONTOURINGAHYPOTHETICALCBMFIELDAFTERMEASURINGPERMEABILITIESINMANYDIFFERENTVERTICALCOREHOLESTHECONTOURSAREPERMEABILITIESINONEPARTICULARSEAMTHEHIGHESTPERMAREASMAYBECANDIDATESFORCAVITYCOMPLETIONS,WHILETHELOWESTPERMAREASMAYREQUIREHORIZONTALORMULTILATERALWELLS2PREMSAWHNEY,RELIANCEINDUSTRIES,2008FIG4PERMBASEDCOMPLETIONBANDSFORCBMNOTESISSURFACETOINSEAMHORIZONTALWELL186IPALMER/INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY822010184–195

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CEANALYSISSHOWINGTHEPOSITIONOFTHESTRAINBGIBSONIIS2AMONGTHEMEMBERSOFTHEALKALIPHILICBACILLUSSTRAINSBOOTSTRAPVALUESEXPRESSEDASPERCENTAGEOF100REPLICATIONSARESHOWNATBRANCHPOINTSBARINDICATESTHEDISTANCECORRESPONDINGTO5NUCLEOTIDESSUBSTITUTIONSPER100NUCLEOTIDESFIGURE2TIMECOURSEOFALKALINEPGPRODUCTIONBYBGIBSONIIS2ATDIFFERENTTEMPERATURESAT25?CD,AT30?CH,AT35?CM,AT40?CSPECTINASEFROMBGIBSONII1485

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VEPOWEROFGOVERNMENTATALLLEVELSINORDERTOIMPLEMENTTHESTRATEGYOFGIVINGPRIORITYTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRYANDCITY，THEMAJORFINANCIALRESOURCESARECONCENTRATEDINTHEHIGHERLEVELSOFGOVERNMENT，WHICHCANCONCENTRATETHEPOWERTODOGREATTHINGS．ACCORDINGLY，THEGRASSROOTSGOVERNMENTSHOULDPROVIDEPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESFORTHEMAJORITYOFRURALRESIDENTSUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFLESSFINANCIALALLOCATION．THEPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，SUCHASRADIO，TELEVISION，ANDFILMTEAMS，NEEDINGTOBECOORDINATEDANDPROVIDEDBYSOMEGOVERNMENTSATALLLEVELS，AREMAINLYLEFTTOTHEGRASSROOTSGOVERNMENTTOSOLVE，AFTERMUTUALLYSHUFFLING．AFTERTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESYSTEMOFDIVIDINGTAXES，THESUPPLYSITUATIONOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESISNOTFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGED．THEPROPERTYRIGHTSARETURNEDOVERLEVELBYLEVEL，ULTIMATELYTOTHECENTRALANDPROVINCIALGOVERNMENTS，WHILETHEEXECUTIVEPOWERDEVOLVESLEVELBYLEVEL，ANDTHESUPPLYRESPONSIBILITYOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESISMAINLYASSUMEDBYTHEGRASSROOTSGOVERNMENT，ESPECIALLYTHECOUNTYANDTOWNSHIPGOVERNMENTS．COMPAREDWITHTHEGREATSUPPLYRESPONSIBILITYOFCULTURE，THECOUNTYANDTOWNSHIPGOVERNMENTSFINANCIALRESOURCESHAVETOOMANYDIFFICULTIESTOCOPEWITH，DIRECTLYRESULTINGINTHEINSUFFICIENTSUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES．THEFUNDAMENTALREASONISINCOORDINATIONBETWEENPROPERTYRIGHTSANDEXECUTIVEPOWEROFGOVERNMENTATALLLEVELS．2．3STRUCTURALIMBALANCEINTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，CAUSEDBYTOPDOWNSUPPLYDECISIONMAKINGMECHANISMTHROUGHOUTTHEEVOLUTIONOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESINCHINA，THEDECISIONMAKINGMECHANISMISNOTCHANGED，STILLTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESDETERMINEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTFROMTOPTODOWN［7］．ONTHEONEHAND，RURALRESIDENTSCANNOTPARTICIPATEINTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSOFTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURE，SOTHATTHEIRNEEDSANDPREFERENCESAREDIFFICULTTOBEEXPRESSED．THECONTENTANDSTRUCTUREOFSUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESISMAINLYDETERMINEDBYTHEHIGHERLEVELOFGOVERNMENTSADMINISTRATIVEORDER，ANDTHEGRASSROOTSGOVERNMENTSINTERESTSNEEDS，AFARCRYFROMTHEREALNEEDSOFRURALRESIDENTS．ONTHEOTHERHAND，WITHTHESOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINCHINASRURALAREAS，ANDTHESTRENGTHENINGOFTHERURALRESIDENTSSENSEOFRIGHTS，THERURALRESIDENTSHAVEINCREASINGLYSHOWNTHECHARACTERISTICSOFDIVERSIFICATIONANDDIFFERENTIATIONFORPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES．