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簡介：UNIT1THEOWNER’SPERSPECTIVE第1單元業(yè)主的觀點單元業(yè)主的觀點12MAJORTYPESOFCONSTRUCTION12大建筑類型大建筑類型SINCEMOSTOWNERSAREGENERALLYINTERESTEDINACQUIRINGONLYASPECIFICTYPEOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITY,THEYSHOULDBEAWAREOFTHECOMMONINDUSTRIALPRACTICESFORTHETYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONPERTINENTTOTHEM1LIKEWISE,THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYISACONGLOMERATIONOFQUITEDIVERSESEGMENTSANDPRODUCTSSOMEOWNERSMAYPROCUREACONSTRUCTEDFACILITYONLYONCEINALONGWHILEANDTENDTOLOOKFORSHORTTERMADVANTAGESHOWEVER,MANYOWNERSREQUIREPERIODICACQUISITIONOFNEWFACILITIESAND/ORREHABILITATIONOFEXISTINGFACILITIESITISTOTHEIRADVANTAGETOKEEPTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHEALTHYANDPRODUCTIVECOLLECTIVELY,THEOWNERSHAVEMOREPOWERTOINFLUENCETHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHANTHEYREALIZEBECAUSE,BYTHEIRINDIVIDUALACTIONS,THEYCANPROVIDEINCENTIVESFORINNOVATION,EFFICIENCYANDQUALITYINCONSTRUCTION2ITISTOTHEINTERESTOFALLPARTIESTHATTHEOWNERSTAKEANACTIVEINTERESTINTHECONSTRUCTIONANDEXERCISEBENEFICIALINFLUENCEONTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEINDUSTRY由于大多數(shù)業(yè)主通常只對獲得特定類型的建筑設施感興趣，所以他們應該了解與他們有關的建筑類型的常見工業(yè)實踐1。同樣，建筑行業(yè)是一個相當多樣化的部門和產(chǎn)品的集團。一些業(yè)主可能會長時間采購建筑設施一次，并傾向于尋找短期優(yōu)勢。然而，許多業(yè)主需要定期收購新設施和/或修復現(xiàn)有設施。保持建筑業(yè)的健康和生產(chǎn)力是有利的?？偟膩碚f，業(yè)主對施工行業(yè)的影響力比他們意識到的要大，因為他們可以通過個人行動來提供創(chuàng)新，效率和施工質量的激勵2。所有各方的利益，業(yè)主積極興趣，對行業(yè)表現(xiàn)有利影響。INPLANNINGFORVARIOUSTYPESOFCONSTRUCTION,THEMETHODSOFPROCURINGPROFESSIONALSERVICES,AWARDINGCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS,ANDFINANCINGTHECONSTRUCTEDFACILITYCANBEQUITEDIFFERENTFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSION,THEBROADSPECTRUMOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESMAYBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURMAJORCATEGORIES,EACHWITHITSOWNCHARACTERISTICS在規(guī)劃各類施工時，采購專業(yè)服務，授予施工合同，建設設施融資方式可能有很大的不同。為了討論的目的，廣泛的建筑設施可以分為四個主要類別，每個類別都有自己的特點。RESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTION住宅建設RESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONINCLUDESSINGLEFAMILYHOUSES,MULTIFAMILYDWELLINGS,ANDHIGHRISEAPARTMENTS3DURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONOFSUCHPROJECTS,THEDEVELOPERSORSPONSORSWHOAREFAMILIARWITHTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYUSUALLYSERVEASSURROGATEOWNERSANDTAKECHARGE,MAKINGNECESSARYCONTRACTUALAGREEMENTSFORDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION,ANDARRANGINGTHEFINANCINGANDSALEOFTHECOMPLETEDSTRUCTURES4RESIDENTIALHOUSINGDESIGNSAREUSUALLYPERFORMEDBYARCHITECTSANDENGINEERS,ANDTHECONSTRUCTIONEXECUTEDBYBUILDERSWHOHIRESUBCONTRACTORSFORTHESTRUCTURAL,MECHANICAL,ELECTRICALANDOTHERSPECIALTYWORKANEXCEPTIONTOTHISPATTERNISFORSINGLEFAMILYHOUSESASISSHOWNINFIGURE12,WHICHMAYBEDESIGNEDBYTHEBUILDERSASWELLTHERESIDENTIALHOUSINGMARKETISHEAVILYAFFECTEDBYGENERALECONOMICCONDITIONS,TAXLAWS,ANDTHEMONETARYANDFISCALPOLICIESOFTHEGOVERNMENTOFTEN,ASLIGHTINCREASEINTOTALDEMANDWILLCAUSEASUBSTANTIALINVESTMENTINCONSTRUCTION,SINCEMANYHOUSINGPROJECTSCANBESTARTEDATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSBYDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSANDDEVELOPERSATTHESAMETIME5BECAUSEOFTHERELATIVEEASEOFENTRY,ATLEASTATTHELOWERENDOSTHEMARKET,MANYNEWBUILDERSAREATTRACTEDTOTHERESIDENTIALHOUSINGCONSTRUCTIONHENCE,THISMARKETISHIGHLYCOMPETITIVE,WITHPOTENTIALLYHIGHRISKSASWELLASHIGHREWARDS住宅建設包括單戶住房，多戶住宅和高層公寓3。在開發(fā)和建設這些項目時，熟悉建筑行業(yè)的開發(fā)商或贊助商通常作為代理業(yè)主，負責設計和建造的必要合同協(xié)議，并安排完成的建筑物的融資和銷售4。住宅設計通常由建筑師和工程師進行，建筑師由結構，機械，電氣和其他專業(yè)工作的分包商執(zhí)行施工。這種模式的一個例外是單戶住宅，如圖12所示，也可以由建設者設計。住房市場受到一般經(jīng)濟狀況，稅法以及政府貨幣和財政政策的嚴重影響。通常，總需求略有增加將對建設進行大量投資，因為許多住房項目可以在不同的地點由不同的個人和開發(fā)商同時啟動5。由于入口相對容易，至少在市場上較低端，許多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建設中。因此，這個市場競爭激烈，風險高，回報率高。INSTITUTIONALANDCOMMERCIALBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONENCOMPRASSESAGREATVARIETYOFPROJECTTYPESANDSIZES,SUCHASSCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIES,MEDICALCLINICSANDHOSPITALS,RECREATIONALFACILITIESANDSPORTSSTADIUMS,RETAILCHAINSTORESANDLARGESHOPPINGCENTERS,WAREHOUSEANDLIGHTMANUFACTURINGPLANTS,ANDSKYSCRAPERSFOROFFICESANDHOTELS,ASISSHOWNINFIGURE136THEOWNERSOFSUCHBUILDINGSMAYORMAYNOTBEFAMILIARWITHCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYPRACTICES,BUTTHEYUSUALLYAREABLETOSELECTCOMPETENTPROFESSIONALCONSULTANTSANDARRANGETHEFINANCINGOFTHECONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESTHEMSELVESSPECIALTYARCHITECTSANDENGINEERSAREOFTENENGAGEDFORDESIGNINGASPECIFICTYPEOFBUILDING,WHILETHEBUILDERSORGENERALCONTRACTORSUNDERTAKINGSUCHPROJECTSMAYALSOBESPECIALIZEDINONLYUNIT2ORGANIZINGFORPROJECTMANAGEMENT第2單元組織項目管理單元組織項目管理SECTION1WHATISPROJECTMANAGEMENT第1節(jié)什么是項目管理節(jié)什么是項目管理THEMANAGEMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSKNOWLEDGEOFMODERNMANAGEMENTASWELLASANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSHAVEASPECIFICSETOFOBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSSUCHASAREQUIREDTIMEFRAMEFORCOMPLETIONWHILETHERELEVANTTECHNOLOGY,INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSORPROCESSESWILLDIFFER,THEMANAGEMENTOFSUCHPROJECTSHASMUSHINCOMMONWITHTHEMANAGEMENTOFSIMILARTYPESOFPROJECTSINOTHERSPECIALTYORTECHNOLOGYDOMAINSSUCHASAEROSPACE，PHARMACEUTICALANDENERGYDEVELOPMENTS施工項目管理現(xiàn)代管理知識，了解設計施工過程。建設項目有一套具體的目標和制約因素，如完成所需的時間框架。