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簡介：EFFICIENTPLANNINGOFSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCABLESTHANIKESAVANSIVANTHIANDJANPOLANDABBSWITZERLANDLTD,CORPORATERESEARCH,SEGELHOFSTRASSE1K,5405,BADEND¨ATTWIL,AARGAU,SWITZERLANDABSTRACTTHEMANUALSELECTIONANDASSIGNMENTOFAPPROPRIATECABLESTOTHEINTERCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEDEVICESOFASUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMISAMAJORCOSTFACTORINSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMDESIGNTHISPAPERDISCUSSESABOUTTHEMODELINGOFTHESUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCABLEPLANNINGASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMTOGENERATEANEFFICIENTCABLEPLANFORSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONCABLINGBETWEENDIFFERENTDEVICESOFASUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSAS1ISAMAJORCOSTFACTORINTHESASDESIGNPROCESSUSUALLYCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNSOFTWAREISUSEDTOCREATETHEDESIGNTEMPLATESOFSASDEVICESANDTHEIRINTERCONNECTIONSTHEDESIGNTEMPLATESARETHENINSTANTIATEDINASASPROJECTANDTHECABLESAREMANUALLYASSIGNEDTOTHECONNECTIONSTHESELECTIONANDASSIGNMENTOFCABLESTOCONNECTIONSMUSTFOLLOWCERTAINENGINEERINGRULESTHISENGINEERINGPROCESSISUSUALLYTIMECONSUMINGANDCANCAUSEENGINEERINGERRORS,THEREBYINCREASINGTHEENGINEERINGCOSTAPPARENTLY,THESASCABLEPLANNINGISRELATEDTOTHEWELLKNOWNBINPACKINGPROBLEMTHESASCABLEPLANNINGCANBEFORMULATEDASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMWITHTHECABLEENGINEERINGRULESEXPRESSEDASASETOFLINEARCONSTRAINTSANDACOSTOBJECTIVEFORMINIMIZINGTHETOTALCABLECOSTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEFORMULATIONOFSASCABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMANDPRESENTSTHERESULTSFORSOMEREPRESENTATIVETESTCASESTOTHEBESTOFTHEAUTHORS’KNOWLEDGETHEWORKISTHEFIRSTOFTHEKINDTOSTUDYSASCABLEPLANNINGTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2PRESENTSANOVERVIEWOFTHESASCABLEPLANNINGPROCESSSECTION3EXPRESSESTHESASCABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMTHERESULTSOBTAINEDBYSOLVINGTHEOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMUSINGSOMESOLVERSISPRESENTEDINSECTION4SECTION5DRAWSSOMECONCLUSIONSOFTHISWORK2SASCABLEPLANNINGTHESASCABLEPLANNINGBEGINSAFTERTHESYSTEMDESIGNPHASEOFASASPROJECTTHESASCABLEPLANNINGISATPRESENTDONEMANUALLYBYCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNTACHTERBERGANDJCBECKEDSCPAIOR2011,LNCS6697,PP210–214,2011C?SPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2011212TSIVANTHIANDJPOLANDREPRESENTTHESETOFALLCABLETYPES,WHEREMISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCABLETYPESINASUBPROBLEMINACABLEINSTANCE,THERECANBEONEORMORECONNECTIONSANDWEREFERTOTHECONNECTIONWITHLOWESTINDEXAMONGALLCONNECTIONSINTHECABLEINSTANCEASTHELEADERANDTHEOTHERCONNECTIONSASTHEFOLLOWERSTHISIMPLIESTHATALLCONNECTIONSEXCEPTTHEFIRSTCONNECTIONINCCANEITHERBEALEADERORFOLLOWERMOREOVER,BASEDONTHESIGNALRULESASETOFCONNECTIONPAIRSXCANBEDERIVEDWHEREEACHI,?I∈XREPRESENTSTHECONNECTIONSIAND?ITHATMUSTNOTBEASSIGNEDTOTHESAMECABLELETˉCBETHESETOFCONNECTIONPAIRSI,?IWHEREI,?I∈C,I?I,I,?I/∈XWEINTRODUCETHEFOLLOWINGBINARYVARIABLEXI,?I,WHEREI,?I∈ˉC,WHICHWHENTRUEIMPLIESTHATCONNECTIONIISAFOLLOWEROFALEADER?IXI,?I0OR1,WHEREI,?I∈ˉC1SIMILARLY,BASEDONTHECABLERULESASETOFCONNECTIONCABLEPAIRSYCANBEDERIVEDWHEREEACHI,J∈YIMPLIESTHATCABLETYPEJISNOTALLOWEDFORCONNECTIONILETˉKBETHESETOFCONNECTIONCABLEPAIRSI,J,WHEREI∈C,J∈K,I,J/∈YWEINTRODUCETHEFOLLOWINGBINARYVARIABLEYI,J,WHEREI,J∈ˉK,WHICHWHENTRUEIMPLIESTHATTHELEADERIISASSIGNEDTOANINSTANCEOFCABLETYPEJYI,J0OR1,WHEREI,J∈ˉK2TABLE1ILLUSTRATESALLBINARYVARIABLESCORRESPONDINGTOTHEEXAMPLESHOWNINFIGURE1FORTHECASEWITHTWOCABLETYPESK1ANDK2ITISASSUMEDTHATCONNECTIONSC1ANDC3CANNOTBEASSIGNEDTOTHESAMECABLEANDK1ISNOTANALLOWEDCABLETYPEFORCONNECTIONC3ASMENTIONEDBEFOREALLCONNECTIONSEXCEPTTHEFIRSTCONNECTION,WHICHMUSTBEALEADER,CANEITHERBEALEADERORFOLLOWERTHISISENSUREDBYTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINT?I,?I∈ˉCXI,?I?J∈KI,J∈ˉKYI,J1,?I∈C3ACONNECTIONWHICHISALEADERINACABLECANNOTBEAFOLLOWEROFALEADERINANOTHERCABLETHISISEXPRESSEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTXI,?I??I,I?∈ˉCX?I,I?≤1,?I,?I∈ˉC4ANIMPLICITCONSTRAINTOFTHECABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMISTHECAPACITYCONSTRAINTWHICHIMPLIESTHATTHENUMBEROFCONNECTIONSASSIGNEDTOACABLEMUSTBELESSTABLE1BINARYVARIABLESCORRESPONDINGTOFIGURE1EXAMPLEC1C2C3C4C5K1K2C1Y1,1Y1,2C2X2,1Y2,1Y2,2C3X3,2Y3,2C4X4,1X4,2X4,3Y4,1Y4,2C5X5,1X5,2X5,3X5,4Y5,1Y5,2

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簡介：KCLEEANDHHLEENETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMVIACONTROLLERAREANETWORKFORSMARTHOMEAUTOMATIONCONTRIBUTEDPAPERMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJULY29,200400983063/04/2000?2004IEEE1093NETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMVIACONTROLLERAREANETWORKFORSMARTHOMEAUTOMATIONKYUNGCHANGLEE,ASSOCIATEMEMBER,IEEE,HONGHEELEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSANETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMVIATHECONTROLLERAREANETWORKCANTOEVALUATETHEFEASIBILITYOFUSINGSUCHAHOMEAUTOMATIONPROTOCOLINASMARTHOMEINGENERAL,ACONVENTIONALFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMHASSEVERALSHORTCOMINGS,SUCHASWEAKNESSTONOISE,BECAUSEITUSESANANALOGTRANSMISSIONWITH4–20MACURRENTLINESHENCE,ASANALTERNATIVETOACONVENTIONALSYSTEM,THISPAPERDESCRIBESTHESTRUCTUREOFACANBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMANDTHEDESIGNMETHODOFACANCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMISEVALUATEDTHROUGHEXPERIMENTALTESTSTHECANHASSEVERALADVANTAGES,SUCHASLOWCOSTANDEASEOFIMPLEMENTATION,ASCOMPAREDTOOTHERLOWLAYERSOFTHEBACNET,SUCHASETHERNETORARCNETTHEREFORE,IFTHECANISSELECTEDFORTHELOWLAYEROFTHEBACNET,AHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCANBEIMPLEMENTEDMOREEFFECTIVELY1INDEXTERMSNETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEM,CONTROLLERAREANETWORKCAN,HOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEM,HOMENETWORKSYSTEM,INTELLIGENTBUILDINGIINTORDUCTIONRECENTLYCONSTRUCTEDBUILDINGSTENDTOBE“INTELLIGENT”TOENHANCETHECONVENIENCEANDSAFETYOFOCCUPANTS12THUS,THEREQUIREMENTSFORHOMENETWORKSANDAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSHAVEINCREASEDWITHTHEDEMANDFORSMARTHOMES3TOSATISFYTHENEEDSOFOCCUPANTS,HOMEAPPLIANCESSUCHASREFRIGERATORSORMICROWAVEOVENS,MULTIMEDIADEVICESSUCHASTELEVISIONSORAUDIOSYSTEMS,ANDINTERNETDEVICESSUCHASPCSHAVEBEENINCLUDEDININTELLIGENTBUILDINGS,ASSHOWNINFIG1INSMARTHOMES,APPLIANCESARECONNECTEDTOTHEHOMENETWORKSOTHATITBECOMESPOSSIBLETOCONTROLANDMONITORTHEAPPLIANCESFROMINSIDETHEHOUSEORREMOTELYUSINGACELLULARTELEPHONEORPDATOREALIZEAHOMENETWORKSYSTEM,SEVERALSTANDARDS,SUCHASECHONET,KONNEX,LNCP,ANDLONWORKS,AREBEINGDEVELOPEDBYSTANDARDSORGANIZATIONSANDCORPORATIONS4INADDTITION,HOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS,SUCHASHVACHEATING,VENTILATION,ANDCOOLING,LIGHTING,ANTICRIME,ANDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMSAREBEINGUSEDTOIMPROVECONVENIENCE1THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHEKOREASCIENCEANDENGINEERINGFOUNDATIONKOSEFTHROUGHTHENETWORKBASEDAUTOMATIONRESEARCHCENTERNARCATUNIVERSITYOFULSANHHLEEISWITHTHESCHOOLOFELECTRICELECTRONICINFORMATIONSYSTEMENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFULSAN,ULSAN680749,KOREACORRESPONDINGAUTHORTOPROVIDEPHONE82FAX82EMAILHHLEEMAINULSANACKRKCLEEISWITHTHENETWORKBASEDAUTOMATIONRESEARCHCENTER,UNIVERSITYOFULSAN,ULSAN680749,KOREAEMAILGCLEEPNUEDUANDSAFETYFOROCCUPANTSGENERALLY,INACONVENTIONALHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEM,HOMEEQUIPMENTS,SUCHASSWITCHES,VALVES,ORFIREDETECTORS,AREDIRECTLYCONNECTEDTOCONTROLLERSFORTHEHAVCORFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMSHOWEVER,BECAUSEOFTHEANALOGTRANSMISSIONMETHOD,WHICHUSESA4–20MACURRENT,CONVENTIONALFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMSDETECTAFIREASOCCURRINGWHENTHECURRENTRECEIVEDFROMAFIREDETECTOREXCEEDSAPREDEFINEDTHRESHOLDHENCE,THESYSTEMHASDISADVANTAGESSUCHASAWEAKNESSTONOISEOFVARIOUSFORMS,INCLUDINGIMPULSESORSHORTCIRCUITS,ANDALACKOFAWARENESSOFTHEACTUALLOCATIONOFAFIRERECENTLY,INORDERTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMS,RESEARCHONFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMSTHATUSEDIGITALORWIRELESSTRANSMISSIONINSTEADOFANALOGTRANSMISSIONHASBEENCONDUCTED56INPARALLELWITHTHIS,RESEARCHISALSOBEINGPERFORMEDONCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLS,SUCHASTHEBACNETORLONWORKS7RECENTLY,RESEARCHERSHAVEPROPOSEDAPPLYINGTHECONTROLLERAREANETWORKCAN8TOTHEHOMENETWORKPROTOCOL,ANDATTENTIONHASINCREASINGLYBEENCENTEREDONTHECANINAUTOMATIONCIA911ESPECIALLY,THEPRICEOFACANMICROCONTROLLER,WHICHCANBEINTEGRATEDINTOONECHIPBYSEMICONDUCTORMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIES,ISLOWANDMANYCANDEVELOPMENTTOOLSARECOMINGONTOTHEMARKETALSO,MANYAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSHADBEENDEVELOPEDINVARIOUSFIELDSSUCHASAUTOMOTIVE,ROBOTIC,ANDINDUSTRIALAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSTHEREFORE,AHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMUSINGTHECANBEMOREEASILYIMPLEMENTED,BECAUSEREALIZATIONATTHESENSORORACTUATORLEVELISRELATIVELYSTRAIGHTFORWARDASCOMPAREDTOASYSTEMUSINGANETHERNETTHATISTHELOWERLAYEROFTHEBACNETTOEVALUATETHEFEASIBILITYOFTHECANFORHOMEAUTOMATIONPROTOCOLS,THISPAPERINTRODUCESANETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMVIATHECANTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOFIVESECTIONS,INCLUDINGTHISINTRODUCTIONSECTIONIIGIVESTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHENETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMSECTIONIIIPRESENTSTHEDESIGNMETHODOFTHECANBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEM,ANDVERIFIESTHATACANCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSATISFIESTHEREALTIMEREQUIREMENTSOFAHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSECTIONIVDESCRIBESANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDTHATWASIMPLEMENTEDTOVERIFYTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMFINALLY,ASUMMARYANDTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONVIIARCHITECTUREOFNETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMACONVENTIONALFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMFIG2ASHOWSTHEARCHITECTUREOFACONVENTIONALFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMASSHOWNINTHEFIGURE,FIREDETECTORSEG,KCLEEANDHHLEENETWORKBASEDFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMVIACONTROLLERAREANETWORKFORSMARTHOMEAUTOMATION1095MEASUREDBYEACHFIREDETECTORCANBESENTTOTHERECEIVERITISSTRAIGHTFORWARDTOAPPLYSUCHASYSTEMTOANINTELLIGENTFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMANDTOAPPLYAREASONINGALGORITHM,BECAUSETHERECEIVERCANMAKEUSEOFTHEDIGITIZEDDETECTIONVALUESOFTHESMOKEANDHEATFROMMULTIPLEFIREDETECTORSINSTALLEDINTHESAMEGUARDAREAASCHANGESINTHEDETECTIONSIGNALSCANBECALCULATEDANDCOMPARED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簡介：SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMPROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE128201832–3718770509?2018THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTPS//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONNATURALLANGUAGEANDSPEECHPROCESSING101016/JPROCS201803005?2018THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTPS//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONNATURALLANGUAGEANDSPEECHPROCESSINGKEYWORDSAUTOMATICSPEECHRECOGNITIONASRERRORDETECTIONASRERRORCORRECTIONASREVALUATION1INTRODUCTIONAUTOMATICSPEECHRECOGNITIONASRSYSTEMSAIMSATCONVERTINGASPEECHSIGNALINTOASEQUENCEOFWORDSEITHERFORTEXTBASEDCOMMUNICATIONPURPOSESORFORDEVICECONTROLLINGTHEPURPOSEOFEVALUATINGASRSYSTEMSISTOSIMULATEHUMANJUDGEMENTOFTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMSINORDERTOMEASURETHEIRUSEFULNESSANDASSESSTHEREMAININGDIFFICULTIESANDESPECIALLYWHENCOMPARINGSYSTEMSTHESTANDARDMETRICOFASREVALUATIONISTHEWORDERRORRATE,WHICHISDEFINEDASTHEPROPORTIONOFWORDERRORSTOWORDSPROCESSEDASRHASMATUREDTOTHEPOINTOFCOMMERCIALAPPLICATIONSBYPROVIDINGTRANSCRIPTIONWITHANACCEPTABLELEVELOFPERFORMANCEWHICHALLOWSINTEGRATIONINTOMANYAPPLICATIONSINGENERAL,ASRSYSTEMSAREEFFECTIVEWHENTHECONDITIONSAREWELLCONTROLLEDNEVERTHELESS,THEYARETOODEPENDENTONTHETASKBEINGPERFORMEDANDTHERESULTSAREFARFROMIDEAL,ANDESPECIALLYFORLARGEVOCABULARYCONTINUOUSSPEECHRECOGNITIONLVCSRAPPLICATIONSTHISLATERSTILLONEOFTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGTASKSINTHEFIELD,DUETOANUMBEROFFACTORS,INCLUDINGPOORARTICULATION,VARIABLE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL212523344822FAX212523394915EMAILADDRESSERRATTAHIRUCDACMAABSTRACTEVENTHOUGHAUTOMATICSPEECHRECOGNITIONASRHASMATUREDTOTHEPOINTOFCOMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS,HIGHERRORRATEINSOMESPEECHRECOGNITIONDOMAINSREMAINASONEOFTHEMAINIMPEDIMENTFACTORSTOTHEWIDEADOPTIONOFSPEECHTECHNOLOGY,ANDESPECIALLYFORCONTINUOUSLARGEVOCABULARYSPEECHRECOGNITIONAPPLICATIONSTHEPERSISTENTPRESENCEOFASRERRORSHAVEINTENSIFIEDTHENEEDTOFINDALTERNATIVETECHNIQUESTOAUTOMATICALLYDETECTANDCORRECTSUCHERRORSTHECORRECTIONOFTHETRANSCRIPTIONERRORSISVERYCRUCIALNOTONLYTOIMPROVETHESPEECHRECOGNITIONACCURACY,BUTALSOTOAVOIDTHEPROPAGATIONOFTHEERRORSTOTHESUBSEQUENTLANGUAGEPROCESSINGMODULESSUCHASMACHINETRANSLATIONINTHISPAPER,BASICPRINCIPLESOFASREVALUATIONAREFIRSTSUMMARIZED,ANDTHENTHESTATEOFTHECURRENTASRERRORSDETECTIONANDCORRECTIONRESEARCHISREVIEWEDWEFOCUSONEMERGINGTECHNIQUESUSINGWORDERRORRATEMETRICINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONNATURALLANGUAGEANDSPEECHPROCESSING,ICNLSP2015AUTOMATICSPEECHRECOGNITIONERRORSDETECTIONANDCORRECTIONAREVIEWRAHHALERRATTAHIA,?,ASMAAELHANNANIA,HASSANOUAHMANEAALABORATORYOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,NATIONALSCHOOLOFAPPLIEDSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFCHOUAIBDOUKKALI,ELJADIDAMOROCCO34RAHHALERRATTAHIETAL/PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE128201832–37AKEYPRACTICALISSUEWITHASREVALUATIONMETRICSCALCULATIONISFINDINGTHEWORDALIGNMENTBETWEENTHEREFERENCEANDTHEAUTOMATICTRANSCRIPTION,WHICHCONSTITUTETHEFIRSTSTEPINTHEEVALUATIONPROCEDUREINOTHERWORDS,THEREFERENCEANDRECOGNISEDWORDSGETMATCHEDINORDERTODECIDEWHICHWORDHAVEBEENDELETEDORINSERTED,ANDWHICHREFERENCERECOGNISEDSTRINGPAIRSHAVEBEENALIGNEDTOEACHOTHER,WHICHMAYRESULTINAHITORASUBSTITUTIONTHISISNORMALLYDONEBYUSINGTHEVITERBIEDITDISTANCE17TOEFFICIENTLYSELECTTHEREFERENCEANDTHERECOGNISEDWORDSEQUENCEALIGNMENTFORWHICHTHEWEIGHTEDERRORSCOREISMINIMIZEDTHEEDITDISTANCEUSUALLYALIGNSANIDENTICALWEIGHTS1FORTHELEVENSTHEINDISTANCETOALLTHREE,INSERTION,SUBSTITUTIONANDDELETIONYET,UNIFIEDWEIGHTSMAYPRESENTADOUBTTOCHOOSETHEBESTPATHALIGNMENTINTHECASEWHENWEHAVEDIFFERENTONESWHICHHAVETHESAMESCORETOAVOIDTHISPROBLEMMORRISETAL12SUGGESTUSINGDIFFERENTWEIGHTS,SUCHTHATSUBSTITUTIONWILLBEFAVOUREDTHANINSERTIONANDDELETIONINGENERAL,IT’SRECOMMENDEDTOPUTWIWD,ANDWSWIWSWHEREWI,WSANDWDARERESPECTIVELYTHEWEIGHTOFINSERTION,SUBSTITUTION,ANDDELETION23ASREVALUATIONMETRICSACCORDINGTOMCCOWANETAL11ANIDEALASREVALUATIONMETRICSHOULDBEIDIRECTMEASUREASRCOMPONENTINDEPENDENTLYONTHEASRAPPLICATION,IIOBJECTIVETHEMEASURESHOULDBECALCULATEDINANAUTOMATEDMANNER,IIIINTERPRETABLETHEABSOLUTEVALUEOFTHEMEASUREMUSTGIVEANIDEAABOUTTHEPERFORMANCE,ANDIVMODULARTHEEVALUATIONMEASURESHOULDBEGENERALTOALLOWTHOROUGHAPPLICATIONDEPENDENTANALYSISWORDERRORRATEWERISTHEMOSTPOPULARMETRICFORASREVALUATION,ITMEASURESTHEPERCENTAGEOFINCORRECTWORDSSUBSTITUTIONSS,INSERTIONSI,DELETIONSDREGARDINGTHETOTALNUMBEROFWORDSPROCESSEDITISDEFINEDASWERSDIN1SDIHSD1WHEREITOTALNUMBEROFINSERTIONS,DTOTALNUMBEROFDELETIONS,STOTALNUMBEROFSUBSTITUTIONS,HTOTALNUMBEROFHITS,ANDN1TOTALNUMBEROFINPUTWORDSDESPITEOFBEINGTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSED,WERHASMANYSHORTCOMINGS10FIRSTOFALL,WERISNOTATRUEPERCENTAGEBECAUSEITHASNOUPPERBOUND,SOITDOESN’TTELLYOUHOWGOODASYSTEMIS,BUTONLYTHATONEISBETTERTHANANOTHERMOREOVER,WERISNOTD/ISYMMETRIC,SOINNOISYCONDITIONSWERCOULDEXCEED100,FORTHEFACTTHATITGIVESFARMOREWEIGHTTOINSERTIONSTHANTODELETIONSTHEWERSTILLEFFECTIVEFORSPEECHRECOGNITIONWHEREERRORSCANBECORRECTEDBYTYPING,SUCHAS,DICTATIONHOWEVER,FORALMOSTANYOTHERTYPEOFSPEECHRECOGNITIONSYSTEMS,WHERETHEGOALISMORETHANTRANSCRIPTION,ITISNECESSARYTOLOOKFORANALTERNATIVE,ORADDITIONAL,EVALUATIONFRAMEWORKMANYRESEARCHERSHAVEPROPOSEDALTERNATIVEMEASURESTOSOLVETHEEVIDENTLIMITATIONSOFWERIN12ANDREWETALINTRODUCEDTWOINFORMATIONTHEORETICMEASURESOFWORDINFORMATIONCOMMUNICATEDTHEFIRSTONE,NAMEDRELATIVEINFORMATIONLOSTRIL,ISBASEDONMUTUALINFORMATIONI,ORMI7,WHICHMEASURESTHESTATISTICALDEPENDENCEBETWEENTHEINPUTWORDSXANDOUTPUTWORDSY,ANDISCALCULATEDUSINGTHESHANNONENTROPYHASFOLLOWRILHY|XHY2WITHHY?N?I1PYILOGPYI3ANDHX|Y??I,JPXI,YJLOGPXI,YJ4NEVERTHELESS,THERILSTILLTOOFARFROMANADEQUATEPERFORMANCEMETRIC,SINCEITISNOTSIMPLETOAPPLYANDITMEASURESZEROERRORFORANYONEONEMAPPINGBETWEENI/OWORDS,WHICHDOESNOTRESPONDTOTHECRITERIAOFANIDEAL

簡介：14800英文單詞，英文單詞，23萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文8200字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處ALMUHAINIM,HEYDTGT,HUYNHATHERELIABILITYOFPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSASCALCULATEDUSINGSYSTEMTHEORETICCONCEPTSC//POWERANDENERGYSOCIETYGENERALMEETINGIEEE,201018附錄一英文原文THERELIABILITYOFPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSASCALCULATEDUSINGSYSTEMTHEORETICCONCEPTSMOHAMMADALMUHAINI,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEEGERALDTHEYDT,LIFEFELLOW,IEEEANTHONYHUYNH,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTRELIABILITYOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSISANIMPORTANTISSUEINPOWERENGINEERINGFORBOTHUTILITIESANDCUSTOMERSPOWERDISTRIBUTIONRELIABILITYISCLOSELYRELATEDTOINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTRELIABILITYINTHISPAPER,THERELIABILITYASMEASUREDBYCERTAINCOUNTINDICES,MAINLYTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXSAIDIANDTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYINDEXSAIFI,ISQUANTIFIEDINTERMSOFINDIVIDUALDISTRIBUTIONCOMPONENTRELIABILITYTHISISANEXTENSIONOFPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDRESULTSTHEVALUEOFTHEAPPROACHLIESINDISTRIBUTIONEXPANSIONPLANNINGINWHICHARADIALSYSTEMMAYBENETWORKEDWITHAVIEWTOIMPROVERELIABILITYTHEEFFECTOFINSERTINGDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONDGINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERTHERESULTOFTHISINSERTIONMAYBETHATTHENUMBEROFOUTAGESINCREASESBECAUSEOFTHEPOSSIBLEFAILUREOFTHEDGHARDWARETWONEWINDICESFORTHISAPPLICATIONAREPROPOSEDTHERATIOOFDGENERGYTOINTERRUPTEDENERGYANDTHERATIOOFDGOPERATINGDURATIONTOOUTAGEDURATIONINDEXTERMSDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERING,RELIABILITY,SAIDI,SAIFI,REPAIRTIME,DISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONRESOURCESIELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMRELIABILITYRELIABILITYISAKEYISSUEINTHEDESIGNANDOPERATIONOFELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMS–ESPECIALLYINVIEWOFSENSITIVEDIGITALLYCONTROLLEDLOADSCONTEMPORARYLOADSAREOFTENDIGITALINNATURE,ANDTHESELOADSAREFREQUENTLYSENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSAND,INDEED,MANYOTHERPOWERQUALITYPROBLEMSTHECUSTOMERSTHEMSELVESAREPERHAPSBECOMINGMORESENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSDUETOTHEPOSSIBILITYOFINDUSTRIALMANUFACTURINGINTERRUPTION,COMMERCIALLOSSOFSALES,ANDRESIDENTIALNUISANCESOPHISTICATEDCONTROLSYSTEMSMAY3MINUTESORHOURSINONEYEARTHESAIFIGIVESINFORMATIONABOUTHOWOFTENTHESEINTERRUPTIONSOCCURONTHEAVERAGEFOREACHCUSTOMERBOTHINDICESHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDINNORTHAMERICAASMEASURESOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMS2,16NOTETHATIN9,THECONNECTIONBETWEENTHECOUNTINDICESISADDRESSED–ANDTHISAREAISREVISITEDINTHISPAPERBOTHINDICESARECARRIEDOUTIE,AVERAGEDTYPICALLYOVERAONEYEARINTERVALSAIDIISUSUALLYEXPRESSEDINHOURSANDSAIFIISUNITLESSTHEREAREMANYRELATEDINDICESOFWHICHTHEFOLLOWINGAREASAMPLINGCAIDICUSTOMERAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXTYPICALCENTRALRANGESOFTHESEINDICESINNORTHAMERICANDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSARESAIFI11TO19SAIDI15TO30HASAI09996TO09998IE,ROUGHLY35TO4‘NINES’CAIDI09TO26HNOTETHATTHE‘NUMBEROFNINES’,SOMETIMESDENOTEDASN9,ISRELATEDTOAPROBABILITYQAS,N9LOG1Q1THEREMAYBESOMECIRCUMSTANCESFORWHICHTHE8760HOURYEARMIGHTBEREPLACEDBYSOMEOTHERFIGURE,FOREXAMPLETHENUMBEROFHOURSINAFIVEDAY‘WORKWEEK’OVER52WEEKSNAMELY6240HINTHECASEOFTHEASAIINDEX,ITMAYBECONVENIENTTOEXPRESSTHEINDEXINTERMSOF‘THENUMBEROFNINES’,N9,THATIS0999ISN93AND09999ISN94FOREXAMPLE17ITSHOULDBEMENTIONEDTHATLIKEMANYSIMPLEENGINEERINGINDICES,SAIDIANDSAIFIATTEMPTTOCAPTUREMANYCOMPLEXPHENOMENARELATINGTOPOWERSYSTEMRELIABILITY,ANDINDISTILLINGTHESEPHENOMENAINTOASINGLECOMPREHENSIBLENUMBER,INFORMATIONMAYBELOSTADDITIONALLY,SOMEDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERSUTILIZEALTERNATIVEPHILOSOPHIESRELATINGTOTHETIMEINTERVALOVER

簡介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，17萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文4900字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處RAMAKRISHNANJ,RAMAKRISHNANMANEFFICIENTAUTOMATICATTENDANCESYSTEMUSINGFINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUEJARXIVPREPRINTARXIV12081672,2012ANEFFICIENTAUTOMATICATTENDANCESYSTEMUSINGFINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUEJOSPHINELEELAR，DRMRAMAKRISHNANABSTRACTBIOMETRICTIMEANDATTENDANCESYSTEMISONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULAPPLICATIONSOFBIOMETRICTECHNOLOGYONEOFTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFABIOMETRICTIMEANDATTENDANCESYSTEMISITAVOIDS“BUDDYPUNCHING“BUDDYPUNCHINGWASAMAJORLOOPHOLEWHICHWILLBEEXPLOITINGINTHETRADITIONALTIMEATTENDANCESYSTEMSFINGERPRINTRECOGNITIONISANESTABLISHEDFIELDTODAY,BUTSTILLIDENTIFYINGINDIVIDUALFROMASETOFENROLLEDFINGERPRINTSISATIMETAKINGPROCESSMOSTFINGERPRINTBASEDBIOMETRICSYSTEMSSTORETHEMINUTIAETEMPLATEOFAUSERINTHEDATABASEITHASBEENTRADITIONALLYASSUMEDTHATTHEMINUTIAETEMPLATEOFAUSERDOESNOTREVEALANYINFORMATIONABOUTTHEORIGINALFINGERPRINTTHISBELIEFHASNOWBEENSHOWNTOBEFALSESEVERALALGORITHMSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTHATCANRECONSTRUCTFINGERPRINTIMAGESFROMMINUTIAETEMPLATESINTHISPAPER,ANOVELFINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTIONALGORITHMISPROPOSEDTORECONSTRUCTTHEPHASEIMAGE,WHICHISTHENCONVERTEDINTOTHEGRAYSCALEIMAGETHEPROPOSEDRECONSTRUCTIONALGORITHMRECONSTRUCTSTHEPHASEIMAGEFROMMINUTIAETHEPROPOSEDRECONSTRUCTIONALGORITHMISUSEDTOAUTOMATETHEWHOLEPROCESSOFTAKINGATTENDANCE,MANUALLYWHICHISALABORIOUSANDTROUBLESOMEWORKANDWASTEALOTOFTIME,WITHITSMANAGINGANDMAINTAININGTHERECORDSFORAPERIODOFTIMEISALSOABURDENSOMETASKTHEPROPOSEDRECONSTRUCTIONALGORITHMHASBEENEVALUATEDWITHRESPECTTOTHESUCCESSRATESOFTYPEIATTACKMATCHTHERECONSTRUCTEDFINGERPRINTAGAINSTTHEORIGINALFINGERPRINTANDTYPEIIATTACKMATCHTHERECONSTRUCTEDFINGERPRINTAGAINSTDIFFERENTIMPRESSIONSOFTHEORIGINALFINGERPRINTUSINGACOMMERCIALFINGERPRINTRECOGNITIONSYSTEMGIVENTHERECONSTRUCTEDIMAGEFROMOURALGORITHM,WESHOWTHATBOTHTYPESOFATTACKSCANBEEFFECTIVELYLAUNCHEDAGAINSTAFINGERPRINTRECOGNITIONSYSTEMKEYWORDSFINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTION,ATTENDANCEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,MINUTIAEEXTRACTIONIINTRODUCTIONHEADING1FINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTWELLKNOWNANDPUBLICIZEDBIOMETRICSBECAUSEOFTHEIRUNIQUENESSANDCONSISTENCYOVERTIME,FINGERPRINTSHAVEBEENUSEDFORIDENTIFICATIONOVERACENTURY,MORERECENTLYBECOMINGAUTOMATEDDUETOADVANCEMENTSINCOMPUTEDCAPABILITIESFINGERPRINTRECONSTRUCTIONISPOPULARBECAUSEOFTHEINHERENTEASEOFACQUISITION,THENUMEROUSSOURCESEGTENFINGERSAVAILABLEFORCOLLECTION,ANDTHEIRESTABLISHEDUSEANDCOLLECTIONSBYLAWENFORCEMENTANDIMMIGRATIONMINUTIAEBASEDFINGERPRINTMATCHINGALGORITHM1HASBEENPROPOSEDTOSOLVETWOPROBLEMSCORRESPONDENCEANDSIMILARITYCOMPUTATIONFORTHECORRESPONDENCEPROBLEM,USEANALIGNMENTBASEDGREEDYMATCHINGALGORITHMTOESTABLISHTHECORRESPONDENCESBETWEENMINUTIAECRYPTOGRAPHICTECHNIQUESAREBEINGWIDELYUSEDFORENSURINGTHESECRECYANDAUTHENTICITYOFINFORMATIONALTHOUGHSEVERALCRYPTOSYSTEMSHAVEPROVENSECURITYGUARANTEESEG,AESANDRSA,THESECURITYRELIESONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHECRYPTOGRAPHICKEYSAREKNOWNONLYTOTHELEGITIMATEUSERMAINTAININGTHESECRECYOFKEYSISONEOFTHEMAINCHALLENGESINPRACTICALELASTICITY,ANDROTATIONALEFFECTS,WHICHOCCURDURINGTHEACQUISITIONTHELEVELOFDISTORTIONINCREASESFROMTHECENTERTOWARDSTHEOUTERREGIONSTHEEXISTINGAPPROACHESFORFINGERPRINTMATCHINGAREMINUTIAE–BASED,ANDCORRELATIONBASEDTHEFORMERHASSEVERALADVANTAGESOVERTHELATTERSUCHASLOWERTIMECOMPLEXITY,BETTERSPACECOMPLEXITY,LESSREQUIREMENTOFHARDWAREETCTHEUNIQUENESSOFAFINGERPRINTISDUETOUNIQUEPATTERNSHOWNBYTHELOCATIONSOFTHEMINUTIAEPOINTS–IRREGULARITIESOFAFINGERPRINT–RIDGEENDINGS,ANDBIFURCATIONSANOVELMINUTIAEBASEDAPPROACH4,HASBEENPROPOSEDTOMATCHFINGERPRINTIMAGESUSINGSIMILARSTRUCTURESDISTORTIONPOSESSERIOUSTHREATSTHROUGHALTEREDGEOMETRY,INCREASESFALSEMINUTIAE,ANDHENCEMAKESITVERYDIFFICULTTOFINDAPERFECTMATCHTHISALGORITHMDIVIDESFINGERPRINTIMAGESINTOTWOCONCENTRICCIRCULARREGIONS–INNERANDOUTER–BASEDONTHEDEGREEOFDISTORTIONTHEALGORITHMASSIGNSWEIGHTAGESFORAMINUTIAE–PAIRMATCHBASEDONTHEREGIONINWHICHTHEPAIREXISTSTHEALGORITHMHASTWOSTAGESINTHEFIRSTSTAGE,THEMINUTIAEPOINTSAREEXTRACTED,ANDINTHESECONDSTAGE,THEALIGNINGANDTHEMATCHINGOFTHEFINGERPRINTIMAGESAREDONETHEALGORITHMISDESIGNEDTOREDUCETIMETAKENINALIGNING,IMMEDIATELYAFTERTHECALCULATIONOFTHEBINARYIMAGERECENTADVANCESINAUTOMATEDFINGERPRINTIDENTIFICATIONTECHNOLOGY,COUPLEDWITHTHEGROWINGNEEDFORRELIABLEPERSONIDENTIFICATIONHAVERESULTEDINANINCREASEDUSEOFFINGERPRINTSINBOTHGOVERNMENTANDCIVILIANAPPLICATIONSSUCHASBORDERCONTROL,EMPLOYMENTBACKGROUNDCHECKS,ANDSECUREFACILITYACCESSIN5,QUADRATICDIFFERENTIALSNATURALLYDEFINEANALYTICORIENTATIONFIELDSONPLANARSURFACESTHISMETHODPROPOSEDMODELORIENTATIONFIELDSOFFINGERPRINTSBYSPECIFYINGQUADRATICDIFFERENTIALSWHICHISUSEDFORRELIABLEPERSONIDENTIFICATIONMODELSFORALLFINGERPRINTCLASSESSUCHASARCHES,LOOPSANDWHORLSARELAIDOUTTHESEMODELSAREPARAMETERIZEDBYFEW,GEOMETRICALLYINTERPRETABLEPARAMETERSWHICHAREINVARIANTUNDEREUCLIDEANMOTIONSPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSOFTHESEMODELSARETHEUSEOFTHEIRPARAMETERSASINDICESOFLARGEFINGERPRINTDATABASES,ASWELLASTHEDEFINITIONOFINTRINSICCOORDINATESFORSINGLEFINGERPRINTIMAGESTHEACCURACYOFMODELSISSTILLCHALLENGINGTASKFORARCHESGENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEFINGERPRINTEMERGEASTHESKINONTHEFINGERTIPBEGINSTODIFFERENTIATEFI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簡介：1ABSTRACTRELIABILITYOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSISANIMPORTANTISSUEINPOWERENGINEERINGFORBOTHUTILITIESANDCUSTOMERSPOWERDISTRIBUTIONRELIABILITYISCLOSELYRELATEDTOINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTRELIABILITYINTHISPAPER,THERELIABILITYASMEASUREDBYCERTAINCOUNTINDICES,MAINLYTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXSAIDIANDTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYINDEXSAIFI,ISQUANTIFIEDINTERMSOFINDIVIDUALDISTRIBUTIONCOMPONENTRELIABILITYTHISISANEXTENSIONOFPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDRESULTSTHEVALUEOFTHEAPPROACHLIESINDISTRIBUTIONEXPANSIONPLANNINGINWHICHARADIALSYSTEMMAYBENETWORKEDWITHAVIEWTOIMPROVERELIABILITYTHEEFFECTOFINSERTINGDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONDGINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERTHERESULTOFTHISINSERTIONMAYBETHATTHENUMBEROFOUTAGESINCREASESBECAUSEOFTHEPOSSIBLEFAILUREOFTHEDGHARDWARETWONEWINDICESFORTHISAPPLICATIONAREPROPOSEDTHERATIOOFDGENERGYTOINTERRUPTEDENERGYANDTHERATIOOFDGOPERATINGDURATIONTOOUTAGEDURATIONINDEXTERMSDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERING,RELIABILITY,SAIDI,SAIFI,REPAIRTIME,DISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONRESOURCESIELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMRELIABILITYELIABILITYISAKEYISSUEINTHEDESIGNANDOPERATIONOFELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMS–ESPECIALLYINVIEWOFSENSITIVEDIGITALLYCONTROLLEDLOADSCONTEMPORARYLOADSAREOFTENDIGITALINNATURE,ANDTHESELOADSAREFREQUENTLYSENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSAND,INDEED,MANYOTHERPOWERQUALITYPROBLEMSTHECUSTOMERSTHEMSELVESAREPERHAPSBECOMINGMORESENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSDUETOTHEPOSSIBILITYOFINDUSTRIALMANUFACTURINGINTERRUPTION,COMMERCIALLOSSOFSALES,ANDRESIDENTIALNUISANCESOPHISTICATEDCONTROLSYSTEMSMAYACTUALLYEXACERBATETHEIMPACTOFSERVICEINTERRUPTIONSCOMPETITIONINPOWERMARKETINGMAYBEIMPACTEDASWELLINDUSTRIALCUSTOMERSMAYSEEKTOLOCATEATPLACESWHEREPOWERSYSTEMRELIABILITYISHIGHTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMACCOUNTSFORALMOST40OFTHEOVERALLPOWERSYSTEMAND80OFCUSTOMERRELIABILITYPROBLEMS1FORTHESEREASONS,DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMDESIGNANDOPERATIONISCRITICALFORTHEPOWERINDUSTRYTHEPERFORMANCEOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSMAYBEQUANTIFIEDBYMEASURESOFVOLTAGEREGULATIONANDCLASSICALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERINGISSUESTHESEISSUESINCLUDEEVALUATIONOFLOSSESPOWERFACTOROVERHEADVSUNDERGROUNDDESIGNS24COUNTSOFANOMALOUSEVENTS59ANDPOWERQUALITYATTHEAUTHORSACKNOWLEDGETHESUPPORTOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMSENGINEERINGRESEARCHCENTERPSERCUNDERGRANTNSFEEC0001880ASWELLASTHEFUTURERENEWABLEELECTRICENERGYDISTRIBUTIONMANAGEMENTFREEDMCENTERUNDERGRANTEEC0812121AUTHORSALMUHAINI,HEYDT,ANDHUYNHAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICAL,COMPUTER,ANDENERGYENGINEERINGATARIZONASTATEUNIVERSITY,TEMPE,AZ85287,ANDCANBEREACHEDAT{MOHAMMADALMUHAINI},{HEYDT},{ANTHONYHUYNH}ASUEDUTHEPOINTOFENDUSE10,11REFERENCE6SPECIFICALLYADDRESSESTHEVALUEOF‘COUNTINDICES’IE,COUNTINGUNPLANNEDANDUNDESIREDEVENTSSUCHASOUTAGESORLOWVOLTAGECASESFORTHEPURPOSEOFSTANDARDIZEDDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMPLANNING,AND8ADDRESSESTHEPROBABILISTICANALYSISOFTHESEINDICESINRECENTYEARS,THEMOVETOTHEUSEDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONRESOURCESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMANDTHEIRIMPACTONDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMRELIABILITYHASALSOBEENCONSIDERED–FOREXAMPLEIN7THESEREFERENCESAREONLYSMALLSAMPLESOFTHELITERATURESINCETHEFULLLITERATUREISVOLUMINOUSREFERENCES11–13ARESAMPLESOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMENGINEERINGANALYSISANDDESIGN–ANAREAOFCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONFOROVER100YEARSITISIMPORTANTTOSTATETHEREALITYTHATTHREEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSOFTENEXHIBITUNBALANCEDBEHAVIOR,EITHERINTHENOMINALOPERATINGSTATE,ORINTHEFAULTEDSTATEFOREXAMPLE,THELARGESTNUMBEROFDISTRIBUTIONFAULTSISSINGLEPHASEINNATUREALSO,NOMINALOPERATIONOFTENENTAILSUNBALANCEDLOADINGBECAUSETHESYSTEMPOINTSOFSERVICECANNOTBEBALANCEDINREALTIME–THEYCANONLYBEAPPROXIMATELYBALANCEDBYROTATIONACROSSTHETHREEPHASESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONPRIMARYTHISROTATIONOFLOADSIE,APPROXIMATEBALANCINGISACCOMPLISHEDINTHEDESIGNPHASEANDINOCCASIONALSUBSEQUENTEVALUATIONOFPHASELOADSATTHESUBSTATIONSUPPLYREFERENCES14,15DISCUSSTHETHREEPHASECASEARELIABILITYEVALUATIONSTUDYQUANTIFIESRELIABILITYBASEDONCOMPONENTRELIABILITYDATAANDCANBEUSEDTOEVALUATEPASTPERFORMANCEANDPREDICTFUTUREPERFORMANCEOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMARELIABILITYEVALUATIONSTUDYCANALSOIDENTIFYTHEPROBLEMATICCOMPONENTSINTHESYSTEMTHATCANIMPACTRELIABILITYTHERELIABILITYSTUDYCANALSOHELPTOPREDICTTHERELIABILITYPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMAFTERANYEXPANSIONANDQUANTIFYTHEIMPACTOFADDINGNEWCOMPONENTSTOTHESYSTEMTHENUMBERANDLOCATIONSOFNEWCOMPONENTSNEEDEDTOIMPROVETHERELIABILITYINDICESTOCERTAINLIMITSCANBEIDENTIFIEDANDSTUDIEDRELIABILITYISBASICALLYQUANTIFIEDBYTHEPROBABILITYOFACOMPONENTORSYSTEMTOOPERATEASEXPECTEDORNOTTOOPERATEASEXPECTEDTHEDURATIONANDFREQUENCYOFMISOPERATIONAREALSOSIGNIFICANTINEVALUATINGTHERELIABILITYOFADEVICEORSYSTEMINTHISPAPER,THEEVENTCOUNTINDICESWILLBESTUDIED,PRINCIPALLYTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXSAIDIANDTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYINDEXSAIFI,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????THERELIABILITYOFPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSASCALCULATEDUSINGSYSTEMTHEORETICCONCEPTSMOHAMMADALMUHAINI,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEEGERALDTHEYDT,LIFEFELLOW,IEEEANTHONYHUYNH,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEER9781424465514/10/2600?2010IEEE3FORMULASFORTHECASETHATTFTRNOTETHATINTYPICALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERING,TFISINTHEORDEROFTENSOFTHOUSANDSOFHOURSANDTRISINTHEORDEROFAFEWHOURSFIG2SIMPLECONFIGURATIONOFSERIESANDPARALLELCOMPONENTSINAGENERICSYSTEMTABLEIEQUIVALENTTIMESOFFAILUREANDREPAIROFSERIESANDPARALLELCOMPONENTSADAPTEDFROM19,20EQUIVALENTSSERIESPARALLELEQFT2121FFFFTTTT2121RRFFTTTTEQRT211221FFFRFRTTTTTT2121RRRRTTTTIIITHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECOUNTINDICESANDREPAIR/FAILURETIMESBILLINTONANDALLAN23SHOWHOWREPAIRTIMEANDFAILURERATEMAYBEUSEDINTHERADIALCASETOFINDRELIABILITYATDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMBUSESINSUBSEQUENTSECTIONS,WEEXTENDTHERESULTSOFBILLINTONANDALLANTODISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSWITHDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONTHESAIDIANDSAIFIEVENTCOUNTINDICESMAYBEGRAPHICALLYANALYZEDASINFIGS1AND2NOTINGTHATSAIFIISTHEAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONSFREQUENCYPERCUSTOMERANDCANBECALCULATEDBYFINDINGTHEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYOFALLBUSESDIVIDEDBYTHENUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINTHESYSTEM,,TNB1IINIAIFSAIFI∑4WHERENIISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINEACHBUS,NTISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCUSTOMERSINTHESYSTEM,ANDBISTHETOTALNUMBEROFBUSESTHESAMEIDEACANBEAPPLIEDFORTHEAVERAGEDURATIONOFALLOUTAGESINONEYEAR,NAMELYSAIDI,WHICHISSIMPLYTHESUMMATIONOFTHEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONOFALLBUSESDIVIDEDBYTHENUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINTHESYSTEM,TNB1IINIAIDSAIDI∑5ITISPOSSIBLETOCOMBINETHERESULTSOFTABLEI,2,AND3TOOBTAINTHEAIDANDAIFFORARECEIVINGENDBUSFEDBYEITHERTWOSERIESCOMPONENTSORTWOPARALLELCOMPONENTSTHISRESULTGIVESTHEEQUIVALENTAIDEQANDEQUIVALENTAIFEQAS‘SEEN’ATTHERECEIVINGBUSASSHOWNINTABLEIIASINTABLEI,THEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFOFTWOSIMPLECOMPONENTSINSERIESORPARALLELASSUMETHATTFTRANDTHESUPPLYBUSIS100RELIABLETHERESULTSINTABLEIIARESIMPLYOBTAINEDUSINGTHERESULTSOFTABLEIFOLLOWEDBYTHEDEFINITIONOFTHEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFATAPOWERDELIVERYBUSBEINGAIFTEQRAND/8760EQREQFTTRESPECTIVELYTHERESULTSSHOWNINTABLEIAGREEWITHBILLINTONANDALLANIN23ANDTHERESULTSSHOWNINTABLEIIFORTHERADIALCASEAREEQUIVALENTTOTHATOFBILLINTONANDALLANTHEPARALLELCASEINTABLEIIANDTHENEWNOTATIONFORAIDANDAIF,HOWEVER,AREEXTENSIONSTOTHECITEDLITERATURETABLEIIEQUIVALENTAIFANDAIDOFAPOWERDELIVERYBUSASAFUNCTIONOFTHEAIDANDAIFOFEACHCOMPONENTEQUIVALENTSSERIESSUPPLYPARALLELSUPPLY??????????????????AIF??AID?AIF?8760??????????????????????8760INTHEFOREGOINGDISCUSSION,THETHREEPHASEDETAILOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISNOTADDRESSEDINSOMECASES,DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMINTERRUPTIONISDONEUSINGSINGLEPOLETECHNOLOGY24THATIS,THEFAULTEDPHASEISISOLATEDANDTHEOTHERPHASESREMAINSOUNDINASENSE,THETHREEPHASEFAULTCASEISAWORSTCASESINCEALLTHREEPHASESAREISOLATEDANDINTERRUPTEDDURINGAFAULTIFTHELOADSAREDISTRIBUTEDACROSSPHASESA,B,ANDC,LOSSOFONEPHASEWILLRESULTINONLYLOSSOFONETHIRDOFTHESERVICESIVTYPICALCALCULATIONS,RESULTSANDAPPLICATIONSTABLEIIMPLIESTHATTHEAIDANDAIFASWELLASOTHERDERIVATIVEINDICESMAYBECALCULATEDFROMCIRCUITTOPOLOGYANDVALUESOFINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTMEANTIMETOFAILUREORMEANREPAIRTIMETF,TREQUIVALENTLY,THEAIDANDAIFATADELIVERYBUSINANETWORKCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHEAIDANDAIFVALUESOFINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS’–THATIS,THEAIDANDAIFOFADELIVERYBUSSERVEDBYTHEGIVENINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTUSINGTRAID/AIF,TF8760/AIFAIDASANEXAMPLETODEMONSTRATETHEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTARRANGEMENTSOFPARALLELCOMPONENTS,CONSIDERTWORADIALFEEDERSINPARALLELWITHDIFFERENTPOSSIBLETIECONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEMASSHOWNINFIG3FORALLTHELINESINTHISSYSTEM,THEMEANTIMESTOFAILUREANDREPAIRARELISTEDINTABLEIIITHEDOTTEDLINESINFIG3,DENOMINATEDAS1,2,AND3,AREPOTENTIALLOCATIONSFORONEADDEDTIELINETHEAID,AIF,SAIDIANDSAIFIARELISTEDINTABLESIV,VANDVIFOREACHTIELINETHESERESULTSAREFOUNDUSINGTABLEIFORBOTHSERIESANDPARALLELCONNECTIONSNOTETHATTHERESULTSSHOWNDONOTINCLUDELOSSOFTHESUPPLYPOWERATBUSESAANDETHERESULTSINTABLESIV,VANDVISHOWTHATTHEMINIMUMAIDANDAIFFOREACHBUSISOBTAINEDWHENTHEADDEDSINGLETIELINEISDIRECTLYCONNECTEDVIATHESHORTESTPARALLELCONNECTIONANDTHESMALLESTNUMBEROFCOMPONENTSFROMTABLEII,THEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFFORSERIESCONNECTIONSARETHEADDITIONOFTHEINDICESOFTHESERIESCOMPONENTS,

