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簡介：本科學生畢業(yè)論文本科學生畢業(yè)論文題目淺析企業(yè)文化在人力資源管理中的影響以有限公司為例學院經(jīng)濟管理學院專業(yè)工商管理學生姓名學號指導教師職稱副教授論文字數(shù)5890完成日期2011年4月12日2重4（二）人力資源管理模式落后4（三）未對人力資本進行文化定位4（四）員工價值觀與企業(yè)價值觀相偏離4四、針對當前存在的問題提出的對策和建議5（一）建立完善的員工招聘和培訓體系5（二）將企業(yè)文化引入績效管理和薪酬體系5（三）著眼于人力資本進行文化定位5（四）樹立共同的價值觀6結(jié)束語6參考文獻6致謝7

簡介：附件附件1外文翻譯譯文外文翻譯譯文戰(zhàn)略財務管理在中小企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略財務管理在中小企業(yè)劉鐘勝2010年2月該篇文章來源于JEL分類代碼G11號G23號摘要隨著社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和科學技術的進步,中國的企業(yè)在一個充滿機會和危險的階段。介紹了安全管理的含義和意義戰(zhàn)略財務管理中存在的問題,闡述了財務策略進行小中型企業(yè)一起,最后提出了一些對策和原因。關鍵詞中小企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略財務管理、問題、對策一個企業(yè)的不確定性的金融環(huán)境其財務活動充滿風險。除了機會,有許多的危險從時間,以時間,其財務管理。因此,它已經(jīng)成為了成功的關鍵一個企業(yè)的財務管理是否能跟蹤的趨勢變化什么是有用的吸收。應當拒絕接受什么是有害的。戰(zhàn)略管理思想是非常重要的在企業(yè)的財務管理,因為我們必須努力去分析和把握一般環(huán)境和發(fā)展一個企業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢,從而提高適應能力、可變性和適用性的金融中心管理不確定環(huán)境。目前,中小企業(yè)在100年通過了工商登記、以企業(yè)總數(shù)的90。因此,其戰(zhàn)略財務管理是特別重要的,這也是本論文的主題。1簡介簡介戰(zhàn)略性的財務管理是財務管理理論,根據(jù)該融資應該的在最適當?shù)姆绞竭M行,采集到的資本必須利用和管理的最有效的方式雖然企業(yè)和決策和利潤分配應該最合理。根據(jù)其內(nèi)涵,總結(jié)三個主要內(nèi)容的戰(zhàn)略財務管理,包括融資策略,投資戰(zhàn)略和利潤分配決策策略。詳情如下融資策略戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境分析既是財務策略的基礎和保障實施。它包括內(nèi)部和外部環(huán)境分析與前者的存在內(nèi)部基礎和實施依據(jù)建立的財務策略。目前,很多中小企業(yè)沒有實現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境的重要性,建立和推行的金融戰(zhàn)略和因此未能有適當?shù)姆治?特別是其戰(zhàn)略金融環(huán)境的內(nèi)部環(huán)境。作為一個結(jié)果,它們不現(xiàn)實的和不合理的策略有限制的有效實施他們的財政策略。2323出資的角色戰(zhàn)略性的財務預算執(zhí)行出資的角色戰(zhàn)略性的財務預算執(zhí)行預算中所起的作用主要對戰(zhàn)略性的財務執(zhí)行兩個方面。首先,它進一步闡明指定的戰(zhàn)略財務觀念,被理解,而所有的人員進行。預算可以幫助分戰(zhàn)略目標企業(yè)的每一個部分,甚至每一位員工。另外,當執(zhí)行某項任務聯(lián)合所有部分一個所有的雇員將有更好的合作與交流,與對方。第二,預算還提供了一個標準,一個企業(yè)的日常操作和性能。與定量金融在預算目標確定、實際實現(xiàn)與預算,以揭示它們之間的目標和現(xiàn)實,采取有效的對策?，F(xiàn)在,大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)在中國沒有系統(tǒng)、完整的預算制度由銷售預算、生產(chǎn)成本預算,一般間接成本預算,損失和費用預算及現(xiàn)金預算等等。即使一些有這樣的系統(tǒng),其缺乏小心預算行,嚴格執(zhí)行預算的作用以及財務策略的實施。2424企業(yè)的財務管理中存在的問題企業(yè)的財務管理中存在的問題現(xiàn)在,一些問題,中小企業(yè)的財務管理也制約了建立和他們的財務策略的實施。存在的主要問題的建議如下。過時的想法,不清楚職責分工和混亂的管理。企業(yè)不知道”的企業(yè)管理應以財務管理為基礎,并應在財務管理中心資本管理企業(yè)家和財務人員的缺乏科學的、先進的財務觀念包括時間值、風險價值,邊際成本、機會成本和認識不足有關經(jīng)濟管理的理論和方法導致職責分工不明,混亂的管理,無能的監(jiān)控、虛假會計信息等。大量財務計算,包括簡化會計程序,保持重開帳戶除了授權,采用不規(guī)則檢查性質(zhì)和現(xiàn)金,沒有定期檢查他們的銀行存款、債權債務導致他們的賬實不符和物品或資金,有前途的獎金和盲目逃稅發(fā)放獎金在納稅。融資困難,主要體現(xiàn)在渠道和規(guī)模不足融資渠道無序融資的命令。目前,大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)面臨極大的困難,獲得短期貸款,更不用說長遠的問題。81的企業(yè)沒有足夠的流動資金等。時間的貸款的時間越長,他們真的可以利用較少的錢從他們的貸款。一項調(diào)查顯示,605的企業(yè)沒有得到長期的貸款,在那些能真正得到這樣

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題COSTMANAGEMENT,ENTREPRENEURSHIPANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESFORSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISES外文作者AMIRAZRIYAH，AUZAIRSOFIAHMD，AMIRUDDINROZITA文獻出處PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES21920188490如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3866單詞，26935字符字符就是印刷符，中文6090漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）COSTMANAGEMENT,ENTREPRENEURSHIPANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESFORSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,WEEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESOFSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESSMESBASEDONRESOURCEBASEDVIEWTHEORY,WEARGUETHATCOSTMANAGEMENTISANIMPORTANTRESOURCETODEVELOPCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESOFSMESTHISPAPERPOSITSTHATTHEREISAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESOFSMESQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYSWEREMAILEDTOEITHEROWNERSORSENIORMANAGEMENTOFSMESINMALAYSIATHISSTUDYAPPLIESFACTORANALYSISANDREGRESSIONTOTESTTHEHYPOTHESESCONSISTENTWITHPREVIOUSRESEARCH,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYPROVIDEEVIDENCETHATCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESISPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHSMECOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESAFURTHERANALYSISDEMONSTRATESTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDSMES’COMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESISMEDIATEDBYENTREPRENEURSHIPCAPABILITIESTHISSTUDYCONTRIBUTESTOTHELITERATUREONRESOURCEBASEDVIEWBYEXTENDINGTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFINTEGRATEDEFFECTSOFCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDENTREPRENEURSHIPONCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESINTERMSOFPRACTICALCONTRIBUTION,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYCANBEUSEDBYREGULATORS,POLICYMAKERSANDSMES’OWNERSINDEVELOPINGTHERIGHTRESOURCESTOENHANCETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFSMES’STRATEGICPRIORITIESCOULDASSISTORGANIZATIONSTOACHIEVECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESANDCREATEMARKETDIFFERENTIATIONENTREPRENEURSHIPCAPABILITIESWILLALSOAFFECTTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFMANAGEMENTPRACTICESOFSMESATESETAL,2013MOHDNIZAM2012THUS,THESECONDOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYISTOEXAMINEWHETHERTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDSMES’COMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESCANBEMEDIATEDBYENTREPRENEURSHIPCAPABILITIESQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYSWEREMAILEDTOEITHEROWNERSORSENIORMANAGEMENTOFSMESRESPONDENTSARESELECTEDRANDOMLYFROMSMECORPLISTINGWEPERFORMFACTORANALYSESTOSCALEDOWNOURQUESTIONNAIREITEMSINTOVARIABLESANDREGRESSIONANALYSESTOTESTTHEHYPOTHESESTHISSTUDYALSOUSEDTHEMACROANALYSISINSPSSWHICHISPROCESSMACROINTRODUCEDBYHAYES2013THISSTUDYCONTRIBUTESTORESOURCEBASEDTHEORYBYTESTINGTHEROLEOFCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESTOACHIEVESMES’COMPETITIVEADVANTAGESWEALSOCONSIDERENTREPRENEURSHIPCAPABILITIESASTHEMEDIATINGROLEINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESOURSTUDYPROVIDEUNIQUEEVIDENCEONTHEROLEOFCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESINSMESENVIRONMENTINACHIEVINGCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESINCOMPARISONTOPRIORSTUDIESTHATAREONLYEVIDENCEDINLARGERFIRMSTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSFIRSTWEPROVIDETHEBACKGROUNDLITERATURESECOND,WEDESCRIBETHERESOURCEBASEDVIEWTHEORYANDDEVELOPTHEHYPOTHESESTHIRD,WEPRESENTTHEEMPIRICALANALYSISANDFINALLY,WEPROVIDESOMECONCLUDINGREMARKS2LITERATUREREVIEW21SMECOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESREFERSTOTHECOMPETITIONBETWEENSTRATEGICPRIORITIESINMEETINGCUSTOMERREQUIREMENTSANDCOSTMANAGEMENTEFFICIENCYCOMPETITIVENESSOFSTRATEGICPRIORITIESCANALSOBEREFERREDASTHESUCCESSFULOUTCOMEOFTHESTRATEGICPRIORITIESTHATBASEDONTHESTRATEGICPRIORITIESOFTHECOMPETITIONOFTHEFIRMCHENHALL,2005ACCORDINGTOMILLERETAL1992,STRATEGICPRIORITIESDEPENDSONTHEPRODUCTFEATURESWHICHISCOMBINATIONOFCOSTLEADERSHIPSTRATEGIESANDDIFFERENTIATIONSTRATEGIESPRODUCTDIFFERENTIATIONSTRATEGYISFOCUSINGONSTRATEGIESTHAT

簡介：2012屆本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯題目名稱題目名稱SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR中文題目中文題目中小企業(yè)招聘中的技能短缺來源來源GERALDVINTEN,1998“SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR“,CAREERDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL,VOL3ISS6,PP238242英文原文英文原文TITLESKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTORAUTHORSGERALDVINTEN,SOUTHAMPTONBUSINESSSCHOOL,SOUTHAMPTON,UKCITATIONGERALDVINTEN,1998“SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR“,CAREERDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL,VOL3ISS6,PP238242KEYWORDSHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT,JOBEVALUATION,RECRUITMENT,REMUNERATION,SMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,TRAININGARTICLETYPERESEARCHPAPERDOI101108/13620439810234491PERMANENTURLPUBLISHERMCBUPLTDABSTRACTSKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTISANAREAOFUNDENIABLEIMPORTANCETOTHESMESECTORANDACHALLENGEFORHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTTHISARTICLEREPORTSONTHEFINDINGSFROMASTUDYOFPEOPLEMANAGEMENTINOVER300ORGANIZATIONSEMPLOYINGTYPICALLYBETWEEN20AND200PEOPLEITAIMSTOPROVIDEACLEARUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWBOTHLARGERANDSMALLERSMESRECRUITANDSELECTSTAFFITFINDSTHATTHESMESMAYHAVESOMEADVANTAGESINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYCANUSEFLEXIBLEWORKINGPATTERNSALARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESUSEPARTTIMEWORKERS,JOBSHARINGANDCONTRACTINGOUTHOWEVER,FULLTIMEWORKINGISSTILLTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFEMPLOYMENTTHEARTICLEREPORTSTHATTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFORESTABLISHINGPAYLEVELSWITHINSMESISTHEVALUEOFTHEJOBTOTHEORGANIZATION,ANDTHEABILITIESORSKILLSOFTHENEWEMPLOYEEMOSTRESPONDENTSTOTHISSURVEYFELTTHATTHEYHADNOSKILLSSHORTAGEPROBLEMINTRODUCTIONTHEINSTITUTEOFPERSONNELANDDEVELOPMENTIPDLAUNCHEDAMAJORINITIATIVE“MANAGINGPEOPLETHECHANGINGFRONTIERS“,TOINVESTIGATETHEKEYISSUESFACINGPERSONNELMANAGEMENTTHEIPDHASRECOGNIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESINWORKINGPATTERNSTHEPATTERNSOFWORKING,METHODSUSEDTORECRUITANDFACTORSTAKENINTOACCOUNTTOFIXPAYLEVELSWHENRECRUITINGWERECONSIDEREDINTHEQUESTIONNAIREALARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESNOWUSEPARTTIMEWORKERS,JOBSHARINGANDACONSIDERABLENUMBERUSECONTRACTINGOUTHOWEVER,FULLTIMEWORKINGWASSTILLTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFEMPLOYMENTSMALLERORGANIZATIONSTENDTORELYONLOCALADVERTISEMENTSANDPERSONALRECOMMENDATIONSTORECRUITNEWSTAFFSOMEUSEISALSOMADEOFRECRUITMENTAGENCIESNOTSURPRISINGLYLITTLEUSEWASREPORTEDOFNATIONALADVERTISEMENTSAMONGRESPONDENTSWITHDEDICATEDPERSONNELSTAFF,46PERCENTSAIDTHEYWOULDNOTCONSULTAPERSONNELSPECIALISTFORTHERECRUITMENTOFSTAFFVIRTUALLYALLORGANIZATIONSUSEDPERSONALREFERENCESWHENSELECTINGSTAFFHOWEVER,WHILEAPPLICATIONFORMSAREAPOPULARSELECTIONTOOL,THEYARENOTUSEDBYALLORGANIZATIONS–11PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSREPORTEDNOTUSINGTHEMATALLPSYCHOMETRICTESTSWEREUSEDBY17PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSAND29PERCENTUSEDPERSONALITYASSESSMENTSONATLEASTSOMEOCCASIONSJOBSAMPLESORAPTITUDETESTSWEREUSEDBY35PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSSURVEYEDTHOSERESPONDENTSWITHPERSONNELTRAININGWERENOTICEABLYMORELIKELYTOUSEPSYCHOMETRICTESTSORPERSONALITYASSESSMENTSHOWEVER,THEYWEREUSEDASAREGULARPARTOFSELECTIONONLYINABOUT1IN10CASESTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFORESTABLISHINGPAYLEVELSWASSHOWNTOBETHEVALUEOFTHEJOBTOTHEORGANIZATION,ANDTHEABILITIESORSKILLSOFTHENEWPERSONCOMPARISONWITHSALARIESPAIDTOOTHERSINTHEINDUSTRYWASALSOUSED,BUTLESSOFTENINCONTRASTWITHPRACTICEINLARGERORGANIZATIONS,PREVIOUSPAYLEVELSOFTHENEWPERSONANDTHEPREVIOUSINCUMBENTWERECONSIDEREDUNIMPORTANTINSMALLERORGANIZATIONSTHEMAJORITYOFRESPONDENTSTOTHEINTERVIEWSFELTTHATTHEYHADNOSKILLSSHORTAGEPROBLEMREASONSGIVENFORTHISVARIEDFROMRETAININGANDRETRAININGEXISTINGSTAFF,TOTHEEXISTENCEOFALARGESKILLSPOOLDUEINMANYCASESTOTHELASTFEWYEARSOFRECESSIONNOPROBLEM–AFTERTHERECESSIONTHEREAREPLENTYOFPEOPLEWITHTHESKILLSWENEEDLOOKINGFORWORKPERSONNELMANAGER–CONSTRUCTIONBASEDBUSINESS

簡介：畢業(yè)設計（論計（論文）文）設計（論文）題目設計（論文）題目淺談如何加強企業(yè)應收賬款的管理2011年9月14日236建立壞賬準備金制度，提高企業(yè)承擔壞賬風險的能力1137發(fā)揮會計監(jiān)督作用，及時掌握應收賬款的變化情況1138加大清欠力度，利用法律武器依法保護企業(yè)權益124合理制定方針策略1241制訂合理的信用政策1242加強銷售、財務的監(jiān)管1343建立完善經(jīng)銷商的評估制度1344應建立完善的應收賬款管理制度14441加強管理與監(jiān)控職能部門15442建立健全公司機構內(nèi)部監(jiān)控制度155結(jié)束語15參考文獻17致謝18

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題FINANCIALRISKIDENTIFICATIONANDCONTROLOFCROSSBORDERMERGERANDACQUISITIONENTERPRISES外文作者ADELINADUMITRESCU–PECULEA文獻出處AUDITFINANCIAR,XIV,NR12144/2019,13681377如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文4269單詞，28056字符字符就是印刷符，中文6814漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）FINANCIALRISKIDENTIFICATIONANDCONTROLOFCROSSBORDERMERGERANDACQUISITIONENTERPRISESABSTRACTMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSMCHENCHUANXING,2014FROMTHEABOVEITCANBENOTICEDTHATTHEEXISTINGRESEARCHEMPHASIZESTHETHEORETICALSTUDYOFTHEFINANCIALRISKS,FROMTHEPERSPECTIVESOFPRICING,FINANCING,PAYINGANDINTEGRATIONSPECIFICEMPIRICALANALYSESOFFINANCIALRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHCROSSBORDERMA,BASEDONCOMBININGQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEMETHODSARERELATIVELYRAREBESIDES,THEPRECAUTIONARYMEASURESTOCONTROLTHEFINANCIALRISKSAREMEREGENERALSUGGESTIONS,THEINTEGRATEDANDOPERABLEMEASURESARESTILLNOTCLEARTHEREFORE,THISPAPERANALYSESTHEFINANCIALRISKOFCROSSBORDERMATHROUGHACASESTUDYSPECIFICALLY,ITANALYSESTHEMERGEROFBOHAILEASINGLTDWITHSEACOLTDONSEPTEMBER27,2013,ITOFFERSSUGGESTIONSTOCONTROLTHEFINANCIALRISKSANDPROVIDESALEARNINGEXPERIENCEFORCROSSBORDERACQUIRERS

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題AFIELDSTUDYOFNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSINDUSTRYPRACTICESANDSTRATEGICINSIGHTS外文作者JBRUCETRACEY，TIMOTHYRHINKIN，MICHAELKINGRA，JONATHANTAYLOR文獻出處CORNELLHOSPITALITYQUARTERLY2019,VOL564345–354如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文4311單詞，29036字符字符就是印刷符，中文6426漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）AFIELDSTUDYOFNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSINDUSTRYPRACTICESANDSTRATEGICINSIGHTSABSTRACTGIVENTHEIMPORTANCEOFWELLDESIGNEDANDWELLEXECUTEDTRAININGPROGRAMS,ITISIMPORTANTTOLEARNMOREABOUTTHECONTENTANDDESIGNOFEFFECTIVETRAININGPROGRAMSFORNEWEMPLOYEES,PARTICULARLYTHOSETHATHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDINTHEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYTHROUGHAFIELDSTUDYASSESSMENTOFPREOPENINGTRAININGPROGRAMSTHATHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDBYFIFTEENHOTELFIRMSANDSIXTEENRESTAURANTCOMPANIES,WEFOUNDTHATHOTELSANDRESTAURANTSSPENDAPPROXIMATELYTHESAMETIMEONPREOPENINGTRAININGFORNEWSTAFF,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFRESTAURANTMANAGERS,WHORECEIVESIGNIFICANTLYMOREDAYSOFTRAININGTHANDOTHEIRHOTELCOUNTERPARTSINADDITION,THEREWERESUBSTANTIVEDIFFERENCESINTHEAMOUNTOFPREOPENINGTRAININGBASEDONFIRMSIZEANDWHETHERTHECOMPANYWASPUBLICLYTRADEDORPRIVATELYHELDWEALSOFOUNDTHATTHEMAJORITYOFPREOPENINGTRAININGISDESIGNEDANDDELIVEREDBYCORPORATESTAFF,ANDABALANCEOFACTIVEANDPASSIVETRAININGMETHODSAREUSEDFORFACILITATIONFINALLY,ALTHOUGHOURSURVEYMETHODOLOGYDIDNOTALLOWUSTODETERMINETHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHPREOPENINGTRAININGANDTHEREFORETHERETURNONTHESEEFFORTS,WENOTEDTHATTHEFIRMSUSEDGUESTSATISFACTIONMEASURESANDMEASUREDTHEEMPLOYEES’CONTENTMASTERY,AMONGOTHERMETRICSREQUISITEATTITUDES,BEHAVIOR,ANDKNOWLEDGEDURINGTHEINITIALSTAGESOFEMPLOYMENTVANMAANENANDSCHEIN1979HOWEVER,THEEMPIRICALFINDINGSAREAGAINQUITELIMITEDCFCABLEANDPARSONS2001ANDDONOTPROVIDEMUCHINSIGHTREGARDINGCONTENTORDESIGNRELATEDFEATURESTHATCANORSHOULDBEINCLUDEDINNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSSIMILARLY,WHILEAFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDSOCIALIZATIONANDNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGINHOSPITALITYCONTEXTSEG,YANG2009YOUNGANDLUNDBERG1996,THEFOCUSHASBEENPRIMARILYONEMPLOYEEPERCEPTIONSREGARDINGTHEIRINITIALTRAININGEXPERIENCESINTHATREGARD,SIMILARTORESEARCHONSOCIALIZATION,THESEFINDINGSDONOTPROVIDEANYSUBSTANTIVEPRESCRIPTIONCONCEPTUALLYORPRACTICALLYREGARDINGPROGRAMCONTENTANDDESIGNMOREOVER,ANEXHAUSTIVESEARCHOFTHEHOSPITALITYRESEARCHLITERATUREFAILEDTOREVEALANYDETAILSREGARDINGTHECONTENTORDESIGNOFNEWEMPLOYEEPROGRAMSFINALLY,WECOULDNOTIDENTIFYANYSTUDIESTHATHAVEEXAMINEDTHEWAYSINWHICHNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSMAYACCOUNTFORORADAPTTOTHEDYNAMICNATUREOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTHISISAPARTICULARLYSALIENTGAP,ESPECIALLYINLIGHTOFTHEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRY’SCHANGEORIENTEDANDCOMPETITIVENATURECFENZ2010THEREFORE,THEOBJECTIVESOFTHISEXPLORATORYSTUDYARETWOFOLD1TOIDENTIFYTHEKEYCONTENT,DESIGN,ANDIMPLEMENTATIONFEATURESASSOCIATEDWITHARGUABLYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTYPESOFHOSPITALITYTRAININGPREOPENINGTRAININGFORNEWEMPLOYEES,AND2TOENHANCEOURUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHEWAYSINWHICHSUCHTRAININGPROGRAMSMAYBEADAPTIVETOACCOUNTFORTHEDYNAMICNATUREOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALWORKSETTINGSWEWILLBEGINBYPRESENTINGABRIEFOVERVIEWOFTHECHARACTERISTICSTHATAREASSOCIATEDWITHEFFECTIVETRAININGPROGRAMSWEWILLTHENPRESENTANANALYSISOFTHERECENTRESEARCHONHRFLEXIBILITY,WHICHPROVIDESSOMEINSIGHTSABOUTTHEADAPTIVENATUREOFTHEHRSYSTEMCOMPONENTS,INCLUDINGNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSNEXT,WEPRESENTTHERESULTSFROMACASESTUDYTHATEXAMINESNEWEMPLOYEETRAININGPROGRAMSTHATHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDBYASAMPLEOFTHIRTYONE“MOSTADMIRED”HOTELANDRESTAURANTCOMPANIESWECONCLUDEWITHADISCUSSIONABOUTTHEWAYSINWHICHLEARNINGANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMSCANBEDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDTOMAXIMIZEIMPACTANDACCOUNTFORTHEDYNAMICINFLUENCESASSOCIATEDWITHHOSPITALITYSETTINGSEFFECTIVETRAININGINTHEIRRECENTREVIEWOFTHERESEARCHLITERATUREONTRAININGANDDEVELOPMENT,AGUINISANDKRAIGER2009REITERATEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFFOURFUNDAMENTALREQUIREMENTSFOR

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題PERSPECTIVESONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENT外文作者LDILKAYA文獻出處EURASIANBUSINESSPERSPECTIVES,PP379389,2018如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3957單詞，26612字符字符就是印刷符，中文6534漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）PERSPECTIVESONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTABSTRACTGROUNDEDONTHELITERATUREREVIEWONENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTERMTHISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHEEXTENTANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLASWELLASERMANDTOEXPLORETHEIRCONNECTIONWITHTHEVALUECREATIONATHEORETICALLENSISUSEDTODISCUSSWHETHEREFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDERMENHANCEPERFORMANCEANDINCREASEVALUECREATIONABILITYERMISMOSTFREQUENTLYDEFINEDWITHTHEREFERENCETOTHE2004GUIDANCEDOCUMENTPUBLISHEDBYCOMMITTEEOFSPONSORINGORGANIZATIONSOFTREADWAYCOMMISSIONCOSOPROPONENTSOFCOSO’SERMINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKDESCRIBETHISFRAMEWORKAS“AWORLDLEVELTEMPLATEFORBESTPRACTICE”,ANDCLAIMTHATERMUSEDBYMANAGEMENTTOENHANCEANORGANIZATIONABILITYTOMANAGEUNCERTAINTYANDTOCONSIDERHOWMUCHRISKTOACCEPTASITSTRIVESTOINCREASESTAKEHOLDERVALUEADDITIONALLYTHEINTERNALCONTROLINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKISAVIABLEANDSUITABLEFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING,CONDUCTINGANDASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLANDFORREPORTINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENVALUECREATIONANDERMISWIDELYINVESTIGATEDINACADEMICLITERATUREEMPIRICALSTUDIESONTHEVALUECREATIONABILITIESOFERMANDINTERNALCONTROLSUGGESTTHATTHEREISAPOSITIVEDESCRIBETHISFRAMEWORKAS“AWORLDLEVELTEMPLATEFORBESTPRACTICE”,ANDCLAIMTHATERMUSEDBYMANAGEMENTTOSTRENGTHENANORGANIZATIONABILITYTOMANAGEUNCERTAINTYANDTOCONSIDERHOWMUCHRISKTOACCEPTASITSTRIVESTOINCREASESTAKEHOLDERVALUEADDITIONALLYTHEINTERNALCONTROLINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKISAVIABLEANDSUITABLEFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING,CONDUCTINGANDASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLANDFORREPORTINGCOSO’SPRINCIPALARGUMENTISTHATTHEESSENTIALPREREQUISITESOFFIRMS’LONGTERMSUCCESSAREGOODRISKMANAGEMENTANDINTERNALCONTROLDELOACHANDTHOMSON2014WHILEINTERNALCONTROLHASBEENALWAYSANIMPORTANTFIELDFORINTERNALANDEXTERNALAUDIT,RISKMANAGEMENTHASBEENAVITALCONCERNONTHEFIELDSOFFINANCEANDINSURANCEBUTITISRECEIVEDWIDESPREADATTENTIONFOLLOWINGACCOUNTINGANDCORPORATESCANDALSINTHEBEGINNING2000SAND2008GLOBALCRISISWUETAL2015SECTION404OFSARBANESOXLEYACTANDITSIMPACTSANDREPERCUSSIONSONGLOBALCAPITALMARKETSHAVEPUTTHESPOTLIGHTONCOSO’SINTERNALCONTROLFRAMEWORKANDTHERECENTECONOMICCRISISHASHEIGHTENEDCONSIDERABLYTHEIMPORTANCEOFERMLANDSITTELANDRITTENBERG2010GROUNDEDONTHELITERATUREREVIEWONERMTHISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHEEXTENTANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLASWELLASERMANDTOEXPLORETHEIRCONNECTIONWITHTHEVALUECREATIONATHEORETICALLENSISUSEDTODISCUSSWHETHEREFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDERMENHANCEPERFORMANCEANDINCREASEVALUECREATIONABILITYTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERISPRESENTEDINTHREESECTIONSSECTION2EXPANDSUPONTHECOSOINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKSTHISISFOLLOWEDBYTHERELATEDLITERATURETHATPROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFEMPIRICALRESEARCHFINDINGSONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTTHEFOURTHANDFINALSECTIONPROVIDESACONCLUSIONPROVIDINGSOMEFINALCOMMENTS2COSOINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKSWHETHERAPPLIEDINDIVIDUALLYORTOGETHER,COSOFRAMEWORKSARETHEPRINCIPALGUIDANCEUSEDBYORGANIZATIONSTOADDRESSINTERNALANDEXTERNALPRESSURESPLACEDONTHEMTOHAVEEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTORIGINALLYFORMEDIN1985,COSOISVOLUNTARYPRIVATESECTORINITIATIVEDEDICATEDTOIMPROVEORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEANDGOVERNANCETHROUGHEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROL,ENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENT,ANDFRAUDDETERRENCEITSSPONSORINGORGANIZATIONSARETHEINSTITUTEOFINTERNALAUDITORS,THEAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION,ANDTHEAMERICANINSTITUTE

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題CASHFLOWMANAGEMENTANDMANUFACTURINGFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEALONGITUDINALPERSPECTIVE外文作者JAMESKROES,ANDREWSMANIKAS文獻出處INTJPRODUCTIONECONOMICS148201837–50如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文6025單詞，38944字符字符就是印刷符，中文8952漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）CASHFLOWMANAGEMENTANDMANUFACTURINGFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEALONGITUDINALPERSPECTIVEABSTRACTAFIRM’SCASHFLOWPOLICIES,WHICHMANAGEWORKINGCAPITALINTHEFORMOFCASHRECEIVABLESFROMCUSTOMERS,INVENTORYHOLDINGS,ANDCASHPAYMENTSTOSUPPLIERS,AREINEXORABLYLINKEDTOTHEFIRM’SOPERATIONSBUILDINGONEARLIERRESEARCH,THISSTUDYIEXTENDSPRIORSTUDIESBYEXAMININGTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENCHANGESINCASHFLOWMEASURESANDCHANGESINFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEUSINGALONGITUDINALSAMPLEOFFIRMDATAANDIIINVESTIGATESTHEDIRECTIONOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENQUARTERLYCHANGESINCASHFLOWPOSITIONSANDFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCETHISSTUDYISCONDUCTEDUSINGTHEGENERALIZEDESTIMATINGEQUATIONSGEEMETHODOLOGYTOANALYZEALONGITUDINALSAMPLEOFEIGHTQUARTERSOFCASHFLOWANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCEDATAFROM1,233MANUFACTURINGFIRMSTHEANALYSESFINDTHATCHANGESINTHEWIDELYUSEDCASHCONVERSIONCYCLECCCMETRICDONOTRELATETOCHANGESINFIRMPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,CHANGESINTHELESSUSEDOPERATINGCASHCYCLEOCCMETRICAREFOUNDTOBESIGNIFICANTLYASSOCIATEDWITHCHANGESINTOBIN’SQTHISEXAMINATIONOFHOWCHANGESINSPECIFICCASHFLOWMEASURESRELATETOCHANGESINTOBIN’SQSHOWSTHATBOTHREDUCTIONSINACCOUNTSRECEIVABLESMEASUREDASDAYSOFSALESOUTSTANDINGDSOANDREDUCTIONSININVENTORYMEASUREDASDAYSOFINVENTORYOUTSTANDINGDIORELATETOFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTSTHATPERSISTFORSEVERALQUARTERSENDOGENEITYTESTSOFWHETHERAFIRM’SCASHFLOWMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYLEADSRECEIPTSTYPICALLYAREMANAGEDBYTHEFIRM’SFINANCEDEPARTMENT,THETHREEFACTORSTHATINFLUENCECASHFLOWSAREMANIPULATEDCHIEFLYBYOPERATIONALDECISIONS?ZBAYRAKAAKGüN,2006ALTHOUGHTHELITERATURECONTAINSNUMEROUSSTUDIESTHATEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPAMONGCASHCYCLES,FIRMLIQUIDITY,ANDFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCE,THISSTUDYEXPLORESSEVERALEXTENSIONSOFTHESEPREVIOUSEFFORTSFIRST,BECAUSEPRIORSTUDIESGENERALLYEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSNAPSHOTSOFCASHFLOWANDPERFORMANCEMEASURESFROMASTATICBENCHMARKINGPERSPECTIVE,THISSTUDYEXPLORESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLONGITUDINALCHANGESINCASHFLOWMETRICSANDCHANGESINFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEOVERTIMETHISAPPROACHWILLALLOWFIRMSTODETERMINEWHICHCASHFLOWMEASURESSHOULDBEMONITOREDANDMANIPULATEDTOTRACKANDIMPROVEFIRMPERFORMANCESECOND,BECAUSEPREVIOUSEMPIRICALCASHFLOWSTUDIESTYPICALLYUSEDATASETSFROMASINGLETIMEPERIODANDTHOSEFEWSTUDIESTHATUTILIZEMULTIPERIODDATADONOTUTILIZEMETHODOLOGIESTHATADJUSTFORTHELONGITUDINALNATUREOFTHESAMPLES,THISSTUDYCONDUCTSANEMPIRICALANALYSISUSINGALONGITUDINALDATAPANELANALYSISMETHODOLOGYTHISAPPROACHALSOFACILITATESTHEEXAMINATIONOFPOSSIBLETIMELAGSINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCHANGESINCASHFLOWANDFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEFINALLY,THEREISAQUESTIONOFENDOGENEITYREGARDINGWHETHERAFIRM’SCASHFLOWMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYIMPACTSTHEFIRM’SPERFORMANCEORWHETHERTHECASHFLOWPOSITIONSAREABYPRODUCTOFAFIRM’SPERFORMANCEDELOOF,2003THISISSUEISEXAMINEDBYCONDUCTINGGRANGERCAUSALITYTESTSTOSHEDLIGHTONTHEPOSSIBLEDIRECTIONOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCASHFLOWMANAGEMENTACTIONSANDCHANGESINPERFORMANCETHISANALYSISFOCUSESONMANUFACTURINGFIRMSTHATAREPUBLICLYTRADEDONTHEUSSTOCKEXCHANGESTHISFOCUSWASCHOSENBECAUSEMANUFACTURERS’POSITIONSINTHEMIDDLEOFINTEGRATEDSUPPLYCHAINSALLOWTHEMTOINFLUENCEORBEINFLUENCEDBYBOTHSUPPLIERSANDCUSTOMERSSWAMINATHANETAL,1998THESEINTERACTIONSWITHBOTHSUPPLIERSANDCUSTOMERSALSOPROVIDESUBSTANTIALOPPORTUNITIESFORPAYMENTTERMFLEXIBILITYBETWEENTHEPARTIESADDITIONALLY,COMPAREDTODOWNSTREAMSUPPLYCHAINPARTNERS,MANUFACTURERSTYPICALLYHAVEMOREINVENTORYFLEXIBILITYINTHATTHEYCANCHOOSEWHETHERTOHOLDINVENTORYASRAWMATERIALS,WORKINPROCESS,ORFINISHEDGOODSCAPKUNETAL,2009THENEXTSECTIONDISCUSSESPRIORLITERATUREANDDEVELOPSTHETHEORETICALFRAMEWORKTHETHIRDSECTIONDISCUSSESTHEDATASAMPLEANDTHESTUDYMETHODOLOGYANDTHEFOURTHSECTIONPRESENTSTHERESULTSTHEFINALTWOSECTIONSDISCUSSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHEFINDINGS,THELIMITATIONSOFTHESTUDY,ANDPOSSIBLERESEARCH

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簡介：2780英文單詞，英文單詞，15400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4600字文獻出處文獻出處KASIRANFW,MOHAMADNA,CHINOWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTEFFICIENCYASTUDYONTHESMALLMEDIUMENTERPRISEINMALAYSIAJPROCEDIAECONOMICSEFFICIENCYINDEXSMEMALAYSIA1INTRODUCTIONESSENTIALLY,WORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTWCMISONEOFTHEMOSTVITALSEGMENTSINFIRM’SFINANCINGDECISIONSASANIMPORTANTSTIMULUSTOWARDSFIRM’SPERFORMANCETHEIMPORTANCEOFWCMTOWARDSFIRM’SACHIEVEMENTWASCONSIDEREDASATRADITIONALCONCEPTTHATWASHIGHLIGHTSINALLSTANDARDCORPORATEFINANCETEXTBOOKSAKTAS,PERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,UTILIZATIONINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTANDEFFICIENCYINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATTHEINDUSTRYUNDERTHISSTUDYDIDVERYWELLONPERFORMANCEOFEFFICIENCYDURINGTHEPERIODSHEHZADETAL2012,STUDYONEFFICIENCYOFTHETEXTILESECTOROFTHEPAKISTANCOMPANIESONTHEIRWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTFORTHEYEAR2004TO2009INSTEADOFUSINGTHECONVENTIONALMETHOD,THISSTUDYUSINGEFFICIENCYINDEXDEVELOPEDBYBHATTACHARYA1997ANDUSETHESETHREEINDICATORSPERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,UTILIZATIONINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTANDEFFICIENCYINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTACCORDINGTOTHERESULTS,THEINDUSTRYPERFORMANCEWASATONTHETOPOFLEVELOFEFFICIENCYANDITSSHOWSTHATTHEYMANAGEDTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTPROPERLYDURINGTHEEMPIRICALTIMESPANOFSTUDYTHESTUDYDONEBYPRESS,VALIPOURANDJAMSHIDI2012FOUNDTHATTHEREAREPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPERFORMANCEINDEX,EFFICIENTINDEX,ANDUTILIZATIONINDEXWITHTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEASSETHOWEVER,THERESULTSSHOWTHATCASHCONVERSIONCYCLEINVERSELYSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPONEFFICIENCYOFTHEASSETSHECONCLUDEDTHATINDEXDEVELOPEDBYBHATTACHARYAISMOREPROMISINGASAPROPERINDEXESANDMORESIGNIFICANTINDETERMININGTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTCOMPAREDTOTHECONVENTIONALONEMOTIVATEDBYLIMITEDRESEARCHFROMTHEMALAYSIAPERSPECTIVES,TOBESPECIFIC,INSMALLMEDIUMENTERPRISEINDUSTRYANDBASEDONTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESPROVIDED,THISSTUDYTHUSFORMSTHEPRELIMINARYNOTIONTOEXPANDTHETOPICREGARDINGTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONEFFICIENCYANALYSISPARTICULARLY3METHODOLOGYTHESTUDYANALYSETHEEFFICIENCYINDEXOFSMECOMPANIESINMALAYSIATHATWASLISTEDWITHSMECORPORATIONOFMALAYSIAASAMPLEOF50COMPANIESWASRETRIEVEDFROMSURUHANJAYASYARIKATMALAYSIADATABASEFORTHEPERIODFROM2009TO2013HOWEVERONLY24COMPANIESWASSELECTEDFORANALYSISANDTHERESTISOMITTEDDUETOLACKOFREQUIREDINFORMATIONTHEDATAISEXTRACTBASEDONTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDBALANCESHEETFROMTHEANNUALREPORTOFTHECOMPANYFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFWCMEFFICIENCY,THISSTUDYADOPTEDTHEINDEXDEVELOPBYBHATTACHARYA1997BHATTACHARYADEVELOPEDANOTHERTOOLSFORTHEMEASUREMENTANDEXAMININGTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTDUETOOBSTACLESDURINGIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEACCOUNTINGRATIOS,SUCHASLACKOFDATAANDDIFFICULTTASKDUETOTHEMISSINGTHEORYBHATTACHARYA,1997TRADITIONALLY,BASEDONTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESITSHOWSTHATACCOUNTINGRATIOSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTTOOLSTOMEASURETHEEFFICIENCYNONETHELESS,BHATTACHARYA1997HASCOMPOSEDANINDEX,KNOWNASTOTALEFFICIENCYINDEXOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTTHATWASDEVELOPFROMTHEPERFORMANCEINDEX,ANDUTILIZATIONINDEXTHISSTUDYDIFFERENTIATEDFROMTHEPREVIOUSSTUDYBYUSINGTHEINDEXBASEDONSAMPLETHATWASNEVERBEENTESTEDPREVIOUSLYFROMMALAYSIAPERSPECTIVEBASICALLY,THISCURRENTSTUDYUNDERTAKESSMALLMEDIUMANDENTERPRISEINDUSTRYASASAMPLEANDCHOOSES24COMPANIESINMALAYSIAASAPRELIMINARYTESTTOMEASURETHEEFFICIENCYTHEINDEXUSEDBYBHATTACHARYAWASBASEDONSAMPLEOFBIGGERCOMPANYANDPRESUMABLYSMALLFIRMSANDLARGEFIRMSAREDIFFERENTFROMEACHOTHERANDTHERESPONSIVENESSOFPROFICIENTWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTISSTILLUNCLEARJAVID,2014THUSMOTIVATEDTHECURRENTSTUDYTOAPPLYTHISINDEXBHATTACHARYA1997SUGGESTTHATTOMEASURETHEWHOLEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,THEFIRSTANALYSISWASTOCALCULATETHEPERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTPIWCMUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGMODEL

簡介：PROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE352016297–303AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM22125671?2016THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWEDUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFUNIVERSITITENAGANASIONALDOI101016/S221256711600037XSCIENCEDIRECT7THINTERNATIONALECONOMICSEFFICIENCYINDEXSMEMALAYSIA1INTRODUCTIONESSENTIALLY,WORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTWCMISONEOFTHEMOSTVITALSEGMENTSINFIRM’SFINANCINGDECISIONSASANIMPORTANTSTIMULUSTOWARDSFIRM’SPERFORMANCETHEIMPORTANCEOFWCMTOWARDSFIRM’SACHIEVEMENTWASCONSIDEREDASATRADITIONALCONCEPTTHATWASHIGHLIGHTSINALLSTANDARDCORPORATEFINANCETEXTBOOKSAKTAS,FAX6094552006EMAILFARRAHWAHIEDAKASIRANYAHOOCOM?2016THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWEDUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFUNIVERSITITENAGANASIONAL299FARRAHWAHIEDAKASIRANETAL/PROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE352016297–303CONVERSIONCYCLE,CURRENTASSETSRATIO,SIZEANDCURRENTASSETTURNOVERASANINDEPENDENTVARIABLESANDRETURNONASSETSASPRESENTFORPROFITABILITYFORTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLESAFZAANDNAZIR2011STRESSONTHEIMPORTANCEOFEFFICIENTWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTBYEXAMINEDTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTFORTHECEMENTSECTORINPAKISTANFORTHEYEAR1988TO2008INORDERTOEXAMINETHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEFIRMS,HEFOLLOWINGTHEBHATTACHARYA1997INDICATOROFEFFICIENCY,WHICHISCONSISTOFTHREEPARTPERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,UTILIZATIONINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTANDEFFICIENCYINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATTHEINDUSTRYUNDERTHISSTUDYDIDVERYWELLONPERFORMANCEOFEFFICIENCYDURINGTHEPERIODSHEHZADETAL2012,STUDYONEFFICIENCYOFTHETEXTILESECTOROFTHEPAKISTANCOMPANIESONTHEIRWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTFORTHEYEAR2004TO2009INSTEADOFUSINGTHECONVENTIONALMETHOD,THISSTUDYUSINGEFFICIENCYINDEXDEVELOPEDBYBHATTACHARYA1997ANDUSETHESETHREEINDICATORSPERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,UTILIZATIONINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTANDEFFICIENCYINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTACCORDINGTOTHERESULTS,THEINDUSTRYPERFORMANCEWASATONTHETOPOFLEVELOFEFFICIENCYANDITSSHOWSTHATTHEYMANAGEDTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTPROPERLYDURINGTHEEMPIRICALTIMESPANOFSTUDYTHESTUDYDONEBYPRESS,VALIPOURANDJAMSHIDI2012FOUNDTHATTHEREAREPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPERFORMANCEINDEX,EFFICIENTINDEX,ANDUTILIZATIONINDEXWITHTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEASSETHOWEVER,THERESULTSSHOWTHATCASHCONVERSIONCYCLEINVERSELYSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPONEFFICIENCYOFTHEASSETSHECONCLUDEDTHATINDEXDEVELOPEDBYBHATTACHARYAISMOREPROMISINGASAPROPERINDEXESANDMORESIGNIFICANTINDETERMININGTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTCOMPAREDTOTHECONVENTIONALONEMOTIVATEDBYLIMITEDRESEARCHFROMTHEMALAYSIAPERSPECTIVES,TOBESPECIFIC,INSMALLMEDIUMENTERPRISEINDUSTRYANDBASEDONTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESPROVIDED,THISSTUDYTHUSFORMSTHEPRELIMINARYNOTIONTOEXPANDTHETOPICREGARDINGTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTONEFFICIENCYANALYSISPARTICULARLY3METHODOLOGYTHESTUDYANALYSETHEEFFICIENCYINDEXOFSMECOMPANIESINMALAYSIATHATWASLISTEDWITHSMECORPORATIONOFMALAYSIAASAMPLEOF50COMPANIESWASRETRIEVEDFROMSURUHANJAYASYARIKATMALAYSIADATABASEFORTHEPERIODFROM2009TO2013HOWEVERONLY24COMPANIESWASSELECTEDFORANALYSISANDTHERESTISOMITTEDDUETOLACKOFREQUIREDINFORMATIONTHEDATAISEXTRACTBASEDONTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDBALANCESHEETFROMTHEANNUALREPORTOFTHECOMPANYFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFWCMEFFICIENCY,THISSTUDYADOPTEDTHEINDEXDEVELOPBYBHATTACHARYA1997BHATTACHARYADEVELOPEDANOTHERTOOLSFORTHEMEASUREMENTANDEXAMININGTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTDUETOOBSTACLESDURINGIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEACCOUNTINGRATIOS,SUCHASLACKOFDATAANDDIFFICULTTASKDUETOTHEMISSINGTHEORYBHATTACHARYA,1997TRADITIONALLY,BASEDONTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESITSHOWSTHATACCOUNTINGRATIOSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTTOOLSTOMEASURETHEEFFICIENCYNONETHELESS,BHATTACHARYA1997HASCOMPOSEDANINDEX,KNOWNASTOTALEFFICIENCYINDEXOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTTHATWASDEVELOPFROMTHEPERFORMANCEINDEX,ANDUTILIZATIONINDEXTHISSTUDYDIFFERENTIATEDFROMTHEPREVIOUSSTUDYBYUSINGTHEINDEXBASEDONSAMPLETHATWASNEVERBEENTESTEDPREVIOUSLYFROMMALAYSIAPERSPECTIVEBASICALLY,THISCURRENTSTUDYUNDERTAKESSMALLMEDIUMANDENTERPRISEINDUSTRYASASAMPLEANDCHOOSES24COMPANIESINMALAYSIAASAPRELIMINARYTESTTOMEASURETHEEFFICIENCYTHEINDEXUSEDBYBHATTACHARYAWASBASEDONSAMPLEOFBIGGERCOMPANYANDPRESUMABLYSMALLFIRMSANDLARGEFIRMSAREDIFFERENTFROMEACHOTHERANDTHERESPONSIVENESSOFPROFICIENTWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTISSTILLUNCLEARJAVID,2014THUSMOTIVATEDTHECURRENTSTUDYTOAPPLYTHISINDEXBHATTACHARYA1997SUGGESTTHATTOMEASURETHEWHOLEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENT,THEFIRSTANALYSISWASTOCALCULATETHEPERFORMANCEINDEXOFWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTPIWCMUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGMODELWHERE,11NISIITWCMWTIWPIN???1ISSALESINDEXDEFINEDASST/ST1,WIINDIVIDUALGROUPOFCURRENTASSETSNNUMBEROFCURRENTASSETSGROUPAND,I1,2,3N