雖然相關技術，制度安排或過程將有所不同，但這些項目的管理與其他專業(yè)或技術領域（如航空航天，制藥和能源開發(fā)）類似項目的管理情況相同。GENERALLY,PROJECTMANAGEMENTISDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEGENERALMANAGEMENTOFCORPORATIONSBYTHEMISSIONORIENTEDNATUREOFAPROJECTAPROJECTORGANIZATIONWILLGENERALLYBETERMINATEDWHENTHEMISSIONISACCOMPLISHEDACCORDINGTOTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTINSTITUTE,THEDISCIPLINEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTCANBEDEFINEDASFOLLOWS一般來說，項目管理與項目總體管理區(qū)別于項目的任務性質。任務完成后，項目組織通常會被終止。據(jù)項目管理研究所介紹，項目管理學科可以定義如下PROJECTMANAGEMENTISTHEARTOFDIRECTINGANDCOORDINATINGHUMANANDMATERIALRESOURCESTHROUGHOUTTHELIFEOFAPROJECTBYUSINGMODERNMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESTOACHIEVEPREDETERMINEDOBJECTIVESOFSCOPE,COST,TIME,QUALITYANDPARTICIPATIONSATISFACTION項目管理是通過使用現(xiàn)代管理技術實現(xiàn)項目范圍，成本，時間，質量和參與滿意度的預定目標，在項目整個生命周期內指導和協(xié)調人力和物力資源的藝術。BYCONTRAST,THEGENERALMANAGEMENTOFBUSINESSANDINDUSTRIALCORPORATIONSASSUMESABROADEROUTLOOKWITHGREATERCONTINUITYOFOPERATIONS4NEVERTHELESS,THEREARESUFFICIENTSIMILARITIESASWELLASDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWOSOTHATMODERNMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESDEVELOPEDFORGENERALMANAGEMENTMAYBEADAPTEDFORPROJECTMANAGEMENT相比之下，商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的總體管理具有更廣闊的前景，具有更大的運營連續(xù)性4。然而，兩者之間存在足夠的相似性和差異性，因此為一般管理開發(fā)的現(xiàn)代管理技術可能會適應項目管理。THEBASICINGREDIENTSFORAPROJECTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKMAYBEREPRESENTEDSCHEMATICALLYINFIGUE21AWORKINGKNOWLEDGEOFGENERALMANAGEMENTANDFAMILIARITYWITHTHESPECIALKNOWLEDGEDOMAINRELATEDTOTHEPROJECTAREINDISPENSABLESUPPORTINGDISCIPLINESSUCHASCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDDECISIONSCIENCEMAYALSOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINFACT,MODERNMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDVARIOUSSPECIALKNOWLEDGEDOMAINSHAVEABSORBEDVARIOUSTECHNIQUESORTOOLSWHICHWEREONCEIDENTIFIEDONLYWITHTHESUPPORTINGDISCIPLINEFOREXAMPLE,COMPUTERBASEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSARENOMCOMMONPLACETOOLSFORGENERALMANAGEMENTSIMILARLY,MANYOPERATIONSRESEARCHTECHNIQUESSUCHASLINEARPROGRAMMINGANDNETWORKANALYSISARENOWWIDELYUSEDINMANYKNOWLEDGEORAPPLICATIONDOMAINS6HENCE,THEREPRESENTATIONINFIGURE21REFLECTSONLYTHESOURCESFROMWHICHTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKEVOLVES項目管理框架的基本要素可以在圖21中示意性地表示。一般管理的工作知識和熟悉與項目相關的專門知識領域是不可或缺的。支持計算機科學和決策科學等學科也可能發(fā)揮重要作用。事實上，現(xiàn)代管理實踐和各種特殊知識領域已經(jīng)吸收了一些曾經(jīng)被認定為輔助學科的技術或工具。例如，基于計算機的信息系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)是普通管理的常用工具。類似地，許多操作研究技術如線性規(guī)劃和網(wǎng)絡分析現(xiàn)在已被廣泛應用于許多知識或應用領域6。因此，圖21中的代表只反映了項目管理框架發(fā)展的來源。