簡介：AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM22128271?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOF48THCIRPCONFERENCEONMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSCIRPCMS2015DOI101016/JPROCIR201512122PROCEDIACIRP412016568–572SCIENCEDIRECT48THCIRPCONFERENCEONMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSCIRPCMS2015PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTOFINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMPROCESSESBYANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANASMATIEH,HAZEMKAYLANI,YOUSEFALABDALLAT,ABEERQADERI,LUMAGHOUL,LINAJARADAT,IMANHDAIRISGERMANJORDANIANUNIVERSITY,WESTMADABASTREET,AMMAN11180,JORDANCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL962798309030FAX96264300215EMAILADDRESSANASATIEHGJUEDUJOABSTRACTTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEIMPACTOFAWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMONSUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCETHATPROVIDESLESSRESOURCESEFFORT,MOREEFFICIENT,ANDRELIABLEINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHESUPPLYCHAINPROCEDURESCARRIEDOUTINTHEWAREHOUSEWEREREVIEWEDBEFORECUSTOMIZINGASOFTWARETHATCANHANDLETHENECESSARYTRANSACTIONSTHESOFTWAREWASTESTEDFORENHANCINGTHEWORKFLOWANDPROVIDINGATIMELYANDEFFICIENTHANDLINGDATAWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEWAREHOUSEOFALEADINGTELECOMMUNICATIONSSERVICEPROVIDERINJORDANFURTHERMORE,THEFACILITYLAYOUTWASSTUDIEDANDWEINTRODUCEDAPRODUCTIONSTATIONWITHINTHEWAREHOUSE,WHICHRESULTEDINBETTERSPACEOPTIMIZATION/UTILIZATIONOFTHEWAREHOUSETHEPRODUCTIONSTATIONCONSISTSOFTHREESTEPSBUNDLING,LABELLING,ANDREPACKAGINGTHESYSTEMHANDLESTHREEPHASESOFPRODUCTLIFECYCLERECEIVING,PROCESSING,ANDDISTRIBUTIONOFSIMANDPREPAIDSCRATCHCARDSEACHPHASEOFTHEPRODUCTLIFECYCLEWASDISCUSSEDINDETAILANDTHEPROCESS/PROCEDUREGAPSWEREIDENTIFIEDTHISWORKCANSERVEBOTHASAPRACTICALGUIDEANDINDUSTRIALEXAMPLEFORSOMERESEARCHERSTOCOMPARETHESOFTWAREINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMWITHTHETRADITIONALMANUALSYSTEMINTHETELECOMMUNICATIONSSECTORINJORDANITALSOHIGHLIGHTSTHEGAPBETWEENTHEORYANDPRACTICETOMOTIVATERESEARCHERSTODEVELOPANDCUSTOMIZENEWSYSTEMSFORMITIGATINGSUPPLYCHAINDISRUPTIONS?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOF48THCIRPCONFERENCEONMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSCIRPCMS2015KEYWORDSSUPPLYCHAINWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENT,INVENTORYSYSTEM,ERP1INTRODUCTIONWAREHOUSINGMANAGEMENTSYSTEMWMSISANECESSARYAPPROACHFOREVERYWAREHOUSEANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSINGSYSTEMPROVIDESLESSEFFORT,MOREEFFICIENT,ANDRELIABLERESULTSCOMPAREDTOMANUALHANDLEDSYSTEMWMSISDESIGNEDTOHELPREDUCECOSTSTHROUGHEFFECTIVEWAREHOUSEPROCESSES1THEWMSGRANULEPROVIDESFUNCTIONALITYFORHANDLINGADVANCEDWAREHOUSEPROCESSESTHATINVOLVESOCALLEDZONESANDBINS,DIRECTEDPICKSANDPUTAWAY,ASWELLASAUTOMATEDDATACAPTURESYSTEMSTOPERFORMDIRECTEDPICKANDPUTAWAY,ITISNECESSARYTODIVIDETHEWAREHOUSEINTOZONESANDBINSAZONECOULDBEARECEIVINGZONEORASTOCKINGZONE,ANDEACHZONECANCONSISTOFONEORSEVERALBINS1THISPAPERISBASEDONATELECOMMUNICATIONCOMPANYITHASASMALLWAREHOUSEWHEREONLYTWOTYPESOFSCRATCHCARDSANDSIMCARDSARESTOREDASSAFETYSTOCKANDHANDLED/DISTRIBUTEDTODEALERSTHEPREVIOUSWMSSTATUSINCLUDETHEPROCESSFROMRECEIVINGTHEGOODSTOPRODUCTDISPATCHINGTODEALERS,WERECONDUCTEDUSINGMANUALENTRYEXCELSHEETSTHEGOALOFTHISWORKISTOAUTOMATETHEWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,ALONGWITHIMPLEMENTINGAMINISIZEPRODUCTIONLINEFORPRODUCTLABELINGWITHINWAREHOUSETHENEEDFORAUTOMATINGTHEWAREHOUSEARISESFROMTHEFACTTHATMANUALHANDLINGMAYCAUSEHUMANERRORSWHICHMAYAFFECTTHEWAREHOUSEUTILIZATION2INORDERTOAUTOMATETHEPROCESS,ATHOROUGHSTUDYONTHESYSTEMSHOULDBECONDUCTEDTHEFIRSTSTEPTOWARDSANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSINGSYSTEMISIDENTIFYINGANDREENGINEERINGTHEPROCESSESANDPROCEDURESCARRIEDOUTINTHEWAREHOUSE,FOLLOWEDBYIDENTIFYINGTHEPROCESSESTHATCOULDBEAUTOMATEDMODELINGTHEBUSINESSPROCESSESANDWORKFLOWSHELPSSEEINGTHEPROCESSASAWHOLEBUSINESSPROCESSMODELLINGANDNOTATIONBPMNWOULDBEAFEASIBLESOLUTIONFORTHISSITUATIONSINCETHEPRIMARYGOALOFBPMNISTOPROVIDEANOTATIONTHATISEASILYUNDERSTOODBYALLUSERSWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONBASICALLYBPMNISAMETHODOFILLUSTRATINGBUSINESSPROCESSESINTHEFORMOFA?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOF48THCIRPCONFERENCEONMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSCIRPCMS2015570ANASMATIEHETAL/PROCEDIACIRP412016568–572WASCONNECTEDTOONEOFTHELOCALDATABASEFILESINTHISCASETHEDATABASEWASCONNECTEDTOSQLSERVEREXPRESSDATABASEFILESMDFFIGURE2,SHOWSASAMPLEOFATABLEINTHESYSTEM,WHICHHASAPRIMARYKEYWITHFEWROWSOFUSERNAME,ACTIONTYPE,ACTIONDATEANDSERIALFROMTO,WHEREEACHROWHASACERTAINDATATYPETHEUSERNAMEANDACTIONTYPEROWSCORRESPONDTORECORDSINOTHERTABLESTHEYAREFOREIGNKEYSANDHAVETHESAMEDATATYPEASTHEPRIMARYKEYOFTHEREFERENCETABLEINORDERTOSETTHEPRIMARYKEY,THEFOLLOWINGCODEMUSTBEWRITTENCONSTRAINTFK_ACTIONTYPEFOREIGNKEYACTIONTYPEREFERENCESACTIONSID,FK_ACTIONTYPESETSTHENAMEOFTHEFOREIGNKEYACTIONTYPETHENAMEOFTHECOLUMNTHATTHEFOREIGNKEYREPRESENTSACTIONSTOWHICHTABLEITREFERSTOIDPRIMARYKEYOFTHEREFERENCETABLEFIG2LOGTABLESAMPLEAFTERCREATINGALLTHEREQUIREDTABLES,ALONGWITHITSPRIMARYANDFOREIGNKEYS,ARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETABLESWASESTABLISHEDASSHOWNINFIG3THENEXTSTEPAFTERCREATINGTHEFOREIGNKEYSISTOPOPULATETHETABLESWITHDATATHENITWASFOUNDTHATTRANSFORMINGTHESOFTWAREINTOAW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簡介：3200英文單詞，英文單詞，16500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5100字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處ATIEH,ANASM,ETAL“PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTOFINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMPROCESSESBYANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM“PROCEDIACIRP412016568572PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTOFINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMPROCESSESBYANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANASMATIEH,HAZEMKAYLANI,YOUSEFALABDALLAT,ABEERQADERI,LUMAGHOUL,LINAJARADAT,IMANHDAIRISABSTRACTTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEIMPACTOFAWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMONSUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCETHATPROVIDESLESSRESOURCESEFFORT,MOREEFFICIENT,ANDRELIABLEINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHESUPPLYCHAINPROCEDURESCARRIEDOUTINTHEWAREHOUSEWEREREVIEWEDBEFORECUSTOMIZINGASOFTWARETHATCANHANDLETHENECESSARYTRANSACTIONSTHESOFTWAREWASTESTEDFORENHANCINGTHEWORKFLOWANDPROVIDINGATIMELYANDEFFICIENTHANDLINGDATAWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEWAREHOUSEOFALEADINGTELECOMMUNICATIONSSERVICEPROVIDERINJORDANFURTHERMORE,THEFACILITYLAYOUTWASSTUDIEDANDWEINTRODUCEDAPRODUCTIONSTATIONWITHINTHEWAREHOUSE,WHICHRESULTEDINBETTERSPACEOPTIMIZATION/UTILIZATIONOFTHEWAREHOUSETHEPRODUCTIONSTATIONCONSISTSOFTHREESTEPSBUNDLING,LABELLING,ANDREPACKAGINGTHESYSTEMHANDLESTHREEPHASESOFPRODUCTLIFECYCLERECEIVING,PROCESSING,ANDDISTRIBUTIONOFSIMANDPREPAIDSCRATCHCARDSEACHPHASEOFTHEPRODUCTLIFECYCLEWASDISCUSSEDINDETAILANDTHEPROCESS/PROCEDUREGAPSWEREIDENTIFIEDTHISWORKCANSERVEBOTHASAPRACTICALGUIDEANDINDUSTRIALEXAMPLEFORSOMERESEARCHERSTOCOMPARETHESOFTWAREINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMWITHTHETRADITIONALMANUALSYSTEMINTHETELECOMMUNICATIONSSECTORINJORDANITALSOHIGHLIGHTSTHEGAPBETWEENTHEORYANDPRACTICETOMOTIVATERESEARCHERSTODEVELOPANDCUSTOMIZENEWSYSTEMSFORMITIGATINGSUPPLYCHAINDISRUPTIONSKEYWORDSSUPPLYCHAINWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENT,INVENTORYSYSTEM,ERP1INTRODUCTIONWAREHOUSINGMANAGEMENTSYSTEMWMSISANECESSARYAPPROACHFOREVERYWAREHOUSEANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSINGSYSTEMPROVIDESLESSEFFORT,MOREEFFICIENT,ANDRELIABLERESULTSCOMPAREDTOMANUALHANDLEDSYSTEMWMSISDESIGNEDTOHELPREDUCECOSTSTHROUGHEFFECTIVEWAREHOUSEPROCESSES1THEWMSGRANULEPROVIDESFUNCTIONALITYFORHANDLINGADVANCEDWAREHOUSEPROCESSESTHATINVOLVESOCALLEDZONESANDBINS,DIRECTEDPICKSANDPUTAWAY,ASWELLASAUTOMATEDDATACAPTURESYSTEMSTOPERFORMDIRECTEDPICKANDPUTAWAY,ITISNECESSARYTODIVIDETHEWAREHOUSEINTOZONESANDBINSAZONECOULDBEARECEIVINGZONEORASTOCKINGZONE,ANDEACHZONECANCONSISTOFONEORSEVERALBINS1THISPAPERISBASEDONATELECOMMUNICATIONCOMPANYITHASASMALLWAREHOUSEWHEREONLYTWOTYPESOFSCRATCHCARDSANDSIMCARDSARESTOREDASSAFETYSTOCKANDHANDLED/DISTRIBUTEDTODEALERSTHEPREVIOUSWMSSTATUSINCLUDETHEPROCESSFROMRECEIVINGTHEGOODSTOPRODUCTDISPATCHINGTODEALERS,WERECONDUCTEDUSINGMANUALENTRYEXCELSHEETSTHEGOALOFTHISWORKISTOAUTOMATETHEWAREHOUSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,ALONGWITHIMPLEMENTINGAMINISIZEPRODUCTIONLINEFORPRODUCTLABELINGWITHINWAREHOUSETHENEEDFORAUTOMATINGTHEWAREHOUSEARISESFROMTHEFACTTHATMANUALHANDLINGMAYCAUSEHUMANERRORSWHICHMAYAFFECTTHEWAREHOUSEUTILIZATION2INORDERTOAUTOMATETHEPROCESS,ATHOROUGHSTUDYONTHESYSTEMSHOULDBECONDUCTEDTHEFIRSTSTEPTOWARDSANAUTOMATEDWAREHOUSINGSYSTEMISIDENTIFYINGANDREENGINEERINGTHEPROCESSESANDPROCEDURESCARRIEDOUTINTHEWAREHOUSE,FOLLOWEDBYIDENTIFYINGTHEPROCESSESTHATTOCREATEASOFTWARE,THEREWILLBETWOMAINSTAGES,FIRSTCREATINGTHEDATABASE,SECONDLYCUSTOMIZINGTHESYSTEMBYPROGRAMMINGITANDWRITINGSOMECODESTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESOFTWAREBEGANBYSTUDYINGTHEEXISTINGSYSTEMANDTHEPROCESSESWITHINITAFTERSTUDYINGTHECURRENTSYSTEM,WEIDENTIFIEDTHREEMAINPROCESSESRECEIVINGANORDERFROMTHESUPPLIER,ACTIVATINGACERTAINQUANTITYOFSCRATCHCARDSACCORDINGTOTHEIRSERIALNUMBERASFIRSTINFIRSTOUTFIFO,ANDFINALLYPREPARINGTHEDEALERORDERDUETOTHEFACTTHATSCRATCHCARDSHAVEMONETARYVALUE,ONLYAPREDETERMINEDAMOUNTOFTHESCRATCHCARDSAREACTIVATEDTHISAMOUNTISTHEORDERQUANTITYANDTHESAFETYSTOCKLEVELTHISPROCEDUREISMORESECUREINORDERTOENSUREPRECISION,BUSINESSPROCESSMODELANDNOTATIONBPMNFLOWCHARTSWERECREATEDFOREACHINDIVIDUALPROCESSSEEFIGURE1INTHISSTEP,ANFREEONLINEBPMNCHARTING,LUCIDCHARTCOMWASUSEDFORCREATINGFLOWCHARTSTHISWEBSITEISUSERFRIENDLYBPMNFLOWCHARTSAREDRAWNBYDRAGGINGANDDROPPINGTHEOBJECTSFROMTHETOOLBARONTOTHEWORKINGAREAFIG1PROCESSMAPSAMPLERECEIVINGORDERPROCESSINORDERTOSELECTTHECORRECTSOFTWARE,ALLTHEAVAILABLESOFTWAREPROGRAMSSHOULDUNDERGOACOMPARATIVEANALYSISMOREOVER,THESOFTWAREPROGRAMSHOULDCOMPLYWITHPRESETREQUIREMENTS,NAMELY,ITSHOULDBEABLETOWITHSTANDASIGNIFICANTLYLARGEAMOUNTOFDATA,BEABLETOSORTSERIALNUMBERSINAFIFOORDER,ANDITSHOULDBERELIABLEWITHAHIGHLEVELOFSECURITYAFTERANALYSINGTHEEXISTINGSOFTWAREPROGRAMS,THEOPTIMUMSOFTWAREWILLBECHOSENINTHISPAPERMICROSOFTVISUALSTUDIOEXPRESSWASUSEDTHESTARTINGPOINTOFCREATINGALOCALDATABASEISCREATINGALISTOFTABLESANDDEFININGTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEMTHEPROJECTDATACLASSESANDRELATIONSHIPSWEREIMPLEMENTEDINDATABASETABLESUSINGVISUALSTUDIOEXPRESSTABLES,APRIMARYKEYINEACHTABLE,ANDAROWSOFSAMPLEDATAWERECREATEDSEEFIGURE2AFOREIGNKEYWASADDEDTOSPECIFYHOWRECORDSONONETABLEMIGHTCORRESPONDTORECORDSINTHEOTHERTABLEINTHENEXTSTEP,THEAPPLICATIONTHATWASDEVELOPEDINVISUALSTUDIOWASCONNECTEDTOONEOFTHELOCALDATABASEFILESINTHISCASETHEDATABASEWASCONNECTEDTOSQLSERVEREXPRESSDATABASEFILESMDFFIGURE2,SHOWSASAMPLEOFATABLEINTHESYSTEM,WHICHHASAPRIMARYKEYWITHFEWROWSOFUSERNAME,ACTIONTYPE,ACTIONDATEANDSERIA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簡介：共12頁第1頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊中文中文5200字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處KUOKLSIMULATIONANDANALYSISOFTHESHIFTPROCESSFORANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONJWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,2011,52341347自動變速器換擋過程的仿真與分析自動變速器換擋過程的仿真與分析KEILINKUO摘要自動變速器AT是大多數(shù)汽車的傳輸系統(tǒng)中重要組成部分。換擋質(zhì)量對車輛的乘坐舒適度有顯著影響。在AT換擋的過程中，連接元件如離合器和帯的接合或分離都會對換擋造成影響，因此可以用連接套齒輪來創(chuàng)建一個(gè)固定的傳動比。由于這些比率中的固定齒輪之間存在不同的比變速器，車輛在換擋過程中的速度可能突然改變，如果連接元件被接合或脫離的不恰當(dāng)，會影響整個(gè)傳輸系統(tǒng)并且增加連接元件的溫度。本文的目的是通過MATLAB/SIMULINK建立系統(tǒng)模型為AT提供動力。還分析了不同液壓、不同時(shí)期的元件溫度和接頭元件的脫離對換擋質(zhì)量的影響，證明了換擋質(zhì)量的改善可以用適當(dāng)?shù)囊簤嚎刂苼韺?shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞自動變速器；仿真和分析；換擋質(zhì)量1引言引言1111發(fā)明原因和背景發(fā)明原因和背景為了改善換擋質(zhì)量，為乘客提供更舒適的乘坐，AT的控制方法不斷加以改善。換擋質(zhì)量主要取決于在換擋過程中的平滑度，換言之，要求平滑變速裝置在變速期間沒有瞬間過高的加速或減速。由于汽車動力包含多旋轉(zhuǎn)的慣性系統(tǒng)，因此換擋過程中總是需要一定的時(shí)間。具有固定傳動比的AT在震動和沖擊的期間可能會發(fā)生移位，這會導(dǎo)致乘客產(chǎn)生不適感。因此，為了改善換擋質(zhì)量，應(yīng)該從理論上分析AT的變速性能，選擇合適的控制方法以及優(yōu)化的液壓應(yīng)用是很重要的。1212文獻(xiàn)綜述文獻(xiàn)綜述由于AT汽車行業(yè)的出現(xiàn)，換擋質(zhì)量一直為研究的主要焦點(diǎn)，有不同的傳輸評測。近年來，得益于電子控制技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，研究AT的領(lǐng)域也得到了增強(qiáng)，許多世界各地的主要制造商進(jìn)行了深入的研究。然而，傳統(tǒng)的4速AT并不能滿足現(xiàn)代客戶的需求，促使汽車生產(chǎn)商為AT開發(fā)了更多的齒輪組。共12頁第3頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊如圖1所示，換擋過程中，在關(guān)閉持續(xù)離合器時(shí)所施加的壓力開始下降，但可以保持離合器無滑動的接合。當(dāng)離合器的正面施加壓力開始增大時(shí)，離合器受到摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩開始打滑。在這個(gè)階段，存在發(fā)動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速沒有急劇變化的情況，在這個(gè)階段，唯一的區(qū)別是扭矩產(chǎn)生變化，因而得名扭矩階段。（2）慣性階段在換擋過程中的第二個(gè)階段，關(guān)閉持續(xù)離合器保持滑動直到離合器完全接合，如圖1所示，由于兩個(gè)摩擦部件是在滑動的，隨著發(fā)動機(jī)速度和比率輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩急劇變化，因此，這一階段被定義為慣性階段。（3）轉(zhuǎn)矩孔和扭矩過沖從圖1看出輸出扭矩經(jīng)歷了波谷周期（低于原來的齒輪扭矩）和波峰周期（高于原來的齒輪扭矩）。波谷周期被稱作扭矩孔，而波峰周期被稱為扭矩過沖。扭矩孔有深度和寬度，其中，深度是所定義的最小扭矩和之間的差值。扭矩在前面的齒輪和所述寬度是轉(zhuǎn)矩孔的最大寬度的一半。轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖有高度，這是最大的扭矩和升檔前的原始值之間的距離測量，如圖2所示。圖2在升檔過程中轉(zhuǎn)矩曲線轉(zhuǎn)矩孔越大，扭矩階段差值越大，這導(dǎo)致了加速度的減小更顯著。由于加速度的減小導(dǎo)致駕駛員和乘客的舒適度降低。轉(zhuǎn)矩孔的預(yù)期值應(yīng)該盡可能的淺和窄。轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖表示輸出扭矩，這反映了換擋的沖擊和振動的振幅。以前的研究表明，離合器和輸出扭矩的應(yīng)用壓力最重要的控制參數(shù)就是來防止這一點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)生。在慣性階段，施加的壓力可以直接控制輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，增加施加壓力可以降低轉(zhuǎn)矩。另一方面，在慣性階段，轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖可以保持一個(gè)可以接受、相對較低的液壓壓力水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的換擋質(zhì)量。22該應(yīng)用在換擋過程中的壓力變化該應(yīng)用在換擋過程中的壓力變化在換擋過程中，較大的液力壓力導(dǎo)致所施加的壓力產(chǎn)生更大的波動，從而提高輸出扭矩的震動。相反，較慢的充電液壓系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生更長一段離合器的摩