INTHISCASE，THETOPDOWNDECISIONMAKINGMECHANISMHASBEENUNABLETOMEETTHEPRACTICALNEEDSOFSOCIO－ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINRURALAREASANDRURALRESIDENTSNEEDSFORDIVERSEPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，WHICHWILLINEVITABLYLEADTOSTRUCTURALIMBALANCEINTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES．2．4SINGLEFINANCINGCHANNELSFORRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESBEFOREORAFTERTHEREFORMOFTAXATIONEXPENSES，THEFINANCINGCHANNELSFORRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESARESINGLEINCHINA．DISCOUNTINTERESTLOAN，F(xiàn)INANCING，F(xiàn)UNDRAISING，SOCIALDONATIONS，SPONSORSHIP，F(xiàn)UNDANDOTHERFINANCINGMODESHAVENOTYETBEENCOMBINEDWIDELYTHESOCIALIZATIONOFFUNDSFORRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESHASNOTBEENACHIEVED．INTHISCASE，ITISBOUNDTOINCREASEFISCALPRESSUREINCHINA，INCREASETHERISKSINLONGTERMEFFECTIVESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，ANDINDIRECTLYLEADTOINSUFFICIENTSUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES．3RECOMMENDATIONSFORIMPROVINGTHESUPPLYOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESINRURALAREASTHEREAREMANYPROBLEMSINCHINASEXISTINGSUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，SUCHASINSUFFICIENTSUPPLY，SINGLESUPPLYTYPE，IRRATIONALSUPPLYSTRUCTUREANDLACKOFEFFECTIVELONGTERMFINANCINGMECHANISM．INORDERTOIMPROVETHECURRENTSITUATIONOFSUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESINCHINA，ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPAPPROPRIATECOUNTERMEASURESTOFURTHERIMPROVETHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，ANDPROMOTETHESOCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFRURALAREASINCHINA．3．1ESTABLISHINGCOORDINATEDURBANRURALSUPPLYSYSTEMOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，INCREASINGINPUTTORURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESTHEFORMERURBANRURAL“DUAL“PUBLICCULTURALSERVICESINCHINABURGEONEDUNDERTHESTRATEGYOFGIVINGPRIORITYTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRYANDCITY，WITHSTRONGRESPONSIVENESSOFSOCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT．CHINASECONOMICAGGREGATENOWRANKSSECONDINTHEWORLD，HAVINGENTEREDTHESTAGEOF“USINGURBANDEVELOPMENTTODRIVERURALDEVELOPMENT，NURTURINGAGRICULTURE“THEFORMERSUPPLYSYSTEMOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESHASBEENUNABLETOMEETTHEPRACTICALNEEDSOFCHINASSOCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT．ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHCOORDINATEDURBANRURALSUPPLYSYSTEMOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，ENSUREINVESTMENTINTHECITYSPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，INCREASEFINANCIALINPUTTORURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，ANDINCREASEINPUTTOCINEMA，THEATRICALTROUPE，LIBRARY，CULTURALCENTER，ANDOTHERCULTURALCARRIERS．INPARTICULAR，ITISNECESSARYTOSTRENGTHENTHERURALGRASSROOTSFINANCIALTRANSFERPAYMENT，TOENSURETHESOURCESOFFUNDINGFORPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES，ANDTHUSACHIEVETHEGOALOFEQUALIZATIONOFPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESINURBANANDRURALAREASASSOONASPOSSIBLE．3．2CLEARLYDEFININGTHEPROPERTYRIGHTSANDEXECUTIVEPOWEROFGOVERNMENTATALLLEVELSINTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICESWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEADMINISTRATIVEREFORM，ITBRINGSAGOODOPPORTUNITYFORCLEARLYDEFININGTHEPROPERTYRIGHTSANDEXECUTIVEPOWEROFGOVERNMENTATALLLEVELSINTHESUPPLYOFRURALPUBLICCULTURALSERVICES．SPECIFICALLY，BASEDONTHEPRINCIPLESOF“BENEFIT，EFFICIENCY，CONVEN25ASIANAGRICULTURALRESEARCH2012