SPECIFICALLY,PROJECTMANAGEMENTINCONSTRUCTIONENCOMPRASSESASETOFOBJECTIVESWHICHMAYBEACCOMPLISHEDBYIMPLEMENTINGASERIESOFOPERATIONSSUBJECTTORESOURCECONSTRAINTSTHEREAREPOTENTIALCONFLICTSBETWEENTHESTATEDOBJECTIVESWITHREGARDTOSCOPE,COST,TIMEANDQUALITY,ANDTHECONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDONHUMAN,MATERIALANDFINANCIALRESOURCESTHESECONFLICTSSHOULDBERESOLVEDATTHEONSETOFAPROJECTBYMAKINGTHENECESSARYTRADEOFFSORCREATINGNEWALTERNATIVES具體來說，項目管理在建設中將會實現(xiàn)一系列目標，這些目標可以通過實施資源約束的一系列操作來實現(xiàn)。在范圍，成本，時間和質量以及對人類的限制之間存在潛在的沖突。物質和財力。這些沖突應在項目開始時通過作出必要的權衡或創(chuàng)造新的替代方案來解決。SUBSEQUENTLY,THEFUNCTIONOFPROJECTMANAGEMENTFORCONSTRUCTIONGENERALLYINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING其后，施工項目管理功能一般包括以下內容1SPECIFICATIONOFPROJECTOBJECTIVESANDPLANSINCLUDINGDELINEATIONOFSCOPE,BUDGETING,SCHEDULING,SETTINGPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS,ANDSELECTINGPROJECTPARTICIPANTS2MAXIMIZATIONOFEFFICIENTRESOURCEUTILIZATIONTHROUGHPROCUREMENTOFLABOR,MATERIALSANDEQUIPMENTACCORDINGTOTHEPRESCRIBEDSCHEDULEANDPLAN8

簡介：REVISIONFORACADEMICPROFICIENCYTESTOF2015（學考復習）SKILLSONTWOWAYTRANSLATIONOFBASICSENTENCEPATTERNSTEACHINGPLANSTEP1LEADINSHOWTWOSENTENCESANDASKTHESSTOTRANSLATEHEJUSTHADTWOLEFTFEET他笨手笨腳。HEPUTHISFOOTINHISMOUTH（他說錯話了。）STEP2CORRECTTHEMISTAKENTRANSLATION1只等待是沒有用的。ONLYWAITISNOTUSEFUL2有很多學生參加了這次競賽。THEREHAVEMANYSTUDENTSTOOKPARTINTHECOMPETITION3ALLOFTHEMPROVEDHIMISANHONESTMAN他們都證明他是個老實人。4參加我的婚禮好嗎WOULDYOUMINDJOININGMYWEDDINGCEREMONY5IDON’TLIKETHEWAYTHATSHESINGS我不喜歡那種方法她唱歌。6EVERYDOGHASITSDAY每只狗都有它的日子。STEP3SUMMARYBASICSKILLSONTRANSLATIONOFBASICSENTENCEPATTERNSSKILL1CHOOSINGTHERIGHTBASICPATTERNSKILL2PAYINGATTENTIONTOSPECIALPATTERNSSKILL3ANALYZINGTHESTRUCTURESKILL4CHOOSINGPROPERWORDSORPHRASESSKILL5USINGTHERIGHTWORDORDERSKILL6PAYINGATTENTIONTODIFFERENTEXPRESSIONBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHSTEP3GROUPWORKSTUDENTSAREDIVIDEDINTO6GROUPSTODODIFFERENTTASKSATTHESAMETIMEAFTERTHEYFINISHTHEM,THEYWILLBEREQUIREDTOSHOWTHEIRRESULTSTASK1FORGROUP1TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES1在過去的三十年中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。GREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINCHINAINTHEPASTTHIRTYYEARSCHINAHASBEENCHANGEDGREATLY2我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的所有同學喜歡我做的蛋糕。2IFOUNDALLMYCLASSMATESINTERESTEDINMYCAKEIFOUNDTHATALLMYCLASSMATESWEREINTERESTEDINMYCAKE3這女人給了她一個又大又紅的蘋果。3THEWOMANOFFEREDHERABIG,REDAPPLETHEWOMANGAVEABIG,REDAPPLETOHERTASK2GROUP2COMPLETETHESENTENCESACCORDINGTOTHECHINESESENTENCES1您認為誰能取得勝利2我多么希望去過那里啊3你們到底是在什么時候找到了單車1）________________WILLWIN2_____IWISHI_________THERE3WHEN________THATYOU________THEBIKEWHEN________________YOUFINDTHEBIKETASK3FORGROUP3ANALYZETHESTRUCTUREOFEACHSENTENCE1HEMADEITCLEARTHATHEWOULDLEAVETHECITY2WENEEDAPLACETWICELARGERTHANTHISONE3NOTHINGISMOREIMPORTANTTHANHEALTH4“DIAMONDCUTSDIAMOND”MEANS____________INCHINESEA晶瑩剔透。