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簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERCOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMIJCCIS–VOL2NO1ISSN0976–1349JULY–DEC2010DESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFTORQUETESTINGRIGFORAGEARBOXAMRUTALOMATE1,SUHASMOHITE2,ANDRAHULSHINDE31MECHANICALDEPARTMENT,BHARATIVIDHYAPEETH,COLLEGEOFENGINEERING,PUNE,MAHARASHTRAAMU2384YAHOOCOIN2MECHANICALDEPARTMENT,GOVTCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,KARAD,MAHARASHTRA3EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR,CYCLOTRANSMISSIONLTDSATARA,MAHARASHTRAMOHITESSYAHOOCOM,CYCLOBOXREDIFFMAILCOMABSTRACTGEARBOXISANINDISPENSAEELEMENTOFPOWERTRANSMISSIONDRIVESOFMOSTMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEREFORE,ITISVERYESSENTIALTOASSURETHEPERFORMANCEOFGEARDRIVESBEFORETHEYAREPUTTOUSETOENSURETHETROUBLEFREEFUNCTIONINGOFSYSTEMSWHILETESTINGPERFORMANCEOFTHEGEARBOX,ITISIMPORTANCETOCHECKTHETORQUECARRYINGCAPACITYATRATEDSPEEDSTHISWORKPRESENTSTHEDESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFATORQUETESTINGRIGFOR0510KNMCAPACITYCARRIEDOUTFORAGEARBOXHAVINGMULTIPLATEBRAKESYSTEMWHILECALIBRATIONOFTORQUETESTINGRIGEXPERIMENTALLYMEASUREDDATAISCOMPAREDWITHTHETHEORETICALCALCULATIONSANDAGOODAGREEMENTBETWEENEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALCALCULATIONSISOBSERVEDINDEXTERMS–GEARBOX,DESIGN,TORQUE,CALIBRATIONIINTRODUCTIONGEARBOXISANINDISPENSABLEELEMENTOFPOWERTRANSMISSIONDRIVESOFMOSTMECHANICALSYSTEMSSUCHASVEHICLES,MACHINERYANDCRANES,ETCTHEMAINFUNCTIONOFTHEINDUSTRIALGEARDRIVEISTORELIABLYTRANSMITTORQUEANDROTARYMOTIONBETWEENPRIMEMOVERANDDRIVENPIECEOFEQUIPMENT,ATACCEPTABLELEVELOFNOISE,VIBRATIONANDTEMPERATUREWHENONEORMOREOFTHEPRECEDINGOPERATINGCHARACTERISTICSEXCEEDSALLOWABLELIMITS,ITCANLEADTOFAILUREOFTHEGEARBOXMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESORCUSTOMERSHAVETOBEARBIGCOSTANDTIMEFORTHEFAILUREOFGEARDRIVESYSTEMDURINGOPERATIONTHEREFORE,ITISVERYESSENTIALFORTHEMANUFACTURERTOASSURETHEQUALITYOFGEARDRIVESBEFORETHEYAREPUTTOUSETOENSURETROUBLEFREEFUNCTIONINGOFSYSTEMSWHILETESTINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFGEARBOX,ITISIMPORTANCETOCHECKTHETORQUECARRYINGCAPACITYATDIFFERENTSPEEDSATPRESENT,CYCLOTRANSMISSIONLTDDOESNOTHAVEANYTORQUETESTINGFACILITYSOTOMEASURETHETORQUECOMPANYHASTORELYONTHEORETICALCALCULATIONSACCORDINGTOISOINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONFORSTANDARDIZATIONANDAGMAAMERICANGEARMANUFACTURERSASSOCIATIONSTANDARDSTOSPECIFYTORQUERATINGSTHEREFORE,ITISVERYNECESSARYFORTHEMTOHAVEATESTRIGFORGEARBOXESTOASSUREQUALITYOFTHEGEARBOXTORQUETESTINGRIGISANESSENTIALFACILITYTHATEVERYGEARMANUFACTURINGCOMPANYMUSTHAVETOFULFILABOVENEEDSOFTHETORQUETESTINGRIG,ALITERATURESURVEYWASUNDERTAKENWITHTHEVIEWTOFINALIZEITSFEATURESANDSPECIFICATIONDIFFERENTTYPESOFTORQUETESTINGRIGAVAILABLEINMARKETARESTUDIEDFROMABOVELITERATUREITISFOUNDOUTTHATEACHMETHODHASSOMEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESFORTORQUETESTINGBACKTOBACK,DIGITORQUEANDMULTIPLATEBRAKESYSTEMSARESTUDIED“REF13”FORBACKTOBACKARRANGEMENTTWOSIMILARGEARBOXESAREREQUIRED,WHICHMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEINSOMEOFTHECASESINDIGITORQUEMETHODTHEFLYWHEELWASUSEDTOAPPLYTHETORQUE,WHICHISNOTSUITABLEFORHIGHTORQUEMEASUREMENTBOTHTHESEMETHODSARENOTSUITABLEFORTHISAPPLICATIONMULTIPLATEBRAKETORQUETESTINGSYSTEMTORQUEAPPLYINGISSUITABLEBECAUSEITCANPROVIDEWIDERANGEOFTORQUEFROM500NMTO10KNMATDIFFERENTSPEEDSTHEBRAKEPLATESAREPARTIALLYWETTEDTOAVOIDWEARANDCONTROLTHETEMPERATUREOFBRAKEPLATESFORACTUATINGMULTIPLATEBRAKESYSTEM,ACTUATORSARENEEDEDWHILESTUDYINGDIFFERENTBRAKEACTUATORS4,ITWASFOUNDTHATHYDRAULICACTUATORISSUITABLEFORAPPLYINGTHEPRESSUREFORMULTIPLATEBRAKESYSTEM,BECAUSEITPROVIDESFASTRESPONSEALONGWITHSMOOTHENGAGEMENTBYCONTROLLINGTHERATEOFPRESSUREBUILTUPWITHAPRESSURECONTROLVALVEBYREFERRINGTOTHELITERATUREINTHEPOINTOFTORQUEMEASUREMENT,ITWASFOUNDOUTTHATCANISTERTYPELOADCELLCANPROVIDEHIGHTORQUEMEASUREMENTBECAUSETHISLOADCELLISSUITABLEFORHIGHTORQUEORLOADRANGEANDALSOELIMINATESTHENEEDOFPRIORCHECKING5FINALLYITISDECIDEDTODESIGNANDDEVELOPAHYDRAULICALLYACTUATEDMULTIPLATEBRAKETORQUETESTINGRIGFORDIFFERENTGEARBOX,MAXIMUMTORQUEOF10KNMATRATEDSPEEDIIMETHODOLOGYTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMHASMULTIPLATEBRAKEASSEMBLYASAMAINANDCORECOMPONENTTHEASSEMBLYISMOUNTEDINBETWEENTHEBRACKETANDFIXEDONANDAROUNDTHESHAFTFIGURE1OUTLINEOFTHEPROPOSEDGEARBOXTESTRIG12INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERCOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMIJCCIS–VOL2NO1ISSN0976–1349JULY–DEC2010BOXTHEANALYTICALANDTHEEXPERIMENTALREADINGSARECOMPAREDFIGURE4SCHEMATICARRANGEMENTOFTHETESTRIGFORCALIBRATIONTHESERESULTSAREGIVENFORDIFFERENTPRESSUREVALUESRANGINGFROM2BARSTO20BARSTHECALIBRATEDMEASUREMENTUNITSLOADCELL,DIGITALDISPLAYANDPRESSUREGAUGEAREUSEDFORFINDINGTHEORETICALVALUEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONISREFERREDHIOTPDDDDZM?162122ΠΜ3WHERE,PHISHYDRAULICPRESSURE,DISOUTERDIAMETEROFPISTONANDDISINNERDIAMETEROFPISTONTHETESTRIGCANALSOBETESTEDFORDUTYCYCLETESTOFSOMEOFTHEGEARBOXESVRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHETESTINGHASBEENDONEONDIFFERENTTYPESOFGEARBOXES,DIFFERENTTYPESOFTESTINGISDONETHERESULTSAREDISCUSSEDBELOWCALIBRATIONOFTHETESTRIGCARRIEDOUTBYCOMPARINGEXPERIMENTALRESULTWITHTHEORETICALVALUESTHETESTRESULTSOFAFEWMODELSAREDONE,ONEISDISCUSSEDBELOW1GEARBOXMODELNUMBER40104,11SPECIFICATIONSINPUTPOWER10HP,OUTPUTSPEED575RPM,OUTPUTTORQUE105NMTESTINGWASCARRIEDOUTFOR10MINUTESATDIFFERENTCONSTANTPRESSUREVALUESANDREADINGSWEREOBSERVEDAFTEREVERY2MINUTESTOALLOWFORTHESYSTEMTOGETSTABILIZED020004000600080001000012000TORQUE,NM235810121516181920PRESSURE,BAREXPERIMENTALTORQUE,NMANALYTICALTORQUE,NMFIGURE5COMPARISONOFANALYTICALANDEXPERIMENTALTORQUEVALUESTABLEICOMPARISONOFANALYTICALANDEXPERIMENTALTORQUEVALUESSRNOPRESSUREEXPERIMENTALTORQUEANALYTICALTORQUEABSOLUTEERRORERROR12104410024241223154515034227935255025054517948405240084410951050505010400796126055601243071715755975154405981680618016450569189067901849054101995689519490511120100691002049049ITISOBSERVEDTHATTHEEXPERIMENTALREADINGSFORTORQUEAREHIGHERTHANANALYTICALVALUESBYANABSOLUTEMARGINOF4050NMFORTHEENTIRETORQUERANGEINTERMSOFTHEPERCENTAGETHISACCOUNTSFORAPPROXIMATELY5TO05FURTHER,HIGHERERROR5ISOBSERVEDATLOWERTORQUEANDLOWERPRESSUREWHEREAS,LOWERERROR05ISOBSERVEDATHIGHERTORQUEVALUESTHEREASONSFORTHISERRORCOULDBEATTRIBUTEDTOVARIOUSCAUSESTHATARENOTCONSIDEREDINTHEORETICALCALCULATIONSTHEPOSSIBLECAUSESAREMENTIONEDBELOWAINANALYTICALCALCULATION,FRICTIONINTHEBEARINGS,OILSEALSANDOTHERMOVINGPARTSISNOTCONSIDEREDBTHETESTEDGEARBOXESHAVEALOWEROPERATINGSPEED510RPMATSUCHSPEEDSTHESTICKSLIPPHENOMENONINBETWEENTHEBRAKEPLATESISMORESIGNIFICANT,THISCOULDBEONEOFTHESOURCESOFTHEERRORCINERTIAOFTHESYSTEMDWHENTHEHYDRAULICPRESSUREINCREASESTHEFRICTIONINTHEVARIOUSPARTSINCREASESEERRORSINLOADCELLREADINGSFERRORSINDISPLAYUNITGTHEERRORINTHEPRESSUREGAUGEALSOTHEPRESSUREINDICATORISANALOGUEDISPLAYSOTHEMANUALMISTAKEMAYBEOCCURREDTHEOBTAINEDRESULTSWERECOMPAREDTOTHETHEORETICALLYCALCULATEDANDAGOODAGREEMENTBETWEENTHEEXPERIMENTALLYOBTAINEDANDTHEORETICALLYCALCULATEDRESULTSWERESEENTHEANALYTICALANDEXPERIMENTALVALUESARECLOSELYMATCHEDACOMPARISONOFERRORSINEXPERIMENTALVALUESWITHRESPECTTOTORQUE14

簡介：LEARNINGORIENTEDVEHICLENAVIGATIONSYSTEMSAPRELIMINARYINVESTIGATIONINADRIVINGSIMULATORABSTRACTVEHICLENAVIGATIONSYSTEMSAIMTOREDUCETHEMENTALWORKLOADFORDRIVERSBYAUTOMATINGELEMENTSOFTHEDRIVINGTASKCONCERNHASBEENRAISED,HOWEVER,THATTHEIRLONGTERMUSEMAYCAUSEUNFORESEENPROBLEMS,INCLUDINGSUPPRESSINGCOGNITIVEMAPDEVELOPMENTADRIVINGSIMULATORSTUDYWASCONDUCTEDTODISCOVERIFTHISEFFECTCOULDBEAMELIORATEDBYTHEUSEOFANOVEL,LEARNINGORIENTED,NAVIGATIONSYSTEMTHEUSERINTERFACEOFTHISSYSTEMPROVIDEDARANGEOFADDITIONALFEATURESINCLUDINGLANDMARKS,COMPASSBEARINGSANDPREVIOUSLYDRIVENROUTESWITHINTHEVISUALANDAUDITORYGUIDANCEINSTRUCTIONSITWASFOUNDTHATTHEUSERSOFTHELEARNINGORIENTEDSYSTEMDISPLAYEDBETTERMEMORYFORDRIVENROUTES,WHENCOMPAREDWITHTHOSEUSINGABASICGUIDANCESYSTEMITISALSOSUGGESTEDTHATTHEYHADDEVELOPEDABETTERCOGNITIVEMAPOFTHEAREAGLANCEANALYSISDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHELEARNINGORIENTEDSYSTEMWASNOMOREVISUALLYDEMANDINGTHANTHEBASICSYSTEMCATEGORIESANDSUBJECTDESCRIPTORSH12MODELSANDPRINCIPLESUSER/MACHINESYSTEMS–HUMANFACTORS,HUMANINFORMATIONPROCESSINGH52INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATIONUSERINTERFACESUSERCENTREDDESIGN,GRAPHICALUSERINTERFACESGUIGENERALTERMSDESIGN,EXPERIMENTATION,HUMANFACTORSKEYWORDSVEHICLEGUIDANCE,SATELLITENAVIGATION,VEHICLENAVIGATION,COGNITIVEMAP,DRIVERDISTRACTION,DRIVERWORKLOAD1INTRODUCTIONVEHICLENAVIGATIONSYSTEMSAREINCREASINGLYPOPULAREXAMPLESOFMOBILECOMPUTINGDEVICESA2007GALLUPSURVEYFORTHEEUROPEANUNIONFOUNDTHATUPTO35OFITSCITIZENS,APPROXIMATELY159MILLIONPEOPLE,CURRENTLYUSE,ORAREINTENDINGTOPURCHASENAVIGATIONSYSTEMS6THESEDEVICESAUTOMATETHESTRATEGICDRIVINGTASKOFROUTESELECTIONWHILSTSUPPORTINGTHETACTICALTASKOFROUTEFOLLOWINGBYISSUINGTIMELYTURNBYTURNDIRECTIONSTODATE,MOBILEHCIRESEARCHONUSERINTERFACESHASFOCUSEDONPRODUCINGGUIDELINESTOADDRESSISSUESOFUSABILITYANDEFFICIENCYANDTHEIRRELATIONTONAVIGATIONALEFFECTIVENESSORDRIVINGPERFORMANCE,EG10,17SEVERALRESEARCHERSHAVERAISEDCONCERNS,HOWEVER,ABOUTTHELONGERTERMEFFECTSOFRELIANCEONVEHICLENAVIGATIONDEVICESANDINPARTICULARTHEEFFECTONTRAVELINGPATTERNSANDNAVIGATIONALUNCERTAINTY18ACRUCIALDETERMINATEOFBEHAVIOURINTHESEAREASISTHEABILITY,OVERTIME,TODEVELOPANACCURATEMENTALREPRESENTATIONOFLARGESCALEENVIRONMENTSTHISINTERNALREPRESENTATIONISUSUALLYDESCRIBEDASACOGNITIVEMAPSEE13FORAREVIEWOFTHETERMTHEABILITYTODEVELOPACOGNITIVEMAPISANIMPORTANTSKILLWHICHPROVIDESFORGREATERTRANSPORTEFFICIENCYANDMAYALSOHAVESOCIALANDPSYCHOLOGICALBENEFITSTHESEMAYINCLUDETHEABILITYTOSELECTALTERNATIVEROUTESTOADESTINATIONANDTOPROVIDEDIRECTIONSFOROTHERS4MOREOVER,THEABILITYTODEVELOPANACCURATEANDCOMPREHENSIVECOGNITIVEMAPWILLEMPOWERDRIVERSTOFINDLOCATIONSNOTINCLUDEDINANAVIGATIONSYSTEM’SDATABASEFOREXAMPLEDISTRICTSORSPECIFICBUILDINGSORTORESUMETHETASKOFNAVIGATINGSHOULDTHESYSTEMMALFUNCTIONAPREVIOUSSTUDY,ATTHISUNIVERSITY,SOUGHTTOEXPLORETHISAREABYINVESTIGATINGTHECOGNITIVEMAPFORMATIONOFAVIRTUALTOWN,INTHECONTROLLEDENVIRONMENTOFADRIVINGSIMULATOR4TOGETHERWITHPREVIOUSRESEARCH1,11ITPROVIDEDCLEAREVIDENCETHATADRIVER’SSPATIALLEARNINGOFANAREAWASNEGATIVELYAFFECTEDBYTHEUSEOFASIMPLETURNBYTURNNAVIGATIONSYSTEMSEVERALPOSSIBLECAUSESWERESUGGESTEDINCLUDINGTHELOWLEVELOFATTENTIONGIVENTOTHEENVIRONMENT,THESIMPLICITYANDSHORTENEDTIMESCALEOFNAVIGATIONALDECISIONMAKINGANDTHELIMITEDSTRESSINCURREDWHENUSINGAGUIDANCESYSTEMTHISPREVIOUSSTUDYPROPOSEDTHEIDEAOFALEARNINGORIENTEDNAVIGATIONSYSTEMWHICHWOULDSEEKTOSUPPORTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSPATIALKNOWLEDGEINTHEDRIVER,ASWELLASMINIMIZINGPERMISSIONTOMAKEDIGITALORHARDCOPIESOFALLORPARTOFTHISWORKFORPERSONALORCLASSROOMUSEISGRANTEDWITHOUTFEEPROVIDEDTHATCOPIESARENOTMADEORDISTRIBUTEDFORPROFITORCOMMERCIALADVANTAGEANDTHATCOPIESBEARTHISNOTICEANDTHEFULLCITATIONONTHEFIRSTPAGETOCOPYOTHERWISE,ORREPUBLISH,TOPOSTONSERVERSORTOREDISTRIBUTETOLISTS,REQUIRESPRIORSPECIFICPERMISSIONAND/ORAFEEMOBILEHCI2008,SEPTEMBER2–5,2008,AMSTERDAM,THENETHERLANDSCOPYRIGHT?2008ACM9781595939524/08/09500KEITHJOLIVERMIXEDREALITYLABORATORYUNIVERSITYOFNOTTINGHAMNG81BB,UK4401158466780KXOCSNOTTACUKGARYEBURNETTMIXEDREALITYLABORATORYUNIVERSITYOFNOTTINGHAMNG81BB,UK4401159513357GARYBURNETTCSNOTTACUKFP119MAXIMUMEXPOSUREINARELATIVELYSHORTTIMESCALEADDITIONALLY,DISTINCTIVELANDMARKS,INCLUDINGAPUBLICHOUSEACHURCHANDAFASTFOODRESTAURANT,WEREPOSITIONEDATMAJORJUNCTIONS,ORDECISIONPOINTS,ALONGTHEROUTESANDINPOSITIONSWHERETHEYCOULDBESEENFROMADISTANCEANDINCONJUNCTIONWITHOTHERLANDMARKSSEEFIGURE5THISWASINORDERTHATTHEYMIGHTACTASBOTHREFERENCEPOINTSALONGTHEROUTEASWELLASORIENTATIONDEVICESFIGURE5DRIVER’SPOINTOFVIEWOFLANDMARKSINTHETOWN23GUIDANCESYSTEMDESIGNAFTERREVIEWINGTHELITERATUREONNAVIGATIONSYSTEMDESIGNANDCOGNITIVEMAPDEVELOPMENTITWASDECIDEDTOPRODUCETWOINTERFACESFORCOMPARISONTHEBASICGUIDANCESYSTEMWOULDPRESENTINFORMATIONINTERMSOFDISTANCETOTURN,ASWELLASAVIEWOFTHEJUNCTIONLAYOUTSSIMILARTOMOSTCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLESYSTEMSTHELEARNINGORIENTEDSYSTEMWOULDINCLUDEFEATURESWHICHHAVEBEENSUGGESTEDASFACILITATINGCOGNITIVEMAPDEVELOPMENT8,12THESEINCLUDEDLANDMARKSALONGTHEROUTES,COMPASSBEARINGSANDALSOHIGHLIGHTINGOFPREVIOUSLYDRIVENROUTES,REPRESENTEDBYTYREMARKSONTHEDISPLAYTHEHIGHLIGHTINGOFPREVIOUSLYDRIVENROUTESINTHISWAYWASINTENDEDTOREINFORCETHELEARNINGPROCESSBYA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簡介：POWERPREDICTIONFROMABATTERYSTATEESTIMATORTHATINCORPORATESDIFFUSIONRESISTANCESHUOQINWANGA,,MARKVERBRUGGEB,JOHNSWANGA,PINGLIUAAHRLLABORATORIES,LLC,MALIBU90265,CA,USABGENERALMOTORSRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,WARREN,MI,USAHIGHLIGHTSANEWALGORITHMIMPROVESTHEPREDICTIONACCURACYOFSTATEOFPOWERSOPOFALIIONBATTERYITINCORPORATESANONLINEARDIFFUSIONRESISTANCEINTOTHEFORMULASFORTHESOPPREDICTIONTHERESULTSAPPEARVERYPROMISINGINTESTINGHITACHICELLSINASIMULATEDHEVENVIRONMENTITPROVIDESMUCHMOREACCURATEPOWERPREDICTIONTHANTHEORIGINALBSEARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED5JANUARY2012RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22APRIL2012ACCEPTED25APRIL2012AVAILABLEONLINE30APRIL2012KEYWORDSBATTERYSTATEESTIMATORBSEALGORITHMSOCSTATEOFCHARGEESTIMATIONSOPSTATEOFPOWERESTIMATIONEQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELABSTRACTWEPRESENTANEWALGORITHMTHATIMPROVESTHEPREDICTIONACCURACYOFTHEMAXIMUMCHARGEANDDISCHARGEPOWERCAPABILITIES,IESTATEOFPOWERSOP,OFABATTERYSTATEESTIMATORBSEUSINGANEQUIVALENTCIRCUITREPRESENTATIONOFABATTERYFORSHORTTIMEHIGHFREQUENCYOPERATION,LITHIUMIONTRACTIONBATTERIESAREOFTENDOMINATEDBYOHMICANDINTERFACIALKINETICRESISTANCE,ANDCONVENTIONALEQUIVALENTCIRCUITSEMPLOYINGRESISTORSANDCAPACITORSRCCIRCUITSWORKWELLTOCHARACTERIZETHESYSTEMHOWEVER,FORLONGERTIMES,DIFFUSIONRESISTANCEBECOMESIMPORTANTANDCONVENTIONALBSESBASEDONRCELEMENTSFAILTOPROVIDEUSEFULPOWERPREDICTIONSINORDERTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTDIFFUSIONINTHESOPPREDICTION,WEPROPOSETOINCORPORATEANONLINEARRESISTANCEINTOTHEPOWERPREDICTIONFORMULASTHATAREOTHERWISEBASEDONANRCCIRCUITFORMULATIONTHEDIFFUSIONEFFECTISADDRESSEDWITHTHISNONLINEARRESISTANCEWHOSEVALUEISPROPORTIONALTOTHESQUAREROOTOFTIMETHENEWAPPROACHISIMPLEMENTEDINAVEHICLESIMULATIONENVIRONMENTAHARDWAREINTHELOOPSETUPTOPREDICTTHESOPOFALITHIUMIONBATTERYSIMULATIONRESULTSDEMONSTRATETHATTHISREVISEDESTIMATORPROVIDESMUCHMOREACCURATEPOWERPREDICTIONWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHEREGRESSIONPERFORMANCEOFTHEORIGINALBSE?2012ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONINMANYBATTERYPOWEREDSYSTEMSSUCHASELECTRICVEHICLESEVANDHYBRIDELECTRICVEHICLESHEV,THEEFFICIENCYOFTRACTIONBATTERIESCANBEGREATLYENHANCEDBYINTELLIGENTMANAGEMENTOFTHEELECTROCHEMICALENERGYSTORAGESYSTEM1THESEAPPLICATIONSREQUIREABATTERYSTATEESTIMATORBSETOENSUREACCURATEANDTIMELYESTIMATIONOFTHESTATEOFCHARGESOC,THECHARGEANDTHEDISCHARGEPOWERCAPABILITIESSOP,ANDTHESTATEOFHEALTHSOHINTHISWORK,WEFOCUSONTHESOPPREDICTIONSOFHEVLITHIUMIONBATTERIESVARIOUSBATTERYMODELSHAVEBEENSTUDIEDWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFABSE2E17APHYSICSBASEDELECTROCHEMICALMODELMAYBEABLETOCAPTURETHETEMPORALLYEVOLVEDANDSPATIALLYDISTRIBUTEDBEHAVIOROFTHEESSENTIALSTATESOFABATTERY2,3,16,17SUCHANALYSESAREBUILTUPONFUNDAMENTALLAWSOFTRANSPORT,KINETICSANDTHERMODYNAMICS,ANDREQUIREINPUTSOFMANYPHYSICALPARAMETERSBECAUSEOFTHEIRCOMPLEXITY,LONGERSIMULATIONTIMESARENEEDED,ANDTHEREISNOASSURANCEOFCONVERGENCEINTERMSOFSTATEESTIMATIONTHUS,WHILETHESEMORECOMPLEXMODELSARESUITABLEFORBATTERYDESIGNANDANALYSIS,THEYHAVENOTBEENUSEDINCOMMERCIALBSESDUETOLIMITEDMEMORYSTORAGEANDCOMPUTINGSPEEDOFEMBEDDEDCONTROLLERSEMPLOYEDINMANYAPPLICATIONSANDTHENEEDFORFASTREGRESSIONINTERMSOFPARAMETEREXTRACTION,AZERODIMENSIONALLUMPEDPARAMETERAPPROACHBASEDONANEQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELHASBEENFOUNDTOBEMOSTPRACTICALFORBSEFORMULATIONACIRCUITEMPLOYINGCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT13103175183FAXT13103175840EMAILADDRESSSWANGHRLCOMSWANGCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFPOWERSOURCESJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JPOWSOUR03787753/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2012ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJPOWSOUR201204070JOURNALOFPOWERSOURCES2142012399E406WITHFIG2AFORTHEDISCHARGEPOWERTESTAND2BFORTHECHARGEPOWERTESTTHEPREDICTEDVALUESARECLOSETOTHEMEASUREDVALUESATSHORTTIMESBUTDEVIATEFROMTHEMEASUREDVALUESFORLONGERTIMESITMAYBEEXPLAINEDTHATINTHEBEGINNING,THEPOWERISMAINLYDETERMINEDBYELECTRONTRANSFERKINETICSTHEREFORETHEFARADAICIMPEDANCECANBEAPPROXIMATEDWITHALINEARCHARGETRANSFERRESISTANCE25INTHELONGERTERM,THEBATTERYCURRENTISLIKELYINFLUENCEDBYDIFFUSIONRESISTANCEFIG2ALSODEMONSTRATESTHATTHESOPDEVIATIONISMORESEVEREFORDISCHARGETHANCHARGE,INDICATINGTHEDIFFUSIONEFFECTMAYBEMOREDOMINANTINDISCHARGECASES,WHICHISCONSISTENTWITHTHEEXPERIMENTRESULTSPUBLISHEDINTHEREF24DIFFUSIONRESISTANCEISREVEALEDMORECLEARLYINFIG3,WHICHISBASEDONSEVERALSOPMEASUREMENTSATDIFFERENTVALUESOFVOCWECHOOSEIT1/2FORTHEORDINATEOFTHEFIGUREBECAUSETHEDIFFUSIONLIMITEDCURRENTMAYBEAPPROXIMATEDBYTHECOTTRELLEQUATION25ANDTHEREFORETHEDIFFUSIONREGIONWOULDBEMANIFESTASAPLATEAUINTHEFIGUREASITISSHOWNINFIG3A,THEDISCHARGECURRENTSAPPEARTOTRANSITIONFROMKINETICCONTROLINITIALLYTODIFFUSIONCONTROLPLATEAUSINTHELONGERTERMWECANALSODEDUCEFROMTHEFIGURETHATASTHEVOCINCREASES,DIFFUSIONCONTROLTAKESPLACEEARLIERFIG3B,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHECHARGEPOWERTESTS,SHOWSNOOBVIOUSPLATEAUSDURINGTHE10SPERIOD,VERIFYINGTHATTHEDIFFUSIONEFFECTISSMALLERDURINGCHARGE,ANDTHEREFORETHERRCCIRCUITMODELCANPREDICTCHARGEPOWERWITHSMALLERRORWITHOUTADDRESSINGDIFFUSIONFORTHECONDITIONSINVESTIGATED24ELECTROCHEMICALIMPEDANCESPECTROSCOPYEISANALYSISWASALSOCONDUCTEDONTHECELLASSHOWNINFIG4THEBATTERYIMPEDANCEZU?Z0U?IZ00UWASMEASUREDFROM001HZTO10HZTHEMEASUREMENTSWEREPERFORMEDATFOURDIFFERENTVALUESOFVOCTWODIFFERENTREGI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簡介：TSINGHUASCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSN1007021422/23PP265269VOLUME10,NUMBER2,APRIL2005AREALOGISTICSSYSTEMBASEDONSYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELGUISHOUPINGMW,ZHUQIANG￡,LULIFANGPAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMSIMULATIONINTRODUCTIONWITHCHINASENTRYINTOWTO,MODERNLOGISTICSSYSTEMSAREINDISPENSABLEFORFASTECONOMICGROWTHANDINCREASEDMARKETOPENINGRATIONALAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMSARENEEDEDTOREALIZEEFFICIENTLOGISTICSINCHINASO,THEORETICALRESEARCHTHATCANEFFECTIVELYCONSTRUCTAREALOGISTICRATIONALIZATIONBECOMESMOREIMPORTANTHOWEVER,THEREISLITTLEEFFECTIVERESEARCHONAREALOGISTICSPROBLEMSWITHFEWRESEARCHMETHODSAVAILABLELARGECOMPLICATEDSYSTEMS,SUCHASSOCIALANDECONOMICSYSTEMS,CANBEMOREEFFECTIVELYANALYZEDUSINGTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMETHODTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELSHOULDINCLUDENONLINEARDYNAMICMODELSWITHMULTIPLEFEEDBACKANDLONGTIMEDELAYSINTERMSOFCONSEQUENCEOFSOCIALSYSTEMSANDOBVIOUSSTRUCTUREOF“WHITEBOX“MOREOVER,THEMOTIONOFTHEDYNAMICSYSTEMSISSOLVEDINCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTOANALYZETHEEFFECTOFDECISIONMAKINGONTHESYSTEMMOTIONTHEKEYPARTOFTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELISNOTTHERECEIVED20030923REVISED20040412SUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINANO50078024TOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDEMAILSPGUI21CNNETTEL8620871110303502DATABUTTHEMODELDESIGNTHEADVANTAGEOFSYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELSISTHATTHEYINCLUDEDECISIONTREESWITHCONSEQUENCEANDSTRUCTURE,WHICHISTHEREASONWHYOTHERMETHODSIE,ECONOMETRICS,OPERATIONALRESEARCHANDANALYSISOFINPUTANDOUTPUTARENOTASEFFECTIVEASTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELINANALYZINGSOCIALANDECONOMICSYSTEMS1_5THISPAPERDESCRIBESANAREALOGISTICSMODELBYUSINGQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVESYSTEMDYNAMICSANALYSESTHEINFORMATIONGATHEREDWASUSEDTOANALYZETHESTRUCTUREANDBEHAVIOROFSYSTEMSTOPROVIDEASCIENTIFICBASISFORDECISIONMAKING1SYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELFORAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMTHEFLOWCHARTFORTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELOFTHEAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMISGIVENINFIG1THESYSTEMFLOWCHARTILLUSTRATESTHEKEYSTEPSINTHESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODEL1SPECIFYGOALSANDLIMITSINCLUDINGSYSTEMBOUNDARIES,THESYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELRESEARCHOBJECT,FORECASTINGOFTHEEXPECTEDSYSTEMSTATE,OBSERVINGSYSTEMFEATURES,IDENTIFYINGPROBLEMSANDSYSTEMSTATESRELATEDTOTHEPROBLEMS,LIMITINGTHERANGESOFPROBLEMS,ANDCHOOSINGAPPROPRIATESYSTEMVARIABLES6GUISHOUPINGF?FETALAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMBASEDONSYSTEMDYNAMICSMODEL2673MATHEMATICDESCRIPTIONFIG3SYSTEMDYNAMICSMODELFORANAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMLOGISTICSDIFFERENCEALCACTUALLOGISTICSCOSTLRLOGISTICSREQUIREMENTGRLDLOGISTICSDEMANDGROWTHRATEBRLDLOGISTICSDEMANDBAFFLERATEDCDEMANDCOEFFICIENTLCLOGISTICSCOSTIFLCLOGISTICSCOSTINFLUENCEFACTORCFCOSTFACTORLALOGISTICSABILITYGRLALOGISTICABILITYGROWTHRATEDLALOGISTICABILITYDISSIPATIVERATEIEINVESTMENTEFFECTLILOGISTICSINVESTMENTIFIINVESTMENTINFLUENCEFACTORDCLLOGISTICSDISSIPATIVECOEFFICIENTIEDINVESTMENTEFFECTDELAYCRIINVESTMENTCONVERSIONRATERIINVESTMENTRATIODDDIFFERENCEDELAYSGCSELFGROWTHCOEFFICIENTTHESYSTEMEQUATIONSAREDYNAMOEQUATIONSRUNONVENSIM_PLE32GDPINTEGNGREBRLNGREGDPXGCGPBRLNGREXBFCDD/ILCLDALCILCDDDELAY3LD,DELAYTIMEILCLDXTHECHARTOFICLDINTEGGRLDBRLDGRLDGDPXTHEFORMOFDCLA/LDBRLDGRLDXINFLUENTIALFACTORSCHARTOFLCLAINTEGGRLADRLAGRLALAXSGCTHEDELAYOFIEXCRIDLALAXDCLLIGDPXTHEFORMOFRIDD/ILCTHEDYNAMOEQUATIONSFORTHEOTHERVARIABLESCANBEEXPRESSEDINTHESAMEWAYTHESYSTEMINCLUDESSTATEVARIABLESXI,X2,XM,CONTROLVARIABLESU\,U2,UR,ANDTHEOUTPUTVARIABLESTHATARERELATEDBYASYSTEMOFMFIRSTORDERDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS1910XJFIXJ,X2,,XMJWJJVJOI12,,IFITHEOUTPUTCHARACTERISTICSAREEXPRESSEDASY}GJX1,X2,?,XM,U1,U2,,URT,71,2,,HDEFINEXXUXXX2,UU2,Y_XM_UXREPRESENTSTHESTATEVECTOR,UREPRESENTSTHECONTROLVECTOR,ANDYREPRESENTSTHEOUTPUTVECTORTHEVECTORFUNCTIONFIX,U,TISTHESTATEEQUATION,XRM,RRGX,U,TISTHEOUTPUTEQUATION,YRHTHEAREALOGISTICSSYSTEMISAFEEDBACKSYSTEMWITHTHREELEVELVARIABLESTHEDYNAMICSEQUATIONSFORTHEVECTORSCANBEFORMULATEDAS00LAL,FO22_C341C3WHERELRM,AISTHETRANSFERMATRIX,C\2REPRESENTSTHEBAFFLEFACTOR,CUREPRESENTSTHEDIFFERENCEDELAY,CUREPRESENTSTHEIDEALLOGISTICSCOST,C2\REPRESENTSTHEDEMANDCOEFFICIENT,C22REPRESENTSTHELOGISTICSCOSTINFLUENTIALFACTOR,C31REPRESENTSTHENATURALGROWTHCOEFFICIENT,ANDC34REPRESENTSTHEDISSIPATIVECOEFFICIENTTHEMATHEMATICALMODELWITHINITIALVALUESOFTHESYSTEMSTATEVARIABLESWASSOLVEDUSINGTHESIMULATIONSOFTWAREVENSIMTOCALCULATETHEDYNAMICSYSTEMCHANGESWITHTIME4MODELSIMULATIONANDANALYSISTHECITYOFGUANGZHOUWASUSEDASTHESPECIALEXAMPLEFORTHELOGISTICMODELTHERESULTSWEREUSEDTO

簡介：NEURALNETWORKSANDGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHESTOAUTODESIGNOFFUZZYSYSTEMSHIDEYUKITAKAGI1ANDMICHAELLEECOMPUTERSCIENCEDIVISION,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CA94720TAKAGICSBERKELEYEDU,LEECNMATCNMATBERKELEYEDU,FAX5106425775ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSNEURALNETWORKANDGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHESTOFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGN,WHICHAIMSTOSHORTENDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDINCREASESYSTEMPERFORMANCEANAPPROACHTHATUSESNEURALNETWORKTOREPRESENTMULTIDIMENSIONALNONLINEARMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSANDANAPPROACHTOTUNEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONPARAMETERSAREGIVENAGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHTHATINTEGRATESANDAUTOMATESTHREEFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGNSTAGESISALSOPROPOSED1INTRODUCTIONFUZZYSYSTEMSAREFREQUENTLYDESIGNEDBYHANDTHISPOSESTWOPROBLEMSABECAUSEHANDDESIGNISTIMECONSUMING,DEVELOPMENTCOSTSCANBEVERYHIGHBTHEREISNOGUARANTEEOFOBTAININGANOPTIMALSOLUTIONTOSHORTENTHEDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDINCREASEPERFORMANCEOFFUZZYSYSTEMS,THEREARETWOSEPARATEAPPROACHESDEVELOPSUPPORTTOOLSANDAUTOMATICDESIGNMETHODSTHEFORMERINCLUDESDEVELOPINGENVIRONMENTSTOASSISTINFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGNMANYENVIRONMENTSAREALREADYCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLETHELATTERAPPROACHINVOLVESINTRODUCINGTECHNIQUESTOAUTOMATETHEDESIGNPROCESSTHOUGHAUTOMATICDESIGNDOESNOTGUARANTEEDELIVERYOFOPTIMALSOLUTIONS,THEYAREPREFERABLETOMANUALTECHNIQUES,BECAUSEDESIGNISGUIDEDTOWARDSANDANOPTIMALSOLUTIONBYCERTAINCRITERIATHEREARETHREEMAJORDESIGNDECISIONSTOMAKEWHENDESIGNINGFUZZYSYSTEMS1DECIDINGTHENUMBEROFFUZZYRULES,2DECIDINGTHESHAPEOFTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,3DECIDINGTHECONSEQUENTPARAMETERSFURTHERMORE,TWOOTHERDECISIONSMUSTBEMADE4DECIDINGTHENUMBEROFINPUTVARIABLES,5DECIDINGTHEREASONINGMETHOD1AND2CORRESPONDTODECIDINGHOWTOCOVERTHEINPUTSPACETHEYAREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONEACHOTHER3CORRESPONDSTODETERMININGTHECOEFFICIENTSOFTHELINEAREQUATIONINTHECASEOFTHETSKTAKAGISUGENOKANGMODEL1,0THISRESEARCHISSUPPORTEDINPARTBYNASAGRANTNCC2275,MICROSTATEPROGRAMAWARDNO90191,ANDEPRIAGREEMENTRP801034WEWOULDLIKETOTHANKPROFDAVIDWESSELANDTHECENTERFORNEWMUSICANDAUDIOTECHNOLOGIESATUCBERKELEYFORUSEOFCOMPUTINGRESOURCES1THEAUTHORISAVISITINGINDUSTRIALFELLOWATUCBERKELEYANDASENIORRESEARCHEROFCENTRALRESEARCHLABORATORIES,MATSUSHITAELECTRICINDUSTRIALCO,LTD70APROBLEMWHENTHEINPUTVARIABLESAREDEPENDENTFOREXAMPLE,CONSIDERANAIRCONDITIONERCONTROLLEDBYAFUZZYSYSTEMTHATUSESTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYASINPUTSINCONVENTIONALDESIGNMETHODSOFFUZZYSYSTEMS,THEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYAREDESIGNEDINDEPENDENTLYTHERESULTINGFUZZYPARTITIONINGOFTHEINPUTSPACERESEMBLESFIGURELAHOWEVER,WHENTHEINPUTVARIABLESAREDEPENDENT,SUCHASTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITY,FUZZYPARTITIONINGSUCHASFIGURELBISMOREAPPROPRIATEITISVERYHARDTOCONSTRUCTSUCHANONLINEARPARTITIONINGFROMONEDIMENSIONALMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSSINCENNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGCONSTRUCTSNONLINEARMULTIDIMENSIONALMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSDIRECTLY,ITISPOSSIBLETOMAKETHEPARTITIONINGSOFFIGURELBTHEDESIGNSTEPSOFNNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGHADTHREESTEPSCLUSTERINGTHEGIVENTRAININGDATA,FUZZYPARTITIONINGTHEINPUTSPACEBYNEURALNETWORKS,ANDDESIGNINGTHECONSEQUENTPARTOFEACHPARTITIONEDSPACETHEFIRSTSTEPISTOCLUSTERTHETRAININGDATAANDDECIDETHENUMBEROFRULESPRIORTOTHISSTEP,IRRELEVANTINPUTVARIABLESHAVEALREADYBEENELIMINATEDUSINGTHEBACKWARDELIMINATIONORINFORMATIONCRITERIAMETHODSTHEBACKWARDELIMINATIONMETHODARBITRARILYELIMINATESONEOFTHENINPUTVARIABLESANDTRAINSTHENEURALNETWORKSWITHN1INPUTVARIABLESTHEPERFORMANCEOFNEURALNETWORKSWITHNANDN1ISTHENCOMPAREDIFTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEN1INPUTNETWORKSISSIMILARORBETTERTHANTHENINPUTNETWORKS,THENTHEELIMINATEDINPUTVARIABLEISCONSIDEREDIRRELEVANTNEXTTHETRAININGDATAISCLUSTEREDANDTHEDISTRIBUTIONTHEDATAISOBTAINEDTHENUMBEROFCLUSTERSISTHENUMBEROFRULESTHESECONDSTEPISTODECIDETHECLUSTERBOUNDARIESFROMTHECLUSTERINFORMATIONOBTAINEDINSTEP1THEINPUTSPACEISPARTITIONEDANDTHEMULTIDIMENSIONALINPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSAREDECIDEDSUPERVISEDDATAISPROVIDEDBYTHEMEMBERSHIPGRADEOFINPUTDATATOTHECLUSTERTHATISOBTAINEDINSTEP1FIRSTANEURALNETWORKWITHNINPUTSANDCOUTPUTS,WHERENISTHENUMBEROFRELEVANTINPUTVARIABLESANDCISTHENUMBEROFCLUSTERSDETERMINEDINSTEP1,ISPREPAREDTRAININGDATAFORTHISNETWORK,NNME,NINFIGURE2,ISGENERATEDBYFROMTHECLUSTERINGINFORMATIONGIVENBYSTEP1GENERALLY,EACHINPUTVECTORISASSIGNEDTOONEOFTHECLUSTERSTHECLUSTERASSIGNMENTISCOMBINEDWITHTHEINPUTVECTORTOFORMATRAININGPATTERNFOREXAMPLE,INTHECASEOFFOURCLUSTERSANDANINPUTVECTORWHICHBELONGSTOCLUSTER2,THESUPERVISEDPORTIONOFTHETRAININGPATTERNWILLBE0,1,0,0INSOMECASES,THEUSERMAYINTERVENEANDMANUALLYCONSTRUCTTHESUPERVISEDPORTIONIFS/HEBELIEVESANINPUTDATAPOINTSHOUTDBECLASSIFIEDDIFFERENTLYTHANGIVENBYTHECLUSTERINGFOREXAMPLE,IFTHEUSERBELIEVESTHATADATAPOINTBELONGSEQUALLYTOCLASSONEANDTWO,ANAPPROPRIATESUPERVISEDOUTPUTPATTERNMIGHTBE05,05,0,0AFTERTRAININGTHISNEURALNETWORKONTHISTRAININGDATA,THENEURALNETWORKCOMPUTESTHEDEGREESTOWHICHAGIVENINPUTVECTORBELONGSTOEACHCLUSTERTHEREFORE,WEASSUMETHATTHISNEURALNETWORKACQUIRESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSFORALLRULESBYLEARNINGANDCANGENERATETHEMEMBERSHIPVALUETHATCORRESPONDSTOANYARBITRARYINPUTVECTORTHEFUZZYSYSTEMS,WHICHUSESANEURALNETWORKASTHEMEMBERSHIPGENERATORISTHENNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGTHETHIRDSTEPISTHEDESIGNOFTHECONSEQUENTPARTSSINCEWEKNOWWHICHCLUSTERTOASSIGNANINPUTDATATO,WECANTRAINTHECONSEQUENTPARTSUSINGTHE

簡介：中文中文3090字出處出處SHIRAZIMPN,SHAMSP,BAHRAMIMBIOSTRATIGRAPHYANDPALEOECOLOGYOFMAASTRICHTIANSEDIMENTSINTHEZAGROSBASIN,IRANJACTAGEOLOGICASINICAENGLISHEDITION,2013,87513871395伊朗扎格羅斯盆地晚白堊世馬斯特里赫特期沉積物的伊朗扎格羅斯盆地晚白堊世馬斯特里赫特期沉積物的生物地層學(xué)及古生態(tài)學(xué)研究生物地層學(xué)及古生態(tài)學(xué)研究MAHNAZPARVANEHNEJADSHIRAZI,PEGAHSHAMS,MOHAMMADBAHRAMI摘要為研究GURPI群的巖石地層學(xué)和生物地層學(xué)，在位于伊朗西南，沿SHIRAZ北北西向?qū)ν戆讏资赖貙舆M行了劃分。該群主要由頁巖和灰綠色泥灰?guī)r、石灰?guī)r、棕色砂巖粉砂巖互層構(gòu)成，并在研究區(qū)出露160M的厚層。按一定間隔規(guī)則取樣，發(fā)現(xiàn)了14個種屬16種生活在深海的以浮游為主的有孔蟲類，這些指示了該地層是在馬斯特里斯赫特期形成的。為弄清該群形成時的古生態(tài)學(xué)變化，對諸如水位、鹽度、沉積作用過程中氧氣的變化等重要的生態(tài)學(xué)因素做了分析測試。該群有孔蟲目的密度由下而上呈現(xiàn)遞減，然而浮游有孔蟲的比率相對于深海有孔蟲有所增加，并且淺水生物比例也在增加。這些變化都指示該群由下至上在水深、溫度、鹽度及含氧量等方面各自有著增加或減少的趨勢。關(guān)鍵詞生物地層學(xué)；浮游/深海有孔蟲類；古生態(tài)學(xué)；中生代；伊朗一、簡介GURPI群形成于扎格羅斯褶皺的中心，位于伊朗西南的KHUZESTAN、LORESTAN、FARS三個省份，并歸為扎格羅斯盆地?！癎URPI”指的是位于KHUZESTAN省的GURPI山脈。位于LALI油井北面和MASJEDSOLEIMAN城北東方向的屬于GURPI山脈的一處斷面，是由320米粘土質(zhì)石灰?guī)r和顏色由灰變藍的泥質(zhì)頁巖構(gòu)成（JAMESANDWYND，1965）。這也被稱為DEZAKMARL或者GLOBIGERINAMARL，包含了GURPI組和PABDEH組。在扎格羅斯山脈的大片區(qū)域里，GURPI組由泥灰?guī)r和由灰變藍的頁巖及薄層泥質(zhì)石灰?guī)r互層構(gòu)成；這些沉積物被高度侵蝕，表面有蝕痕。在內(nèi)部的FARS地區(qū)，GURPI組漸漸被TARBUR組的石灰?guī)r相所代替（MOTIEI，1994）。盡管有報道稱GURPI組與下伏的ILAM組是整合接觸，但在界限處發(fā)現(xiàn)的變化的相可能是低程度的平行不整合甚至是不整合的標志。在某些地區(qū)，ILAM組并不存在并且GURPI組在SARVAK組之上覆蓋。GURPI組的上層界限存在不同種類的覆蓋層。在LORESTAN省，GURPI組其上為PABDEH組的紫色頁巖，二者為不整合接觸。GURPI組并不總是出露完全，比如，在FARS的內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，GURPI組較低的部分是SANTONIAN而較高的部分是MAASTRICHTIAN（AGHANABATI，2004）。本研究旨在弄清GURPI組的上層界限。為此，貫穿整個組進行了一定間隔的取樣工作。本次研究的目的是描述GURPI組的生物地層特征和古生態(tài)特點。在成果中，也涉及了一些比如微觀相、有孔蟲目的地層學(xué)部分。圖1研究區(qū)地理位置，ZAGROS盆地內(nèi)東北東向SHIRAZ，伊朗南西向三、資料與方法研究區(qū)位于ZAGROS盆地內(nèi)，它是在古生代非洲東北部大陸邊緣上形成的，在SHIRAZ城的東北東向，距離大約90KM。從SHIRAZ到MARVDASHT的路是進入