簡(jiǎn)介：17外文原文RESEARCHLETTERSINMATERIALSSCIENCEVOLUME20082008,ARTICLEID814137,4PAGESDOI101155/2008/814137RESEARCHLETTERPROPERTIESOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESTEELREBARSEXPOSEDTOHIGHTEMPERATURES?LKERBEKIRTOP?UANDCENKKARAKURTDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,ESKI?EHIROSMANGAZIUNIVERSITY,26480ESKI?EHIR,TURKEYRECEIVED12FEBRUARY2008ACCEPTED31MARCH2008ACADEMICEDITORRAJIVSMISHRACOPYRIGHT?2008?LKERBEKIRTOP?UANDCENKKARAKURTTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE,WHICHPERMITSUNRESTRICTEDUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDTHEORIGINALWORKISPROPERLYCITEDABSTRACTTHEDETERIORATIONOFTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFYIELDSTRENGTHANDMODULUSOFELASTICITYISCONSIDEREDASTHEPRIMARYELEMENTAFFECTINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFSTEELSTRUCTURESUNDERFIREINTHISSTUDY,HOTROLLEDS220ANDS420REINFORCEMENTSTEELREBARSWERESUBJECTEDTOHIGHTEMPERATURESTOINVESTIGATETHEFIREPERFORMANCEOFTHESEMATERIALSITISAIMEDTODETERMINETHEREMAININGMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFSTEELREBARSAFTERELEVATEDTEMPERATURESSTEELSWERESUBJECTEDTO20,100,200,300,500,800,AND950°CTEMPERATURESFOR3HOURSANDTENSILETESTSWERECARRIEDOUTEFFECTOFTEMPERATUREONMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFS220ANDS420WEREDETERMINEDALLMECHANICALPROPERTIESWEREREDUCEDDUETOTHETEMPERATUREINCREASEOFTHESTEELREBARSITISSEENTHATMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFS420STEELWASINFLUENCEDMORETHANS220STEELATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES1INTRODUCTIONFIREREMAINSONEOFTHESERIOUSPOTENTIALRISKSTOMOSTBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURESSINCECONCRETEISWIDELYUSEDINCONSTRUCTION,RESEARCHONFIRERESISTANCEOF19WERESUBJECTEDTO20,100,200,300,500,800,AND950°CTEMPERATURESINAHIGHFURNACEFOR3HOURS,RESPECTIVELYATTHEENDOFTHECURINGPROCESS,STEELSWERECOOLEDNATURALLYTOTHEROOMTEMPERATURESUBSEQUENTLY,TENSILETESTSWEREAPPLIEDTOSTEELREINFORCEMENTREBARSACCORDINGTOEN100021TENSILESTRENGTH,YIELDSTRENGTHANDELONGATIONOFTHESTEELREBARSWEREDETERMINEDFORELEVATEDTEMPERATURES7THESTEELSPECIMENSTENSILESTRENGTHTESTSWEREPERFORMEDWITH60TONSOFLOADINGCAPACITYUNIVERSALTENSILESTRENGTHTESTMACHINETHELOADINGSPEEDOFTHETESTMACHINEISADJUSTEDACCORDINGTOTS708CODE83TESTRESULTSANDEVALUATIONS31STRESSSTRAINRELATIONSTHEAVERAGEVALUESFORSTRESSSTRAINRELATIONSHIPFORSPECIMENSTHATWEREEXPOSEDTOVARIOUSTEMPERATURESAREGIVENINFIGURES1AND2THECURVESINFIGURES1AND2WEREDRAWNWITHTHEAVERAGETESTRESULTSOF10AND16MMINDIAMETERSTEELSPECIMENSTHETESTCONDITIONSWEREMEANTTOSIMULATEABUILDINGTHATHADAFIRESOTHECHANGESINTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFREINFORCINGSTEELSUSEDINSTRUCTURESEXPOSEDTOHIGHTEMPERATURECOULDBEDETERMINEDASSEENFROMFIGURE1,TEMPERATURESBELOW500°CHAVENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFPREHEATEDANDCOOLEDS220STEELREBARSTHEYIELDSTRENGTHANDSPLITTINGTENSILESTRENGTHSOFS220STEELSWERESIMILARUPTOTHISTEMPERATUREHOWEVER,THEYIELDSTRENGTHANDSPLITTINGTENSILESTRENGTHOFTHES220STEELREBARSAREREDUCINGWITHTHEINCREASEOFTEMPERATURESOVER800°CASIMILARBEHAVIORCANBESEENFROMTHETESTRESULTSOFS420RIBBEDSTEELREBARSFIGURE2ALLHIGHTEMPERATURESUBJECTEDSTEELSPECIMENSBECAMEMOREDUCTILETEMPERATURESABOVE800°CFIGURE1STRESSSTRAINCURVEOFS220STEELREBARFIGURE2STRESSSTRAINCURVEOFS420RIBBEDSTEELREBAR32YIELDSTRENGTHYIELDSTRENGTHOFBOTHREINFORCINGSTEELREBARSWASAFFECTEDWITHTHEELEVATEDEXPOSURETEMPERATURESITCANBECONCLUDEDFROMFIGURE3THATTHEREISNOVARIATIONINYIELDSTRENGTHOFREINFORCINGSTEELSWITHCOVERUPTO300°CPLAINREINFORCINGSTEELREBARSHAVEEXPERIENCEDTHESTRAINHARDENINGALREADYFORTHIS