簡介：ABSTRACTTHEAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONATISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSOFMANYAUTOMOBILETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMSTHESHIFTQUALITYHASASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHERIDECOMFORTOFTHEVEHICLEDURINGTHEATSHIFTPROCESS,THEJOINTELEMENTSSUCHASTHECLUTCHANDBANDSENGAGEORDISENGAGE,LINKINGSETSOFGEARSTOCREATEAFIXEDGEARRATIOSINCETHESERATIOSDIFFERBETWEENGEARSINAFIXEDGEARRATIOTRANSMISSION,THEMOTIONOFTHEVEHICLECOULDCHANGESUDDENLYDURINGTHESHIFTPROCESSIFTHEJOINTELEMENTSAREENGAGEDORDISENGAGEDINAPPROPRIATELY,ADDITIONALLYIMPACTINGTHEENTIRETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMANDINCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREOFCONNECTELEMENTSTHEOBJECTIVEWASTOESTABLISHASYSTEMMODELFORANATPOWERTRAINUSINGMATLAB/SIMULINKTHISPAPERFURTHERANALYSESTHEEFFECTOFVARYINGHYDRAULICPRESSUREANDTHEASSOCIATEDIMPACTONSHIFTQUALITYDURINGBOTHENGAGMENTANDDISENGAGEMENTOFTHEJOINTELEMENTS,PROVINGTHATSHIFTQUALITYIMPROVEMENTSCOULDBEACHIEVEDWITHAPPROPRIATEHYDRAULICPRESSURECONTROLKEYWORDSAUTOMATICTRANSMISSION,SIMULATIONANDANALYSIS,SHIFTQUALITYIINTRODUCTIONAMOTIVATIONANDBACKGROUNDETHODSOFATCONTROLARECONTINUOUSLYBEINGIMPROVEDINORDERTOIMPROVESHIFTQUALITYANDPROVIDEBETTERRIDECOMFORTFORPASSENGERSSHIFTQUALITYDEPENDSMOSTLYONTHESMOOTHNESSDURINGTHESHIFTPROCESSINOTHERWORDS,ASMOOTHSHIFTMEANSTHEREISNOEXORBITANTINSTANTANEOUSACCELERATIONORDECELERATIONDURINGSHIFTINGSINCEAUTOMOBILEPOWERTRAINSCONTAINMULTIROTATIONINERTIALSYSTEMS,THESHIFTPROCESSWILLALWAYSTAKEACERTAINAMOUNTOFTIMEWITHFIXEDGEARRATIOATSVIBRATIONANDSHOCKCANOCCURDURINGSHIFTING,WHICHRESULTSINPASSENGERDISCOMFORTTHEREFORE,INORDERTOIMPROVETHESHIFTQUALITY,ITISIMPORTANTTOTHEORETICALLYANALYZETHESHIFTPERFORMANCEOFANAT,CHOOSEANAPPROPRIATECONTROLMETHOD,ANDOPTIMIZETHEAPPLICATIONOFHYDRAULICPRESSUREBLITERATUREREVIEWSINCETHEATEMERGEDWITHINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRY,SHIFTQUALITYHASBEENTHEPRIMARYFOCUSFORTHECHARACTERIZATIONANDEVALUATIONOFDIFFERENTTRANSMISSIONSINRECENTYEARS,THANKSTORAPIDDEVELOPMENTSINELECTRONICCONTROLTECHNOLOGY,RESEARCHINTHEFIELDOFATSHASBEENENHANCED,WITHMANYMAJORMANUFACTURERSAROUNDTHEWORLDCONDUCTINGINTENSIVERESEARCHHOWEVER,THETRADITIONAL4SPEEDATCANNOTMEETTHEDEMANDSOFTHEMODERNCUSTOMER,PROMPTINGAUTOMOBILEPRODUCERSTODEVELOPMOREGEARSETSFORATSFOREXAMPLE,IN2001,YAMAMOTOELALDEVELOPEDANEWAISIN5SPEEDAT,WHICHKLKUOISWITHTHEVEHICLEENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,NATIONALTAIPEIUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,TAIWAN,ROCPHONE8862277121713623EMAILKLKUONTUTEDUTWUSEDANEWPLANETARYGEARBOXRESULTINGINASMALLERSIZEANDBETTERPERFORMANCETHANTHEPREVIOUS4SPEEDAT1IN2003,SCHERERPRESENTEDTHATCOMPAREDTOTHEEARLIER5SPEEDAT,THETOTALAMOUNTOFCOMPONENTSOFTHENEWZF6SPEEDATHADBEENREDUCEDBY29,THELENGTHHADBEENSHORTENEDBY6ANDTHECONTROLMETHODHADBEENQUALITYANDTHERESPONSETIME2IN2004,GREINERETALINTRODUCEDTHENEWMERCEDESBENZ7GTRONIC7SPEEDAT,WITHASHORTERRESPONSETIMEANDBETTERACCELERATIONPERFORMANCETHANANYPREVIOUSAT3IN2007,KONDOETALREVEALEDTHENEWTOYOTAAA80E8SPEEDAT,WITHA65REDUCTIONINFUELCONSUMPTIONCOMPAREDTOTHEABOVE6SPEEDAT4USINGBENEFITSDERIVEDFROMADVANCEDCONTROLTHEORYANDIMPROVEDELECTRONICCONTROLTECHNOLOGY,THEMODERNATHASSEENSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSINSHIFTQUALITYASWELLASFUELCONSUMPTIONIIATSHIFTPROCESSANALYSISSHIFTPROCESSANALYSISISTHEKEYSTUDYFORATSHIFTQUALITYCONTROLTHEAUTOMATICSHIFTPROCESSISUSUALLYACHIEVEDTHROUGHTHEENGAGEMENTORDISENGAGEMENTOFANUMBEROFBANDSANDCLUTCHESTHEENTIRESHIFTPROCESSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOPHASESTHETORQUEPHASE,WHERETHESPEEDRATIOREMAINSCONSTANTBUTOUTPUTTORQUEDECREASES,ANDTHEINERTIAPHASE,WHERETHESPEEDRATIOCHANGESTHESHIFTPROCESSISCOMPLEXANDCANBEINFLUENCEDBYVARIOUSFACTORSTHEREFORE,ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPAGENERALMATHEMATICALMODELFORATSHIFTPROCESSANALYSISITISALSOESSENTIALTOSIMPLIFYTHEMOTIONEQUATIONINORDERTOESTABLISHADYNAMICMODELFORTHESYSTEM,ANDUSETHISDYNAMICMODELTOANALYZEANDINVESTIGATETHESHIFTPROCESS5ATORQUEANDINERTIAPHASESINTHESHIFTPROCESSFIGURE1SHOWSTHECURVESOFCLUTCHPRESSURE,OUTPUTTORQUEANDENGINESPEEDDURINGAGEARCHANGEFROM1STTO2NDGEAR6INTHISFIGURE,THESOLIDLINEANDDASHEDLINEREPRESENTWELLANDPOORLYCONTROLLEDCLUTCHPRESSURERESPECTIVELYFIG1SHIFTPROCESSANALYSISKEILINKUOSIMULATIONANDANALYSISOFTHESHIFTPROCESSFORANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONMWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY762011341FIG3MITSUBISHIF4A4ATLAYOUTDIAGRAM10TABLEIICLUTCHENGAGEMENTFORDIFFERENTGEARSSIMSCAPE,WHICHISEMBEDDEDINTHEMATLAB/SIMULINKENVIRONMENT,HASBECOMEANIMPORTANTTOOLRECENTLYITISAFUNDAMENTALPLATFORMFORMODELINGANDSIMULATINGMULTIDOMAINPHYSICALSYSTEMSTHEGREATESTADVANTAGEOFTHISSOFTWAREFORUSERSISTHEAVOIDANCEOFCOMPLICATEDFORMULADERIVATIONTHROUGHTHEPROVISIONOFFUNDAMENTALBUILDINGBLOCKSFORMODELINGSYSTEMSPANNINGMECHANICAL,ELECTRICAL,HYDRAULIC,ANDOTHERPHYSICALDOMAINSASPHYSICALNETWORKSUSINGTHEBUILTINPHYSICALBLOCKSFORTHEENGINE,HYDRAULICTORQUECONVERTER,TRANSMISSION,CLUTCH,GEARBOXANDOTHERDOMAINS,THESIMULATIONSTRUCTUREFORTHEVEHICLEWASTHENESTABLISHED,ASSHOWNINFIG4TABLE4SHOWSTHEPARAMETERSFORTHEWHOLEVEHICLESIMULATIONFIG4VEHICLESIMULATIONSTRUCTUREFIGURE5PORTRAYSTHEHYDRAULICTORQUECONVERTERBLOCKDIAGRAM,WHOSESIMULATIONPARAMETERSHAVEBEENDETERMINEDTHEINITIALROTATIONRATEOFTHEPUMPIMPELLERENGINEWAS750RPM,WHILSTTHETURBINEINITIALROTATIONRATEWAS0RPMTHEASSUMPTIONSFORROTATIONALINERTIAWERE01KGM2FORTHEENGINEANDPUMPIMPELLERAND001KGM2FORTHETURBINEANDSHAFTTABLEIIIVEHICLEPARAMETERSFORSIMULATIONMAXIMUMENGINEPOWER8664KWMAXIMUMROTATIONRATE7000RPMOVERALLWEIGHT1165KGTYRERADIUS0289MASSUMEDROLLINGRESISTANCERATIO?R001ASSUMEDAIRRESISTANCERATIOCD037WINDWARDAREA196M2AIRDENSITY1204KG/M3FIG5HYDRAULICTORQUECONVERTERBLOCKDIAGRAMFIGURE6SHOWSTHEBLOCKMODELFORTHETRANSMISSION,WHERETHEMAXIMUMAPPLICATIONPRESSUREFORALLCLUTCHESWAS1200KPA,THEEFFECTIVEMOTIONRADIUSWAS00662M,THEFISTGEARDECELERATIONRATIOWAS2842,THESECONDGEARDECELERATIONRATIOWAS1529,ANDTHEASSUMEDGEARROTARYINERTIAWAS001KGM2FIG6TRANSMISSIONBLOCKDIAGRAMFIGURE7DEPICTSTHEBLOCKDIAGRAMFORTHEDRIVINGLOAD,WHERETHEFINALDECELERATIONRATIOWAS4042,THEASSUMEDVEHICLEINERTIAWAS125KGM2,THETIERRADIUSWAS0289M,ANDTHEDRIVINGRESISTANCEWASASSUMEDASROLLINGRESISTANCERR?RWANDAIRRESISTANCE22??????ACRDAIVSIMULATIONRESULTSANDANALYSISDURINGTHEUPSHIFTPROCESSFORTHEMITSUBISHIF4A4AT,THEOFFGOINGCLUTCHALTERNATESWITHTHEONCOMINGCLUTCHFORTHEPURPOSESOFTHISPAPER,BOTHWEREANALYZEDINTHESIMULATIONWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY762011343

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