簡介：??第24卷?第4期?吉首大學(xué)學(xué)報自然科學(xué)版VOL24?NO4????2003年12月JOURNALOFJISHOUUNIVERSITYNATURALSCIENCEEDITIONDEC2003??ARTICLEID10072985200304002704NEWTRENDSANDPROBLEMSINMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEDESIGNTHEORY?WANGAILUN,DUANJIAN,HUANGMINGHUI,ZHONGJUECOLLEGEOFMECHANICALANDTHEREAFTERABRIEFDISCUSSIONISGIVENKEYWORDSINTERFACEEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELDPROCESSINGMACHINEFUNCTIONMATERIALCLCNUMBERTH11??????DOCUMENTCODEA1?THETIMEBACKGROUNDOFMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEINTHELONGSPANOFHISTORYOFHUMANPROGRESS,MANYTOOLS,MACHINESANDMETHODSWERECREATEDANDAVARIETYOFMATERIALSWITHDIFFERENTPROPERTIESWEREPROCESSEDMATERIALSANDITSPROCESSINGHAVEBECOMEONEOFPILLARANDDRIVINGFORCEOFMANKINDPROGRESSINPACEWITHMULTIPOLARCOMPETITIONINCURRENTWORLDANDPEOPLE?SSTRIVINGPERSEVERINGLYFORHAPPIERLIFE,MATERIALFUNCTIONGOESBEYONDUNCEASINGLYMEN?SKNOWLEDGEANDIMAGINATION,FOREXAMPLE,CRYPTICFUNCTIONMATERIAL,SEMICONDUCTORMATERIAL,ENERGYMATERIAL,VIBRATIONABSORPTIVEMATERIAL,SUPERSTRENGTHALUMINUMALLOYACCOUNTINGFOR70PERCENTOFAPPLICATIONOFAERONAUTICSANDSPACE,METALFOILOF45?M,DEEPDRAWINGPLATEWITHANISOTROPYBELOW1PERCENT,ELECTRONICALUMINUMFOILWITHMICROORIENTATIONUPTO95PERCENT,HEATRESISTINGALUMINUMALLOYWITHSUPERSTRONGSPECIFICSTRENGTHUSEDINAERONAUTICS,SPACEANDDEEPSEA,ETC1,2THUSSEVERALIMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTTRENDSWITHDISTINCTTIMEFEATURESINMATERIALPROCESSINGDOMAINARESHAPEDUPASFOLLOWS1CREATINGMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEWITHEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELDFORPROCESSINGMATERIALWITHSPECIALTEXTURESTRUCTURESANDFUNCTIONSFOREXAMPLE,APPLICATIONSOFTHERMALENERGYANDMECHANICALENERGYAREBREAKINGTHROUGHUNCEASINGLYTECHNOLOGYLIMIT,ANDSOMENONTRADITIONENERGY,SUCHASMICROWAVE,CHEMICALENERGY,BIOENERGY,ETC,AREINTRODUCEDINTOMATERIALPROCESSINGPROCEDUREONEAFTERANOTHER,SOTHATSOMEMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINESWITHEXTRAORDINARYENERGYCIRCUMSTANCEAREPRODUCED2BREAKINGTHROUGHTRADITIONALPHYSICALLIMITSANDINTEGRATINGMELTING,SOLIDIFYING,PLASTICDEFORMATIONANDHEATTREATMENTTOOBTAINSPECIALFUNCTIONOFMATERIALANDCUTDOWNEXPENSES3FOREXAMPLE,NEARNETSHAPINGMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY,SUCHASFASTROLLING,SPRAYINGDEPOSITION,OVERPLASTICMOLDING,INJECTIONMOLDING,HIGHENERGYBEAM,ETC,ISAPPLIED?RECEIVEDDATE20030612FOUNDATIONITEMSUPPORTEDBYNATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINA59835170ANDSTATEKEYPROJECTOFFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHG1999064906BIOGRAPHYWANGAILUN1960,WASBORNINCHANGSHACITY,PROFESSOROFCOLLEGEOFMECHANICALRESEARCHAREAISMODERNMACHINEDESIGNTHEORYANDMAKINGSKILL,DYNAMICSOFMECHANICALANDELECTRONICSYSTEMINSTANTANEOUSLYANDTHUSDYNAMICINSTABILITYISRESULTEDINTHUSFOLLOWINGPROBLEMSCANBEPUTFORWARDMECHANISMOF?SPECTRECHATTER?AROSEFROMSTICKINGSLIDINGFRICTIONANDPARTIALHYDRODYNAMICLUBRICATIONINROLLINGINTERFACE,INSTABILITYCONDITIONANDMECHANISMOFCONSTRAINTBETWEENSMOOTHSURFACEANDROTATINGBODYUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFHIGHSPEED,HEAVYDUTYANDBOUNDARYLUBRICATION,LUBRICATIONFILMABSORPTIONMECHANISMANDPHYSICALCHEMISTRYBEHAVIOUROFINTERFACEOFUNCEASINGLYREGENERATIVESURFACE,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRHEOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICANDMACHINEOPERATIONPARAMETERS33MULTIBODYNONLINEARCONTACTMECHANISMUNDERTHECONDITIONOFEXTRAHIGHPRESSUREFIELDTOBUILDTHESUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELDONLARGEAREAISONEOFBASICFUNCTIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINE,ANDITISALSONECESSARYTOFORMBYONCELARGESIZESTRUCTUREELEMENTSUCHASSPACECRAFT,INTERCONTINENTALVEHICLES,CARANDLARGESCALEAEROPLANEETCTHEABILITYTOBUILDSUPERSTRONGPRESSUREFIELDISONEOFIMPORTANTFEATUREANDTHEBASEOFINDEPENDENTNATIONALDEFENSEUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFSUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELD,MULTIBODYSTRONGNONHERTZCONTACTANDNONLINEARFRICTIONWILLBEPRODUCED,THUSLOCALPERMANENTDEFORMATIONANDDEGRADINGOFELEMENTACCURACYMAYBELEDNEWTHEORYFOUNDATIONOFDESIGNOFMACHINEWITHSUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELDWILLBEFURNISHEDTHROUGHSTUDYOFMULTIBODYSTRONGNONHERTZCONTACTMECHANISM,MULTIBODYNONLINEARFRICTIONMECHANISMSUCHASPROVIDINGFORCEDISPLACEMENTMIXEDSOLVINGPROCESSOFTHREEDIMENSIONMULTIBODY34LOADDISTRIBUTIONLAWINMULTISLIDINGPAIRWITHSTRUCTUREBIASLOADWITHREGARDTOSTATICALLYINDETERMINATESTRUCTURE,LOADDISTRIBUTIONOFCONSTRAINTPOINTISDETERMINEDBYDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITIONHOWEVER,CONCERNINGSOMEPLANELARGESIZESTATICALLYINDETERMINATESTRUCTUREWITHSLIDINGDEGREEOFFREEDOMINTHIRDDIMENSION,LOADDISTRIBUTIONCANNOTBEDETERMINEDBYDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITIONTHUSNEWTHEORYBASISWILLBEPROVIDEDBYANALYZINGOFCONTACTBEHAVIOURANDMECHANISMOFSLIDINGPAIRSUCHASCREEP,FORCEOFFRICTION,INTEGRALDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITION,ETC35COUPLINGMECHANISMANDSTABILITYOFMULTIPHYSICALFIELDSINMATERIALPROCESSINGSYSTEMSINTHEWAKEOFSYSTEMFUNCTIONBECOMINGMOREANDMOREDIVERSIFIED,CONVENTIONALTECHNOLOGYLIMITSINMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEISBEINGBROKETHROUGHUNCEASINGLY,SYSTEMSTRUCTUREALSOBECOMESINCREASINGLYCOMPLICATED,ANDSYSTEMPERFORMANCEBECOMESINCREASINGLYMULTICAUSALFOREXAMPLE,ANYINSTANTANEOUSSTATEOFROLLERINFASTROLLINGMILLSISAFFECTEDBYELASTICDEFORMATION,PLASTICFLOW,HEATTRANSFERPROCESS,HYDRODYNAMICLUBRICATIONPROCESS,INTERFACEPHYSICALCHEMISTRYMOLECULARSTATEANDSOON5INADDITION,ELECTROMECHANICALCOUPLINGINPROCESSINGSYSTEMHAVEALREADYGONEBEYONDCONVENTIONALCONCEPT,FORINSTANCE,SOMESINGULARPOINTPHENOMENONSUCHASMICROVARIABLECANBETRANSFORMEDINTOMACROVARIABLE,AREPRESENT,THUSROLLEROPERATIONINSTABILITYMAYBELEDBYPERTURBATION8THEREFORE,THISSUBJECTWILLSTUDYTHEINTERACTIONMECHANISMOFMULTIPHYSICALFIELDANDTHEINFLUENCEONPROCESSINGSYSTEMSTABILITYANDPROCESSINGMATERIALQUALITYSTARTEDWITHANALYSISOFMICROSTATEOFEXECUTIVEBODY36MULTITECHNOLOGYINTEGRATIONANDCOALESCENCEOFACCURATECONTROLTHEMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINE,WHICHOPERATEUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELD,ISACOMPLICATEDLARGESCALESYSTEM,ANDSOMEPARAMETERSOFTHESYSTEMVARYONFEASIBLEFIELDBOUNDARYTHEREBY,TOKEEPUNDERACCURATECONTROLANDADJUSTMENTOFMULTIFIELDCIRCUMSTANCE,MULTIDIMENSIONCOORDINATION,MULTIENERGYCONVERSION,MULTILEVELINFORMATIONTRANSFER,INTERFACEMULTIPROCESSCOUPLING,ETCISOFMUCHSIGNIFICANCESINCEAVARIETYOFMULTIINTERACTIONEXISTSINCONTROLMODEL,ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHINTEGRATIONFRAMEWORKOFCOORDINATIONWORKACCORDINGTODECOUPLINGOFCONTROLMODEL,SOASTOACCURATECONTROLBASEDONTHEMULTITECHNOLOGYINTEGRATIONANDCOALESCENCEISREALIZED37QUASIREALITYDESIGNANDCONCURRENTDESIGNBASEDONKNOWLEDGEINNOVATIONSYSTEMSDIGITALIZATIONANDVISUALIZATIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYWILLPROMOTEIMMEDIATELYTHEQUALITYOFDESIGN,OPERATIONANDCONTROLTHEREFOREOPTIMIZATIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYANDMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEBYMEANSOFREALIZATIONOFVIRTUALSIMULATIONOFPROCESSINGPROCEDURETHROUGHQUASIREALITYDESIGNANDCONCURRENTDESIGNIS29第4期???????????王艾倫材料制備機械設(shè)計理論中的新趨勢和新問題

簡介：JM弗米利耶，CH肖爾茨/構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志21（1999）16231636中文中文9800字從小斷層的顯微構(gòu)造研究斷層的延伸和分離米弗米利耶，克里斯托福肖爾茨美國,紐約州10964號，哥倫比亞大學(xué)，寶馬山花園，拉蒙特多赫蒂地球天文臺1997122收稿1999512接受摘要自然形成的斷層通常是斷開的。對紐約阿爾斯特縣雄格姆山一個小脆性斷層微觀構(gòu)造的詳細研究提供了研究斷層分離過程新的理解。在脆性斷層中斷層的延伸方向可由斷層作用范圍內(nèi)形成的微裂隙的方位來確定。我們已經(jīng)確定沿走滑斷層若干部分斷層延伸的方向，這些方向指示了從分離中心到邊緣個別部分斷層的發(fā)育。這一信息，與已發(fā)現(xiàn)的斷層幾何形態(tài)相結(jié)合，可以讓我們重建一個近乎合理的分離斷層和分離邊界的發(fā)育史。ELSEVIER科技有限公司保留所有版權(quán)。1引言引言對斷層易碎部分的觀察揭示了它們是很復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，其中包括顯示不同連通程度部分（如西格爾和波拉德，1980,1983；馬特爾等，1988；皮科克，1991皮科克和桑德森，1991,1994；安德斯和SCHLISCHE，1994年TRUDGILL和卡特賴特，1994；卡特賴特等，1995；DAWERS和安德斯，1995）。雖然分離斷塊間應(yīng)力的相互作用已經(jīng)模擬出來了（如西格爾和波拉德，1980；伯格曼和波拉德，1994；伯格曼等，1994）并且在這一區(qū)域各部分邊界已經(jīng)被研究了（馬特爾等，1988年；安德斯和SCHLISCHE，1994；卡特賴特等，1995；哈金斯等，1995）但是對各部分形成的過程還沒有很好的認識。斷層的分離部分觀察到的分離的幾何形態(tài)可能是先存的分離部分或先存較大構(gòu)造的破裂造成的。斷層生長產(chǎn)生兩個變形區(qū)由斷層面和磨碎的巖石組成的斷層核部，以及被稱為破碎帶凱恩等，1996大量廣泛分布的變形區(qū)。這兩個變形區(qū)紀錄了補充斷層發(fā)育的證據(jù)。結(jié)合對變形帶和部分邊界的幾何形態(tài)的觀察可以重建斷層各部分形成的方式。斷層發(fā)育的研究通常利用到剪切裂隙來模擬斷層（如西格爾和波拉德，1980；科維和肖爾茨，1992；肖爾茨等，1993）。雖然裂隙（理想化彈性不連續(xù)的）與斷層區(qū)別顯著（巖石構(gòu)造的不連續(xù)，平行于不連續(xù)區(qū)的位移）但應(yīng)力與剪切裂縫和斷層相關(guān)領(lǐng)域類似（恩格爾德等，1993）。自然界斷層發(fā)育的實際模式必須區(qū)別于實驗室的觀察，因斷層不像裂隙，它不是簡單的沿破裂面延伸，而是由一個更為復(fù)雜的破JM弗米利耶，CH肖爾茨/構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志21（1999）16231636INGRAFFEA，1987；里奇斯舒和洛克納，1994；弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。過程區(qū)微裂隙形成于斷端線周圍的巖石中，并且隨著斷層的生長在其延伸前端處于活動狀態(tài)。其結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了圍繞斷層核心的連續(xù)過程區(qū)（弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。由于開放模式微裂隙在長度方向的生長平行于最大壓應(yīng)力的方向Δ1，擴張方向平行于最小壓應(yīng)力Δ3，它們的方位是當(dāng)?shù)刂鲬?yīng)力方向的重要指示。因此，過程區(qū)內(nèi)微裂隙的方位代表裂隙尖端應(yīng)力場的通道（弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。由斷層延伸引起的本地應(yīng)力場的改變可能導(dǎo)致過程區(qū)微裂隙不對稱分布（肖爾茨等，1993；安德斯和維爾奇科，1994；摩爾和洛克納，1995；弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。對于模式II（滑動，剪切位移）遠部最大壓應(yīng)力在裂隙尖端附近旋轉(zhuǎn)以使其與斷裂面在壓縮象限夾角變小，在拉伸象限夾角變大（圖1）。這樣產(chǎn)生了不對稱應(yīng)力貫穿整個裂隙面。這種不對稱感不僅依賴于滑移的感覺，而且也取決于裂隙從尖端到觀察點延伸的方向。對于右旋位移，從延伸的方向看，主應(yīng)力及相關(guān)微裂隙最大聚合處會在裂隙右手側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)至較大角度，在裂隙左手側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)至較小角度。圖1所示應(yīng)力的方向肖爾茨等（1993年）已計算出來，他們利用了科維和肖爾茨的斷層發(fā)育模型的壓力極限原理（科維和肖爾茨，1992），裂隙尖端應(yīng)力場附近彈性解（如勞恩和威爾肖，1975），及實證擴容壓力功能（肖爾茨，1968）。提出的假設(shè)是裂隙會出現(xiàn)在應(yīng)力超過臨界擴容壓力的所有點上。累計微裂隙密度，代表垂直斷層任意給定距離的斷端線的通道，它是通過融合平行于斷層的那個距離上整個斷端線應(yīng)力場來估計的，并乘以經(jīng)驗擴容壓力函數(shù)的最大壓力值。這些計算值預(yù)示微裂隙密度成對數(shù)遞減，作為與斷層面垂直距離的函數(shù)。應(yīng)力方向的不對稱性是伴隨著最小壓應(yīng)力值的不對稱及拉應(yīng)力象限較高拉應(yīng)力。這種不對稱微裂隙被稱為模式II鮮明特點，它們也能確定模式II斷層的眼神方向（弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。雖然模式II裂隙延伸應(yīng)力場的方向在整個裂隙面內(nèi)不對稱，但模式I和模式III裂隙的應(yīng)力方向是對稱的。因此，不能通過微裂隙方位的觀察簡單確定這些模式延伸的方向。對于所有模式周圍的遠程壓力在裂隙尖端被大大擴大了，這些高應(yīng)力尖端的通道預(yù)計可產(chǎn)生過程區(qū)，過程區(qū)在斷層延伸后仍處于活躍狀態(tài)（波拉德和西格爾，1987；弗米利耶和肖爾茨，1998）。巖石可能經(jīng)受的最高應(yīng)力會在斷層前端附近，恰好先于斷層；應(yīng)力集中產(chǎn)生的破壞可能超過斷層上隨后滑落產(chǎn)生的破壞，以上兩個預(yù)測都是合理的。實驗室中實驗的斷層發(fā)育已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了這種活躍的過程區(qū)，并用聲發(fā)射原理確認預(yù)測的延伸方向（洛克納等，1992；里奇斯舒和洛克納，1994年；摩爾和洛克納，1995）。隨著剪切面上滑移的增加，可形成一層由細粒斷層泥或碎裂巖組成的巖石。斷層巖芯（凱恩等，1996）由斷層面上的滑移磨碎形成的碎屑累積組成。由于斷層泥區(qū)的厚度通常隨著斷層位移的增加而增加（肖爾茨，1987；赫爾，1988），通過對比，我們可以推測隨著滑移從末端到斷層中心的增加其核心的厚度也增加。如果是這種情況，厚度最大的核心位置可能指示滑移的起始位置。這提供了免費的信息，可用于驗證由過程區(qū)研究決定的延伸方向。這項研究提供了過程區(qū)及和分離的易碎斷層有關(guān)的斷層核心的觀察信息。過程

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簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEANINTEGRATEDSYSTEMFORULTRAPRECISIONMACHINETOOLDESIGNINCONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEWANQUNCHEN1THEREFORE,ITISCRITICALTHATTHESUITABLECONCEPTOFTHESTRUCTUREISCHOSENINTHECONCEPTUALANDFUNDAMENTALDESIGNSTAGEPROCESSBECAUSE80OFTHEFINALCOSTANDQUALITYOFAPRODUCTAREDESIGNEDINTHISPHASE10,11THEREFORE,TODESIGNASUITABLEMACHINETOOLSTRUCTUREWITHHIGHSTATIC,DYNAMIC,ANDTHERMALFEATURESISVERYESSENTIALINORDERTOEVALUATETHECONFIGURATIONOFMACHINETOOLS,KONOETAL12DEVELOPEDTHEIWFAXISCONSTRUCTIONKITACK,WHICHCANREALIZETHERIGIDBODYSIMULATIONSANDSIMPLEELASTICBODYSIMULATIONSOFTHEMACHINETOOLERSALETAL13PROPOSEDAMODULARMODELINGAPPROACHFORTHEDESIGNOFRECONFIGURABLEMACHINETOOLSRMTTHESEMODELSCANBEUSEDFORTHEEVALUATION,DESIGN,ANDCONTROLOFTHERMTSERVOAXESPARKANDSOHN14DEVELOPEDANINTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFORSTRUCTURALDESIGNOFMACHINETOOLSTHESYSTEMISAKNOWLEDGEBASEDDESIGNSYSTEMANDHASTHREEMACHINETOOLSPECIFICFUNCTIONALMODULES,INCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWINGCONFIGURATIONDESIGNANDANALYSIS,STRUCTURALELEMENTDESIGN,ANDSTRUCTURALANALYSISSUPPORTMODULETHESYSTEMMAKESTHEMACHINESTRUCTUREDESIGNQUICKLYANDCONVENIENTLYWOONGETAL15DEVELOPEDANINTELLIGENTSOFTWARESYSTEMWHICHCANSUPPORTEFFICIENTLYANDWANQUNCHENCHWQHITEDUCN1CENTERFORPRECISIONENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFDESIGN,MANUFACTURE2?NDTD1TWIJKIISTHEINTEGRATEDRATINGFOROPERATIONFACTORXIINAPARTICULARVALUEOFJFIG2INTEGRATEDDESIGNSYSTEMFIG3THECONFIGURATIONSELECTIONNETWORKINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL

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簡介：MODELINGANDPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONOFGROUNDSOURCEGEOTHERMALHEATPUMPSYSTEMSONDEROZGENERA,ARIFHEPBASLIB,ASOLARENERGYINSTITUTE,EGEUNIVERSITY,35100BORNOVA,IZMIR,TURKEYBDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,EGEUNIVERSITY,35100BORNOVA,IZMIR,TURKEYRECEIVED6DECEMBER2005RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23APRIL2006ACCEPTED30APRIL2006ABSTRACTTHISSTUDYDEALSWITHTHEENERGETICANDEXERGETICMODELINGOFGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPGSHPSYSTEMSFORTHESYSTEMANALYSISANDPERFORMANCEASSESSMENTTHEANALYSISCOVERSTWOVARIOUSGSHPS,NAMELYASOLARASSISTEDVERTICALGSHPANDHORIZONTALGSHPTHEPERFORMANCESOFBOTHGSHPSYSTEMSAREEVALUATEDUSINGENERGYANDEXERGYANALYSISMETHODBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAENERGYANDEXERGYSPECIFICATIONSAREALSOPRESENTEDINTABLESSOMETHERMODYNAMICPARAMETERS,SUCHASFUELDEPLETIONRATIO,RELATIVEIRREVERSIBILITY,PRODUCTIVITYLACKANDEXERGETICFACTOR,AREINVESTIGATEDFORBOTHSYSTEMSTHERESULTSOBTAINEDAREDISCUSSEDINTERMSOFENERGETICANDEXERGETICASPECTSTHEVALUESFORCOPHPRANGEDFROM312TO364,WHILETHOSEFORCOPSYSVARIEDBETWEEN272AND343THEEXERGYEFFICIENCYPEAKVALUESFORBOTHWHOLESYSTEMSONAPRODUCT/FUELBASISWEREINTHERANGEOF807AND8613ITISEXPECTEDTHATTHEMODELPRESENTEDHEREWOULDBEBENEFICIALTOEVERYONEDEALINGWITHTHEDESIGN,SIMULATIONANDTESTINGOFGSHPSYSTEMS2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSBUILDINGENERGYEXERGYEXERGYANALYSISGEOTHERMALENERGYGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPRENEWABLEENERGY1INTRODUCTIONGROUNDCOUPLEDHEATPUMPSYSTEMSAREINCREASINGLYDEPLOYEDFORHEATINGANDAIRCONDITIONINGINCOMMERCIALANDINSTITUTIONALBUILDINGSASWELLASINRESIDENTIALONESTHESESYSTEMSCONSISTOFASEALEDLOOPOFPIPE,BURIEDINTHEGROUNDANDCONNECTEDTOAHEATPUMPTHROUGHWHICHWATER/ANTIFREEZEISCIRCULATEDFORTHEGROUNDLOOPHEATEXCHANGERS,VERTICALBOREHOLECONFIGURATIONISUSUALLYPREFERREDOVERHORIZONTALTRENCHSYSTEMSBECAUSELESSGROUNDAREASAREREQUIREDTHEVERTICALGROUNDHEATEXCHANGERCONSISTSOFANUMBEROFBOREHOLES,EACHCONTAININGAUTUBEPIPETHEDEPTHOFTHEBOREHOLERANGESUSUALLYBETWEEN40AND150M,ANDTHEDIAMETER0075–015MTHEBOREHOLEANNULUSSHOULDBEGROUTEDWITHMATERIALSTHATPROVIDETHERMALCONTACTBETWEENTHEPIPEANDTHESURROUNDINGSOIL/ROCKANDTOPROTECTGROUNDWATERFROMPOSSIBLECONTAMINATIONTHEEFFICIENCYOFGSHPSYSTEMSAREINHERENTLYHIGHERTHANTHATOFAIRSOURCEHEATPUMPSBECAUSETHEGROUNDMAINTAINSARELATIVELYSTABLESOURCE/SINKTEMPERATURE1,2THEUSEOFGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPSGSHPSINCOMMERCIALANDRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSISATREMENDOUSEXAMPLEAGSHPUTILIZESTHEGROUNDASAHEATSOURCEINHEATINGANDAHEATSINKINCOOLINGMODEOPERATIONINTHEHEATINGMODE,AGSHPABSORBSHEATFROMTHEGROUNDANDUSESITTOHEATTHEHOUSEORBUILDINGINTHECOOLINGMODE,HEATISABSORBEDFROMTHECONDITIONEDSPACEANDTRANSFERREDTOTHEEARTHTHROUGHITSGROUNDHEATEXCHANGERGSHPSAREANEFFICIENTALTERNATIVETOCONVENTIONALMETHODSOFCONDITIONINGHOMESBECAUSETHEYUTILIZETHEGROUNDASANENERGYSOURCEORSINKINSTEADOFUSINGTHEAMBIENTAIRTHEGROUNDISATHERMALLYMORESTABLEHEATEXCHANGEMEDIUMTHANAIR,ESSENTIALLYUNLIMITEDANDALWAYSAVAILABLETHEGSHPSEXCHANGEHEATWITHTHEGROUND,ANDMAINTAINAHIGHLEVELOFPERFORMANCEEVENINCOLDERCLIMATESTHEGROUNDHEATEXCHANGERUSEDINCONJUNCTIONWITHACLOSEDLOOPGSHPSYSTEMCONSISTSOFASYSTEMOFLONGPLASTICPIPESBURIEDVERTICALLYORHORIZONTALLYINTHEGROUND1–4INACOMPREHENSIVESTUDYPERFORMEDBYLUNDETAL5,ITISREPORTEDTHATGSHPSHAVETHELARGESTENERGYUSEANDINSTALLEDCAPACITYACCORDINGTOTHE2005DATA,ACCOUNTINGFOR544ANDWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENBUILDENERGYANDBUILDINGS39200766–75CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL902323434000X5124FAX902323888562EMAILADDRESSESONDEROZGENEREGEEDUTROOZGENER,ARIFHEPBASLIEGEEDUTRAHEPBASLI03787788/–SEEFRONTMATTER2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENBUILD200604019ETHYLGLYCOLMIXTUREBYWEIGHTWASPREPAREDTHEREFRIGERANTCIRCUITWASBUILTONTHECLOSEDLOOPCOPPERTUBINGTHEWORKINGFLUIDISR22THESOLARASSISTEDGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPSYSTEMSTUDIEDWASINSTALLEDATSOLARENERGYINSTITUTEOFEGEUNIVERSITYLATITUDE388240N,LONGITUDE278500E,IZMIR,TURKEY22GROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPSYSTEMIITHEGSHPSYSTEMIITHEORETICALLYDESIGNEDASSHOWNINFIG2SOMESIMILARAPPLICATIONSOFTHESESYSTEMSAREAVAILABLEINTHELITERATUREEG4,13ITWILLHEATANDCOOLAOOZGENER,AHEPBASLI/ENERGYANDBUILDINGS39200766–7568FIG1SCHEMATICOFTHESOLARASSISTEDGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPSYSTEM8–10TABLE1MEASUREDPARAMETERSALONGWITHTHEIRTOTALUNCERTAINTIESOFTHEGROUNDSOURCEHEATPUMPSYSTEMIINAVERAGE8–10ITEMNOMINALVALUEUNITTOTALUNCERTAINTYAVERAGEMAXIMUMENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFALLSYSTEM1335KW?102AVERAGEPOWERINPUTTOTHECOMPRESSOR0806KW?102POWERINPUTTOEACHONEOFTHEBRINEANDWATERCIRCULATINGPUMPS0030KW?102TOTALPOWERINPUTTOTHEFANOFTHEFANCOILUNIT0048KW?102CURRENTOFANTIFREEZESOLUTIONCIRCULATINGPUMPATTHEGROUNDHEATEXCHANGERSIDE033A?102CURRENTOFTHEWATERCIRCULATINGPUMPATTHEFANCOILSIDE033A?102MAXIMUMPHASETOPHASEVOLTAGEVLL407V?102AVERAGE/MAXIMUMPHASEVOLTAGESV/VLN220/232V?102AVERAGEPHASETOPHASEVOLTAGE380V?102TOTALMAXIMUMCURRENTSA493A?102FREQUENCYHZ50HZ?102AVERAGEPOWERFACTORCOSC080DIMENSIONLESS?102AVERAGEEVAPORATION/CONDENSATIONLOW/HIGHPRESSURES0425/28MPA?332AVERAGEEVAPORATING/CONDENSINGTEMPERATURES?3/66758C?333TEMPERATURESOFWATERATTHEINLETANDOUTLETOFGROUNDHEATEXCHANGER91/12368C?159AVERAGETEMPERATUREOFWATERATSOLARCOLLECTOROUTLET13018C?159SUPPLY/RETURNWATERTEMPERATURESOFTHEFANCOILUNIT52/428C?159VOLUMETRICFLOWRATESOFTHEBRINE/REFRIGERANT00002/00186?10?3M3/S?301/?150OUTDOOR/SOLARCOLLECTORSURFACETEMPERATURES0/108C?159OUTDOOR/LABORATORYINSIDEDESIGNRELATIVEHUMIDITIES6047/43?102SOLARRADIATIONOUTSIDETHELABORATORY13859W/M?080WINDVELOCITYATAHEIGHTOF12M339M/S?200LENGTHWIDTHOFTHECOLLECTOR194094M?151