簡(jiǎn)介：1DEVELOPMENTANDANALYSISOFTHELARGESPANFRPWOVENWEBSTRUCTUREABSTRACTANINNOVATIVELARGESPANSTRUCTURALSYSTEM,NAMELYTHEFRPWOVENWEBSTRUCTUREFRPWWS,ISINTRODUCEDINTHISPAPERINANFRPWWS,THEHIGHSTRENGTHFRPSTRIPSARE“WOVEN”LIKEBAMBOOSTRIPSINACHINESEBAMBOOMATTOFORMAPLANEWEBTHEOUTEREDGEOFTHEWEBISANCHOREDONANOUTERRINGBEAM,ANDANINNERRINGBEAMISPROVIDEDTOANCHORTHEFRPSTRIPSATTHECENTEROFTHEWEBTHESTIFFNESSOFTHEWEBTORESISTVARIOUSLOADSISDERIVEDFROMTHEINITIALPRESTRESSINGDURINGTHE“WEAVING”STAGEANDTHEADDITIONALTENSIONINGASARESULTOFTHEOUTOFPLANEMOVEMENTOFTHEINNERRINGBEAMASARESULTOFTHEHIGHSTRENGTHTOWEIGHTRATIOOFFRP,THISNEWSTRUCTURALFORMOFFERSANATTRACTIVEOPTIONFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFSPATIALSTRUCTURESWITHSPANSLONGERTHANAREPOSSIBLEWITHCONVENTIONALSTRUCTURALMATERIALSINTHISPAPER,THEBASICLAYOUTANDCONSTRUCTIONPROCEDUREFORASIMPLEFRPWWSISFIRSTPRESENTEDTHREEBASICWEAVINGPATTERNSARENEXTEXPLAINEDSEVERALVARIATIONSOFTHEBASICSTRUCTURALSYSTEMAREALSOPROPOSEDASIMPLEMECHANICALMODELISPRESENTEDFORTHEDEFORMATIONOFINDIVIDUALFRPSTRIPSRESULTSFROMAFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFANEXAMPLESTRUCTUREAREALSOGIVENTHERESULTSOFTHESEANALYSESCONFIRMTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHEFRPWWS1INTRODUCTIONFRPISANEWKINDOFSTRUCTURALMATERIAL,WHOSEUSEINCIVILENGINEERINGHASBEENACTIVELYEXPLOREDINRECENTYEARSDUETOITSFAVORABLEPROPERTIESLIKE3TENSIONISUTILIZEDTORESISTLOADSHOWEVER,THEFRPWWSHASITSUNIQUEADVANTAGES1THEFRPSTRIPSAREIDEALFORSUPERLARGESPANSTRUCTURESDUETOTHEIRLOWSELFWEIGHTANDTHEIRSUPERIORMATERIALPROPERTIESINTHELENGTHWISEDIRECTION,WHICHAREEFFICIENTLYUTILIZED,WHILETHEWEAKNESSOFINFERIORPROPERTIESINTHETRANSVERSEDIRECTIONSISNOTEXPOSED2SIGNIFICANTDAMPINGCANBEEXPECTEDTOARISEFROMFRICTIONATJOINTSBETWEENFRPSTRIPS,WHICHCANENHANCETHERESISTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURETOWINDANDEARTHQUAKELOADS3THEREGULARWEAVINGPATTERNLEADSTOANAESTHETICALLYPLEASINGSURFACEAND4THECORROSIONRESISTANCEOFFRPANDTHEEASEOFINSTALLATIONBECAUSEOFITSLIGHTWEIGHTTRANSLATEINTOLOWMAINTENANCECOSTSINTHISPAPER,THEBASICLAYOUTANDCONSTRUCTIONPROCEDUREFORASIMPLEFRPWWSSYSTEMISPRESENTEDINDETAILTHEWEAVINGPATTERNSINPLANEARESUMMARIZEDINTOTHREETYPESSOMESPATIALFRPWWSFORMSFORPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSAREALSOPROPOSEDASIMPLEMECHANICALMODELFORINDIVIDUALFRPSTRIPSINTHEWEBISPRESENTEDRESULTSFROMTHEFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFASIMPLEFRPWWSAREALSODESCRIBED2LAYOUTOFASIMPLEFRPWWSASIMPLEFRPWOVENWEBSTRUCTUREISCOMPOSEDOFAFRPWOVENWEB,ANOUTERRINGBEAMANDANINNERRINGBEAMFORANCHORAGE,ANDANADDITIONALWEIGHTORASETOFPRESTRESSEDTENDONS,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1THEWEBISWOVENWITHFRPSTRIPS,ANDCFRPSTRIPSOROTHERHIGHPERFORMANCEHYBRIDFRPSTRIPSARESUGGESTEDCFRPSTRIPS,WHICHHAVEBEEN

簡(jiǎn)介：3中文11350字出處MICROPROCESSORSANDMICROSYSTEMS,2012,363215231外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯一種可重構(gòu)的嵌入式彩色圖像分割處理軟件系統(tǒng)CHRYSOSG,DOLLASA,BOURBAKISN摘要摘要圖像分割是圖像分析和計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)第一重要和最困難的步驟之一，它也被認(rèn)為是機(jī)器視覺(jué)中最古老的問(wèn)題之一。最近，幾個(gè)分割算法已經(jīng)迅速發(fā)展起來(lái)，包括制定閾值，邊緣定位和區(qū)域增長(zhǎng)，這些為更快的圖像/視頻分析和識(shí)別系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展提供了很好的機(jī)會(huì)。此外，模糊分割算法本質(zhì)上有助于區(qū)域的合成，更好地顯示物體。這些算法有著細(xì)微的差別，但是都還不錯(cuò)。因此，算法的選擇是基于主觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，或者基于應(yīng)用程序本身。在這里，我們針對(duì)模糊推理分割（FRS）提出一種低成本的嵌入式可重構(gòu)體系結(jié)構(gòu)。FRS有三個(gè)階段（平滑，邊緣檢測(cè)和實(shí)際分割）。初始的平滑操作是為了去除噪點(diǎn)，平滑和邊緣檢測(cè)算法也包括在這個(gè)程序步驟中。分割算法利用了邊緣信息和平滑后的圖像，用來(lái)找到圖像中的區(qū)域。在這項(xiàng)工作中FRS分割算法被選擇是依賴(lài)于它在一些列應(yīng)用中展現(xiàn)的可靠性能。（面部檢測(cè)，運(yùn)動(dòng)檢測(cè)，自動(dòng)目標(biāo)識(shí)別（ATR）），并且它開(kāi)發(fā)成本低，有著可重構(gòu)的計(jì)算平臺(tái)，旨在低成本的應(yīng)用。特別要提的是，本文提出的實(shí)現(xiàn)平滑，邊緣檢測(cè)和顏色的分割算法，使用STRETCHS5000處理器，并且通過(guò)使用MATLAB軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)，最后對(duì)它們進(jìn)行對(duì)比。在本文中，這種新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和替代技術(shù)、基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試和比較結(jié)果，都進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)介紹。這是第一次我們看到了同時(shí)具有高吞吐量，出色的性能（至少在基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試中）和低成本的實(shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字可重構(gòu)，圖像分割，可嵌入式系統(tǒng)，架構(gòu)5的有序性。通常情況下，各區(qū)域產(chǎn)生的順序取決于這些區(qū)域的增長(zhǎng)和合并的順序。12顏色分割架構(gòu)顏色分割架構(gòu)文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道了許多不同的顏色分割的方法。其中一個(gè)重要的方法是雙色反射模型發(fā)展而來(lái)的。它描述了顏色的反射光的表面反射（亮點(diǎn)）和物體的反射（物體顏色）的線性組合。使用這種模式，區(qū)域增長(zhǎng)和合并法顯示出了令人印象深刻的結(jié)果。在該方法中，一個(gè)物體上高亮度的區(qū)域和無(wú)光澤的區(qū)域合并了。然而，使用不恰當(dāng)?shù)拈撝禃?huì)使它的性能退化。有一些分割方法，它們不在RGB空間里分割彩色圖像，因?yàn)樗鼈兒蜕实睦斫饽Ｐ筒磺泻?。相反的，它們選擇其他的顏色空間，比如HIS或者YUV，這些都比RGB色彩空間顯示出了更好的效果。這些圖像分割過(guò)程融合了邊緣檢測(cè)方法來(lái)產(chǎn)生更好的結(jié)果?；诮仆评砘蚰：评淼姆指町a(chǎn)生了可喜的成果。HUNTSBERGER定義顏色的邊緣為每個(gè)像素成員函數(shù)值的差異為零。通過(guò)使用了C迭代分割算法得到了模糊算法成員函數(shù)值，盡管C迭代算法由于本身性質(zhì)來(lái)說(shuō)是耗時(shí)的。LIM提出了一種自動(dòng)化的從粗到細(xì)的分割方法。這種方法基于閾值直方圖和C迭代算法。LAMBERT和CARRON提出了一個(gè)有趣的方法，結(jié)合色彩空間（根據(jù)相關(guān)色度處理和明確色相的界

簡(jiǎn)介：景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國(guó)魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國(guó)魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究MARTINKüMMERLING,NORBERTMüLLER景觀管理與生態(tài)恢復(fù)部門(mén)以及URBIO總公司，德國(guó)埃爾福特應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)關(guān)鍵詞生物多樣性；歷史公園；園藝；城市公園；植被；摘要城市公園可以通過(guò)被引入植物的種植成為入侵源。另一方面，城市公園作為生物多樣性的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)，可以支持保護(hù)瀕危和罕見(jiàn)的分類(lèi)單元。即使歷史城市公園首先被評(píng)估為遺產(chǎn)，但它們依然為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和積極的審美以及社會(huì)價(jià)值服務(wù)。雖然在歐洲有許多研究是關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的，公園的哲學(xué)和歷史背景就像生物多樣性的研究一樣，幾乎沒(méi)有研究提出景觀設(shè)計(jì)原則如何影響了公園的生物保護(hù)價(jià)值。因?yàn)樵跉W洲，公園的景觀風(fēng)格是一個(gè)最具影響力的歷史景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，我們將我們的研究集中在德國(guó)魏瑪?shù)摹耙翣柲泛优瞎珗@”。它創(chuàng)建于18世紀(jì)晚期，并且在1998年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)的一部分。我們的研究問(wèn)題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過(guò)程中2對(duì)于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類(lèi)似的公園景觀做一對(duì)比，并對(duì)未來(lái)可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。我們的研究問(wèn)題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過(guò)程中2對(duì)于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類(lèi)似的公園景觀做一對(duì)比，并對(duì)未來(lái)可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。22研究地點(diǎn)研究地點(diǎn)“伊爾姆河畔公園”坐落在德國(guó)中部的魏瑪（215MASL），公園的起源可以追溯到1778年。對(duì)于許多歐洲的歷史公園來(lái)說(shuō)，“伊爾姆河畔公園”是建在以前的一個(gè)規(guī)整花園的位置上（幾何式的），它被設(shè)計(jì)在卡爾奧格斯特公爵的宮殿旁邊。當(dāng)時(shí)公園位于魏瑪?shù)慕紖^(qū)，1860年魏瑪城開(kāi)始擴(kuò)展，公園便開(kāi)始位于城市邊界內(nèi)。在魏瑪公爵的城市宮殿、北部的城市中心、現(xiàn)在OBERWEIMAR的SUBURBANISED村以及南方的高級(jí)住宅區(qū)之間，公園形成了伊爾姆河的泛濫平原的一部分（圖一為公園概況）。它周長(zhǎng)15公里，占地約048平方公里。泛濫平原的土壤是沖積土，山谷兩邊所包含的鈣質(zhì)材料就像KEUPER和含有石灰物質(zhì)的貝殼。

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)論文本科畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯文題目譯文題目DESIGNOFDETECTIONOFCOMBUSTIBLEGASANDALARMSYSTEM學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)數(shù)學(xué)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師2013年2月第2頁(yè)THESLAVEPARTMAINLYCOMPLETEDATACOLLECTIONANDWIRELESSTRANSMISSIONTHEMASTERPARTMAINLYCOMPLETERECEIVINGDATA,DISPLAYINGANDSENDINGALARMMESSAGETHESIGNALOFGASCONCENTRATIONISCOLLECTEDBYCOMBUSTIBLEGASSENSORWHICHGENERATESAWEAKELECTRICALSIGNALTHESIGNALCANBEAMPLIFIEDANDSTABILIZEDBYCONDITIONINGCIRCUITANDTHENA/DCIRCUITCONVERTSTHEANALOGSIGNALTODIGITALSIGNALWHICHMICROCONTROLLERCANPROCESSINORDERTOIMPROVETHEMEASUREMENTACCURACY,ANDREDUCETHEIMPACTOFTEMPERATURE,DESIGNATEMPERATURECOMPENSATIONCIRCUITTOCOLLECTTEMPRETUREDATAAT89S52PROCESSTHECOLLECTEDDATAANDSENDDATATOTHEMASTERBYWIRELESSTRANSCEIVERTHEMASTERRECEIVESTHEDATAANDDISPLAYSITBYLEDANDIFTHEGASCONCENTRATIONBEINGABNORMAL,THESYSTEMWILLDRIVESPEAKERFORANALARMSIGNALANDUSETC35IMODULETOSENDALARMINFORMATIONTOUSER’SMOBILEHARDWAREDESIGNSIGNALSIGNALACQUISITIONACQUISITIONANDANDCONDITIONINGCONDITIONINGCIRCUITCIRCUITFIGURE2SHOWSDATAACQUISITIONCIRCUITTGS813ISAGASSENSINGRESISTIVESENSORTHECONDUCTIVITYOFTGS813ISINFLUENCEDBYTHECONCENTRATIONOFCOMBUSTIBLEGASESINAIR,THEGREATERTHECONCENTRATION,THEHIGHERCONDUCTIVITYINSYSTEMR0,R9,R10ANDRSINTGS813FORMABRIDGECIRCUITTOCONVERTRESISTANCETOVOLTAGESIGNALOPERATIONALAMPLIFIERACONNECTEDASAVOLTAGEFOLLOWERWITHRESISTORSR7ANDREGULATORD1MAKEUPTHEVOLTAGEREGULATORCIRCUITTOSUPPLYPOWERFORTHEBRIDGEINORDERTOTHEVOLTAGEADAPTTOTHEA/DCONVERTER,THEVOLTAGEISAMPLIFIEDBYOPAMPB,ANDTHEMAGNIFICATIONCANBEADJUSTEDTHROUGHRESISTORR11FIG2GASCONCENTRATIONSIGNALACQUISITIONCIRCUITFIG3TEMPERATURECOMPENSATIONCIRCUIT

簡(jiǎn)介：I雙橫臂獨(dú)立懸架設(shè)計(jì)摘要雙橫臂式獨(dú)立懸架，是一種車(chē)輪在汽車(chē)橫向平面內(nèi)擺動(dòng)的獨(dú)立懸架，這種獨(dú)立懸架被廣泛應(yīng)用在轎車(chē)前輪上。雙橫臂式獨(dú)立懸架按上、下橫臂是否等長(zhǎng)，又分為等長(zhǎng)雙橫臂式和不等長(zhǎng)雙橫臂式兩種懸架。等長(zhǎng)雙橫臂式懸架在車(chē)輪上下跳動(dòng)時(shí)，能保持主銷(xiāo)傾角不變，但輪距變化大與單橫臂式相類(lèi)似，造成輪胎磨損嚴(yán)重，現(xiàn)已很少用。對(duì)于不等長(zhǎng)雙橫臂式懸架，只要適當(dāng)選擇、優(yōu)化上下橫臂的長(zhǎng)度，并通過(guò)合理的布置，就可以使輪距及前輪定位參數(shù)變化均在可接受的限定范圍內(nèi)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)有利于減少輪胎磨損，提高汽車(chē)行駛平順性和方向穩(wěn)定性，保證汽車(chē)具有良好的行駛穩(wěn)定性。目前不等長(zhǎng)雙橫臂式懸架已廣泛應(yīng)用在轎車(chē)的前后懸架上，部分運(yùn)動(dòng)型轎車(chē)及賽車(chē)的后輪也采用這一懸架結(jié)構(gòu)。本次課題設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)懸架系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求和給定的參數(shù)，完成了雙橫臂獨(dú)立懸架的設(shè)計(jì)。關(guān)鍵詞汽車(chē)；雙橫臂獨(dú)立懸架；螺旋彈簧；減振器目錄摘要IABSTRACTII緒論1第一章懸架概述211懸架設(shè)計(jì)的要求312懸架對(duì)汽車(chē)性能的影響3121懸架對(duì)汽車(chē)行駛平順性的影響3122懸架對(duì)汽車(chē)行駛穩(wěn)定性的影響5第二章獨(dú)立懸架及彈性元件的結(jié)構(gòu)形式與分析721獨(dú)立懸架的結(jié)構(gòu)型式與分析722彈性元件的特定分析比較8第三章螺旋彈簧懸架設(shè)計(jì)1031懸架基本參數(shù)的選定10311懸架靜撓度10312上下橫臂長(zhǎng)度的確定11313簧載質(zhì)量的確定11314其他參數(shù)的確定1132螺旋彈簧的選擇1233減振器的選擇14331減振器類(lèi)型的選擇14332減振器主要參數(shù)的選擇15

簡(jiǎn)介：DSPCONTROLSYSTEMOFBRUSHLESSDCMOTORWITHOUTPOSITIONSENSORHUANGQINGXIN,LIANGHUIDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,BEIJINGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,BEIJING100044,CHINAABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESIGNSAKINDOFVARIABLESPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFABRUSHLESSDCMOTORBLDCMWITHOUTAROTORPOSITIONSENSORBASEDONINTELLIGENTPOWERMODULEANDDSP,THISSYSTEMUSESTHEBACKELECTROMOTIVEFORCEBACKEMFMETHODTOIMPLEMENTTHEPOSITIONSENSORLESSCONTROLFORBRUSHLESSDCMOTORTHESYSTEMISHIGHLYINTEGRATEDWITHFLEXIBLECONTROLANDSTRONGRELIABILITYEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATETHATTHISSYSTEMHASAHIGHPERFORMANCEKEYWORDSBRUSHLESSDCMOTOR,POSITIONSENSORLESSCONTROL,BACKEMF,DSPIINTRODUCTIONINTHEPASTDECADES,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMOTORCONTROL,POWERELECTRONICSANDMICROELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGIES,BLDCMHASBECOMEANEWTYPEOFMOTORTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFEATUREOFITISTHATTHEMECHANICALCOMMUTATIONCONFIGURATIONCONSTITUTEDBYCOMMUTATORSANDBRUSHESISREPLACEDBYELECTRICALCOMMUTATIONCIRCUITRYITSOLVESTHEDRAWBACKSCAUSEDBYMECHANICALCOMMUTATIONANDMAINTAINSTHEVIRTUESOFUSINGADCMOTORINVARYINGVELOCITYFIELD,SOITISAPPLIEDWIDELYONHOMEAPPLIANCEFIELD,WHEREDCVARIABLEFREQUENCYAIRCONDITIONERREPRESENTSTHEAIRCONDITIONERUSINGADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYANDBRUSHLESSDCMOTORHASWENTINTOCOMPRESSORFIELD,MAKINGITMOREEFFICIENCYINENERGYCONSUMPTIONINTHETRANSPORTATIONFIELD,BLDCMHASABRIGHTANDWIDEFUTUREINTHEFIELDOFELECTRICMOTORANDFULLELECTRICSHIPTHEROTORPOSITIONSIGNALOFBLDCMISUSUALPROVIDEDBYPOSITIONSENSORBUTTHEEXISTENCEOFPOSITIONSENSORMAKESTHECONFIGURATIONMORECOMPLEX,INFLUENCESTHERELIANCEOFMOTOROPERATIONANDINCREASESTHECOSTOFTHEMOTORNEVERTHELESS,INSOMESPECIALIZEDFIELDS,ITISNOTCONVENIENTTOUSEPOSITIONSENSOR,SUCHASIFTHEREAREHIGHTEMPERATURE,FROZENANDEROSIONMATERIALS,ITDEFINESTHEAPPLICATIONOFBLDCMINTHISPAPER,THEROTORPOSITIONISDETECTEDVIADETECTINGTHETHREEPHASETERMINALVOLTAGESTHISKINDOFMETHODDONTUSEPOSITIONSENSOR,REDUCEDTHESYSTEMCOSTANDTHEVOLUMEOFTHEMOTOR,ESPECIALLYIMPROVEDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMGOINGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTDSP,ITISTHETRENDTOSOLVETHEINCREASINGCOMPUTATIONCOMMANDINMOTORCONTROLSYSTEMUSINGHIGHPERFORMANCEDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSORINTHEMEANWHILE,INTELLIGENTPOWERMODULEWITHHIGHINTEGRATEDRATIOISINTRODUCEDINTHEPAPER,ITTREMENDOUSLYIMPROVESTHELEVELOFBLOCKINGABOUTHOMEAPPLIANCESCONSIDERINGTHEVARYINGSPEEDCOMMANDOFBLDCM,THISPAPERPROPOSESAVARIABLEFREQUENCYVARIABLESPEEDSYSTEMBASEDONDSPANDIPMITMAKESTHEWHOLECONTROLSYSTEMSCONFIGURATIONCOMPACT,FLEXIBLETOCONTROLANDPOSSESSEXTENSIVEPRACTICALITYIISYSTEMHARDARESTRUCTUREAMAINCIRCUITFIG1ISTHEMAINCIRCUITDIAGRAMOFTHESYSTEM,MAINLYINCLUDINGTHREEPARTS,SUCHASRECTIFIER,FILTERINGANDINVERTINGCIRCUITSSIGNALPHASEBRIDGERECTIFIERMODULEISEMPLOYEDASTHERECTIFIERCIRCUIT,MAKINGTHECONFIGURATIONWITHHIGHRELIABILITYANDSIMPLEWHILETHEINVERTERCIRCUITEMPLOYSIPMPS21255MODULE,THEIGBTDRIVECIRCUITANDPROTECTINGCIRCUITAREINTEGRATEDINTHEMODULE,INCREASEDTHERELIABILITYOFTHESYSTEMANDSHORTENEDTHEDEVELOPINGPERIODPS21255ISTHENEWESTDIPIPMPRODUCTMANUFACTUREDBYMITSUBISHICORPORATION,DESIGNEDFORHOMEAPPLIANCESANDPINTSIZEDTRANSDUCERSBASEDONTHEIPM,THEDUALINLINEPACKAGEPOWERMODULEHASTHEFEATURESOFMORECOSTEFFECTIVE,MINIATURIZATION,HIGHRELIABLEPERFORMANCEANDEASYTOUSETHISIPMMODULEEMPLOYSTHEHIGHSPEEDLOWCONDUCTINGVOLTAGEIGBTDEVICES,SIMULTANEOUSLY,THEDRIVECIRCUITISCLOSETOTHEIGBTCHIP,BROUGHTTHEVIRTUESOFSHORTDRIVETIMEDELAY,HIGHSPEEDSWITCHINGANDLOWPOWERLOSSIPMALSOPOSSESSESSPECIALCIRCUITS,SUCHASHIGHSPEEDOVERCURRENTPROTECTIONANDEXCELLENTOVERTEMPERATUREPROTECTIONFUNCTIONINADDITION,BECAUSEOFOPTIMIZEDGATEDRIVEANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFIGBT,THESYSTEMHASPROPERCOMPOSITION,NOEXTERNALDRIVECIRCUIT,SMALLVOLUMEANDEXCELLENTEMIELIMINATIONCAPABILITYFIG1MAINCIRCUITBDSPCONTROLCIRCUITTHECONTROLCIRCUITSOFTHISSYSTEMARECOMPOSEDBYDSPANDITSPERIPHERALCIRCUITS,BACKEMFZEROCROSSINGDETECTIONCIRCUIT,SPEEDCOMMANDANDDISPLAYCIRCUITSDSPISANEWLYPRODUCEDMOTORDIGITALCONTROLCHIPBYTICORPORATION,COMPARINGWITHTHEFORMERCHIPS,THEINSTRUCTIONCYCLETIMEISSHORTERMOREINTEGRATEDPERIPHERALPARTS,BIGGERCHIPINTERNALSTORAGEANDQUICKERANALOGTODIGITALCONVERSIONSPEEDAREALSOPROVIDED,SOITISMORESUITABLETOBEUSEDINHIGHSPEED371RL0J{VA{VNFIG4EQUIVALENTCIRCUITOFMOTORPHASEAFROMFIG4,THEFOLLOWINGVOLTAGEEQUATIONSABOUTBLDCMCANBEEXPRESSEDASDTVIRIALDTAV1VBRIBLDBEBV,2DTDIVFRI6LDTE,V,3DT3BECAUSETHEMOTORADOPTS1200CONDUCTINGMODE,ONLYTWOPHASESAREENERGIZEDATATIME,SOTHECURRENTINTHETWOPHASESHASTHESAMEAMPLITUDEANDOPPOSITEDIRECTION,WHILEINANOTHERPHASE,THECURRENTISZERO,THESAMEWITHTHETOTALOFTHREEPHASECURRENTSADDINGTHEUPPERTHREEEQUATIONS,WECANGETV,VBV,EEBEC3V4FROMFIG3,EAEBEC0CANBEOBTAINEDATTHEINSTANTWHENEACHPHASEBACKEMFCROSSESZEROTHEREFORE,ATTHEZEROCROSSINGPOINTOFBACKEMF1VN3VAVBV5FROMFIG4,WHENSOMEPHASEWINDINGCURRENTISZERO,ITSPHASEBACKEMFIS,FOREXAMPLEPHASEA,AVAV,WHENVAV,THENA0,THEREFORE,VIADETECTINGPHASETERMINALVOLTAGES,THENEUTRALPOINTVOLTAGECANBEATTAINEDWHENTHETERMINALVOLTAGEISEQUALWITHTHENEUTRALVOLTAGE,THEBACKEMFZEROCROSSINGPOINTOFTHEPHASECANBEDICTATEDBBACKEMFDETECTIONCIRCUITFIG5ISTHECIRCUITPRINCIPLEDIAGRAMOFAPHASEBACKEMFZEROCROSSINGDETECTIONPOINTTERMINALVOLTAGEVAATTAINEDFROMRESISTORARRAYISTRANSFERREDTOVA15VFILTER,RECTANGULARWAVECANBEATTAINEDFROMCOMPARINGTHEFILTEREDSIGNALV1WITHV“,ASSHOWNINTHEFIG5,CONSEQUENTLY,SIGNALCAPIISGOTFROMTHEABOVERECTANGULARWAVETHROUGHOPTOISOLATIONANDSCHMIDTRECTIFIERCIRCUITTHENITISTRANSFERREDTOTHECAPTUREPORTOFDSP,THEUPANDDOWNEDGESARETHEINSTANTSTHEBACKEMFCROSSINGZEROVB,ANDV,ARETHEOTHERTWOPHASESIGNALS,GENERATEDBYTHESAMEPRINCIPLEASVABECAUSEOFEMPLOYINGPWMMODE,THETERMINALVOLTAGEALWAYSCONTAINSHIGHFREQUENCYMODULATINGSIGNALSTHISEFFECTSTHENORMALOPERATIONOFCOMPARATOR,SOFILTERISNECESSARYFORFILTERINGTHETERMINALVOLTAGESIGNALINFIG5,THEPARAMETERDESIGNOFTHEFILTERISVERYIMPORTANT,BECAUSEITDICTATESWHETHERTHEFINALATTAINEDRECTANGULARSIGNALCANREFLECTTHEROTORPOSITIONCORRECTLYANDACCURATELY,SOYOUSHOULDPAYSPECIALATTENTIONTOITFIRST,YOUSHOULDGUARANTEETHEPHASESHIFTOFTHEFILTERISMINIMALTHEFILTERINGCIRCUITEMPLOYEDINTHISSYSTEMMAKESTHEPHASESHIFTTREMENDOUSLYSMALLSHOWNINFIG5,SOITHASLIGHTINFLUENCEONTHEDETECTEDSIGNALSECOND,BECAUSEOFTHEERRORCAUSEDBYTHEELEMENTS,WHENYOUCHOOSETHEELEMENTSRORC,YOUSHOULDGUARANTEETHATTHEDIFFERENCESWHETHERRESISTANCESORRELUCTANCESAMONGTHETHREEPHASESARETREMENDOUSLYLITTLE,ORELSEITMAYCAUSETHEPHASESHIFTANGLEINCONSISTENTLYAMONGTHETHREEPHASEFILTERS,ANDHARMFULINFLUENCETOTHEOPERATIONCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMOTORIVSOFTWAREDESIGNOFTHECONTROLSYSTEMASOFTWAREFLOWCHARTFIG6ISTHESYSTEMSOFTWAREFLOWCHART,THEWHOLECONTROLSYSTEMSOFTWAREISCOMPOSEDBYTHEMAINPROGRAMANDTHEINTERRUPTSERVICESUBSYSTEM,WHILETHEMAINPROGRAMISCOMPOSEDBYSYSTEMINITIALIZEPROGRAM,MOTORSTARTPROGRAMTHEA/DCONVERSIONTOTHESPEEDCOMMANDISFINISHEDINTHEMAINPROGRAMCAPTUREINTERRUPTSUBPROGRAMANDTIMERCOMPAREINTERRUPTSERVICESUBPROGRAMARETHEMAINCOMPOSEDPARTSOFTHEINTERRUPTSERVICESUBPROGRAMTHEMAINFUNCTIONOFCAPTUREINTERRUPTISTOGETTHREEPHASEBACKEMFZEROCROSSINGINSTANTSANDREADTHETIMEINTERVALBETWEENTWICECAPTURE,SOTOCALCULATETIMERINTERNALCORRESPONDINGTOTHE30°ANGLEWHILETHECOMPAREINTERRUPTOFTHETIMERISUSED15V5V15VTKITK2KCAP1HHC14P521VNFIG5BACKEMFZEROCROSSINGDETECTIONCIRCUITDIAGRAM373