B強中自有強中手C絢麗奪目D炫彩惹眼BBABSTEP6HOMEWORKITRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES1AGOODWINTERBRINGSAGOODSUMMER2學生不能進教師閱覽室。ACCESS3你不可能獨立完成這項工作的。4INORDERFORANEWSPORTTOBEADDED,ANOTHERSPORTMUSTBEDROPPED5ALLKINDSOFBOOKSAREAVAILABLETOUSINOURSCHOOLLIBRARYII雙向翻譯雙向翻譯請根據(jù)上下文內容，將文中劃線部分譯成漢語或者英語。請根據(jù)上下文內容，將文中劃線部分譯成漢語或者英語。SANDYWASTHELASTTOARRIVEATTHEMUSEUM1SHEWASSOTIREDTHATSHEHADTOFINDACHAIRTOSITONONCESHESATDOWN,SHENOTICEDANICEPAINTINGONTHEWALLSHESTAREDATITFORALONGTIME－SOLONG,THATSHEFELLASLEEPSUDDENLY,2她能聽到有人在唱歌SHEWENTTOSEEWHOITWASBUTTHEREWASNOBODYINSIGHTSHEWASCONFUSEDTHENSHETURNEDTOAPAINTINGONTHEWALLITWASTHEMONALISASHEWASINTERESTEDINTHEPAINTING3TOHERSURPRISE,MONALISAWASSINGINGLOUDLYSHEWANDEREDTOTHEOTHERSIDEOFTHEHALLANDCAMEACROSSANOTHERPAINTINGONTHEWALL4THEREWASAWOMANINABEAUTIFULDRESSWALKINGINTHEPAINTINGTHEWOMANSMILEDATSANDYANDREACHEDOUTHERHANDTOWARDSHERSANDYWASSURESHECOULDSMELLTHEFLOWERSSHEWASWEARINGTHENTHEWOMANOFFEREDHERABIG,REDAPPLESANDYHESITATEDABOUTWHETHERSHESHOULDEATITSHEFELTVERYHUNGRY“ITLOOKSDELICIOUS,”SANDYTHOUGHTSHEBITINTOTHEAPPLE5它嘗起來很甜

簡介：夾具設計應符合以下基本要求（1）有適當?shù)木群统叽绶€(wěn)定性夾具體上的重要表面，如安裝定位元件的表面、安裝對刀和導向元件的表面以及夾具體的安裝基面（與機床相連接的表面）等，應有適當?shù)某叽绾托螤罹龋鼈冎g應有適當?shù)奈恢镁?。為使夾具體尺寸穩(wěn)定，鑄造夾具體要進行時效處理，焊接和鍛造夾具體要進行退火處理。（2）有足夠的強度和剛度。加工過程中，夾具體要承受較大的切削力和夾緊力。為保證夾具體不產(chǎn)生不允許的變形和振動，夾具體應有足夠的強度和剛度，因此夾具體需要有一定的壁厚。（3）結構工藝性好。夾具體應便于制造、裝配和檢驗。鑄造夾具體上安裝各種元件的表面應鑄出3～5MM高的凸面，以減少加工面積。鑄造夾具體壁厚要均勻，轉角外應有R3～R5MM的圓角。夾具體結構形式應便于工件的裝卸。（4）要有適當?shù)娜菪伎臻g和良好的排屑性能。對于切削時產(chǎn)生切削不多的夾具，可加大定位元件工作表面與夾具之間的距離或增設容屑溝槽，以增加容屑空間；對于加工時產(chǎn)生大量切屑的夾具，可設置排屑缺口或斜面，斜角可取。??5030（5）在機床上安裝穩(wěn)定可靠。夾具在機床上的安裝都是通過夾具體上的安裝基面和機床上相應表面的接觸或配合實現(xiàn)的。當夾具在機床工作臺上安裝時，夾具的重心應盡量低，重心越高則支承面應越大；夾具底面四邊應凸出，使夾具體安裝基面與機床的工作臺面接觸良好。接觸邊或支腳的寬度應大于機床工作臺梯形槽的寬度，應一次加工出來，并保證一定的平面精度；當夾具在機床主軸上安裝時，夾具安裝基面與主軸相應表面應有較高的配合精度，并保證夾具體安裝穩(wěn)定可靠。（6）有較好的外觀。夾具體外觀造型要新穎，鋼質夾具體需要發(fā)藍處理或退磁，鑄件未加工部位必須清理，并涂油漆。（7）在夾具適當位置用鋼印打出夾具編號，以便于工裝的管理。夾具的制造及工藝性（1）夾具的制造精度夾具通常是單件生產(chǎn)，且制造周期很短。為了保證工件的加工要求，很多THEFIXTUREDESIGNSHOULDMEETTHEFOLLOWINGBASICREQUIREMENTS1THEAPPROPRIATEACCURACYANDDIMENSIONALSTABILITYFOLDEROFTHECONCRETEONTHEIMPORTANTSURFACES,SUCHASTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHESURFACEOFTHEPOSITIONINGCOMPONENTS,INSTALLTHESURFACEOFTHEKNIFEANDORIENTEDCOMPONENTS,ASWELLASTHESPECIFICFOLDERTOINSTALLTHEBASESURFACECONNECTEDTOTHEMACHINESURFACESHOULDBETHEAPPROPRIATESIZEANDSHAPEACCURACY,THEYBETWEENSHOULDBETHEAPPROPRIATELOCATIONACCURACYTHEFOLDEROFTHESTABILITYOFTHESPECIFICDIMENSIONS,CASTINGFOLDERSPECIFICTOTHEAGINGTREATMENT,WELDINGANDFORGINGFOLDERSPECIFICANNEALING2HAVESUFFICIENTSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSPROCESS,THESPECIFICFOLDERYOUWANTTOBEARAGREATERCUTTINGFORCEANDCLAMPINGFORCETOENSURETHATTHEFOLDERDOESNOTPRODUCEDOESNOTALLOWDEFORMATIONANDVIBRATIONFOLDERSHOULDHAVESUFFICIENTSPECIFICSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,SOTHEFOLDERTHESPECIFICNEEDSOFACERTAINWALLTHICKNESS3THESTRUCTUREOFTECHNOLOGYISGOODSPECIFICFOLDERSHOULDBEEASYTOMANUFACTURE,ASSEMBLYANDTESTCASTINGFOLDERTHESURFACEOFTHECONCRETEONTHEINSTALLATIONOFVARIOUSCOMPONENTSSHOULDBECASTOUTOF35MMCONVEXINORDERTOREDUCETHEPROCESSINGAREACASTINGFOLDERCONCRETEWALLTHICKNESSSHOULDBEUNIFORM,CORNEROUTSIDETHEDUER3R5MM,ROUNDEDCORNERSSPECIFICFOLDERSTRUCTURESHOULDFACILITATETHELOADINGANDUNLOADINGOFTHEWORKPIECE4TOHAVETHEAPPROPRIATECHIPSPACEANDGOODCHIPEVACUATIONCUTTINGLITTLEJIGFORCUTTINGCANINCREASETHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEWORKSURFACEANDFIXTUREPOSITIONINGCOMPONENTSORADDITIONOFCHIPGROOVESINORDERTOINCREASETHECHIPSPACEFORPROCESSINGALARGENUMBEROFCHIPFIXTURE,YOUCANSETTHEBTAGAPORBEVEL,BEVELDESIRABLE5INSTALLEDONTHEMACHINESTABLEANDRELIABLETHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEFIXTUREONTHEMACHINETHROUGHTHEFOLDEROFTHESPECIFICSOFTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEBASESURFACEANDTHECORRESPONDINGSURFACEONTHEMACHINECONTACTORINCOMBINATIONTOACHIEVEWHENTHEFIXTUREISINSTALLEDINTHEMACHINETABLE,THECENTEROFGRAVITYOFTHEFIXTURESHOULDBEASLOWASPOSSIBLE,THECENTEROFGRAVITYTHEHIGHERTHEBEARINGSURFACESHALLBETHEGREATERFIXTUREUNDERSIDEOFTHEFOURSIDESSHOULDBEPROTRUDING,SOTHATGOODCONTACTFOLDEROFTHEINSTALLATIONOFTHEBASESURFACEANDTHEMACHINETABLECONTACTEDGEORTHEWIDTHOFTHEFOOTSHOULDBEGREATERTHANTHEWIDTHOFTHEMACHINETABLE,TRAPEZOIDALSLOT,SHOULDBEAPROCESSINGANDTOGUARANTEEACERTAINPLANEACCURACYWHENTHEFIXTUREISINSTALLEDONTHEMACHINESPINDLE,FIXTUREINSTALLATIONBASESURFACEWITHTHECORRESPONDINGSPINDLESURFACESHOULDBEHIGHERWITHPRECISION,ANDTOENSURESTABLEANDRELIABLESPECIFICFOLDERTOINSTALL6HAVEAGOODLOOKSPECIFICFOLDERAPPEARANCENOVEL,STEELFOLDERTOTHESPECIFICNEEDSOFBLUEINGORDEMAGNETIZATION,RAWCASTINGPARTSMUSTBECLEANANDPAINT7STAMPSPLAYTHEFIXTURENUMBERTOTHEAPPROPRIATELOCATIONINTHEFIXTURETOOLINGMANAGEMENTFIXTUREMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESS

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簡介：英文文獻翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學院商學院專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟與貿易班級國貿0804姓名學號0811200330指導教師2012年6月英文文獻翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡介：英語原文INTELLIGENTTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLBYMARCOWIERINGTHETOPICIPICKEDFOROURCOMMUNITYPROJECTWASTRAFFICLIGHTSINACOMMUNITY,PEOPLENEEDSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTSTOSLOWDOWNDRIVERSFROMGOINGTOOFASTIFTHEREWERENOTRAFFICLIGHTSORSTOPSIGNS,PEOPLE’SLIVESWOULDBEINDANGERFROMDRIVERSGOINGTOOFASTTHEURBANTRAFFICTRENDSTOWARDSTHESATURATION,THERATEOFINCREASEOFTHEROADOFBIGCITYFARLAGSBEHINDRATEOFINCREASEOFTHECARTHEURBANPASSENGERTRAFFICHASALREADYBECOMETHEMAINPARTOFCITYTRAFFICDAYBYDAYANDITHASUSEDABOUT80OFTHEAREAOFROADOFCENTERDISTRICTWITHTHEINCREASEOFPOPULATIONANDINDUSTRYACTIVITY,PEOPLESTRAFFICISMOREANDMOREFREQUENT,WHICHISUNAVOIDABLEWHATMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONPEOPLEADOPTPRODUCESPRESSURECOMPLETELYDIFFERENTTOCITYTRAFFICACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,IFITIS1TOADOPTTHEAREAOFROADTHATTHEPUBLICTRANSPORTNEEDS,BIKENEEDS57,CARNEEDS1525,EVENTOWALKIS3TIMESMORETHANTOTAKEPUBLICTRANSITSSOONLYBYBUILDINGROADCANTSOLVETHECITYTRAFFICPROBLEMFINALLYYETEVERYLARGECITYOFTHEWORLDINCREASESTHETRAFFICPOLICYTOTHEFIRSTPLACEOFTHEQUESTIONFOREXAMPLE，ACCORDINGTOCALCULATING,WHENTHEAUTOMOBILEOWNINGAMOUNTOFSHANGHAIREACHES800,000OUTSIDECARSCOUNTSEPARATELY,IFITDISTRIBUTESSTILLASNOWFOREXAMPLECENTERDISTRICTACCOUNTSFORGREATPROPORTION,EVENWHENSEVERALLOOPLINESANDARTERIALHIGHWAYSHAVEBEENBUILTUP,THETRAFFICCANNOTBEIMPROVEDMORETHANBEFOREANDTHESITUATIONMIGHTBEEVENWORSESOTHETRAFFICPOLICYSHANGHAIMUSTADOPT,ORCALLEDTRAFFICSTRATEGYISTHATHAVEPRIORITYTODEVELOPPUBLICPASSENGERTRAFFICOFCITY,NARROWTHESCOPEOFUSINGOFTHEBICYCLEPROGRESSIVELY,CONTROLTHESCALEOFGROWTHOFTHECARTRAFFICINTHECENTERDISTRICT,LIMITTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOTORCYCLESTRICTLYTHEREAREMOREMUNICIPALSPROJECTUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINBIGCITYTHEINFLUENCEONTHETRAFFICISGREATERMUNICIPALINFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTIONISORIGINALLYAGOODTHINGOFALLEVIATINGTHETRAFFIC,BUTINTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTING,ITUNAVOIDABLYINFLUENCETHELOCALTRAFFICSOMEROADSECTIONSAREBLOCKED,SOMECHANGEINTOANONEWAYLANE,THUSTHEVEHICLECANONLYTAKEADEVIOUSROUTETHECONSTRUCTIONMAKESTHEROADVERYNARROW,FORMINGTHEBOTTLENECK,WHICHSERIOUSLYINFLUENCETHECARFLOWWHENHAVINGSTOPSIGNSANDTRAFFICLIGHTS,PEOPLEHAVEATENDENCYTODRIVESLOWERANDRECEIVEINFORMATIONABOUTHOWTODRIVETHROUGHACITYINORDERTOMINIMIZETHEIRWAITINGTIMESTHISMEANSTHATWEARECOPINGWITHACOMPLEXMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONPLAYESSENTIALROLESOURRESEARCHHASLEDTOANOVELSYSTEMINWHICHTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSANDTHEBEHAVIOUROFCARDRIVERSAREOPTIMIZEDUSINGMACHINELEARNINGMETHODSOURIDEAOFSETTINGATRAFFICLIGHTISASFOLLOWSSUPPOSETHEREAREANUMBEROFCARSWITHTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSSTANDINGBEFOREACROSSINGALLCARSCOMMUNICATETOTHETRAFFICLIGHTTHEIRSPECIFICPLACEINTHEQUEUEANDTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTHASTODECIDEWHICHOPTIONIE,WHICHLANESARETOBEPUTONGREENISOPTIMALTOMINIMIZETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEUNTILALLCARSHAVEARRIVEDATTHEIRDESTINATIONADDRESSTHELEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSOLVETHISPROBLEMBYESTIMATINGHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEFORACARTOARRIVEATITSDESTINATIONADDRESSFORWHICHTHECARMAYNEEDTOPASSMANYDIFFERENTTRAFFICLIGHTSWHENCURRENTLYTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONGREEN,ANDHOWLONGITWOULDTAKEIFTHELIGHTWOULDBEPUTONREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEWAITINGTIMEFORREDANDTHEWAITINGTIMEFORGREENISTHEGAINFORTHECARNOWTHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSSETTHELIGHTSINSUCHAWAYTOMAXIMIZETHEAVERAGEGAINOFALLCARSSTANDINGBEFORETHECROSSINGTOESTIMATETHEWAITINGTIMES,WEUSEREINFORCEMENTLEARNINGWHICHKEEPSTRACKOFTHEWAITINGTIMESOFINDIVIDUALCARSANDUSESASMARTWAYTOCOMPUTETHELONGTERMAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESUSINGDYNAMICPROGRAMMINGALGORITHMSONENICEFEATUREISTHATTHESYSTEMISVERYFAIRITNEVERLETSONECARWAITFORAVERYLONGTIME,SINCETHENITSGAINOFSETTINGITSOWNLIGHTTOGREENBECOMESVERYLARGE,ANDTHEOPTIMALDECISIONOFTHETRAFFICLIGHTWILLSETHISLIGHTTOGREENFURTHERMORE,SINCEWEESTIMATEWAITINGTIMESBEFORETRAFFICLIGHTSUNTILTHEDESTINATIONOFTHEROADUSERHASBEENREACHED,THEROADUSERCANUSETHISINFORMATIONTOCHOOSETOWHICHNEXTTRAFFICLIGHTTOGO,THEREBYIMPROVINGITSDRIVINGBEHAVIOURTHROUGHACITYNOTETHATWESOLVETHETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLPROBLEMBYUSINGADISTRIBUTEDMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WHERECOOPERATIONANDCOORDINATIONAREDONEBYCOMMUNICATION,LEARNING,ANDVOTINGMECHANISMSTOALLOWFORGREENWAVESDURINGEXTREMELYBUSYSITUATIONS,WECOMBINEOURALGORITHMWITHASPECIALBUCKETALGORITHMWHICHPROPAGATESGAINSFROMONETRAFFICLIGHTTOTHENEXTONE,INDUCINGSTRONGERVOTINGONTHENEXTTRAFFICCONTROLLEROPTIONWEHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTHEGREENLIGHTDISTRICT,ATRAFFICSIMULATORINJAVAINWHICHINFRASTRUCTURESCANBEEDITEDEASILYBYUSINGTHEMOUSE,ANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFROADUSAGECANBESIMULATEDALARGENUMBEROFFIXEDANDLEARNINGTRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLLERSHAVEALREADYBEENTESTEDINTHESIMULATORANDTHERESULTINGAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESOFCARSHAVEBEENPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHELEARNINGCONTROLLERSCANREDUCEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMESWITHATLEAST10INSEMIBUSYTRAFFICSITUATIONS,ANDEVENMUCHMOREWHENHIGHCONGESTION

簡介：1外文資料SIGNALSANDSYSTEMSIGNALSARESCALARVALUEDFUNCTIONSOFONEORMOREINDEPENDENTVARIABLESOFTENFORCONVENIENCE,WHENTHESIGNALSAREONEDIMENSIONAL,THEINDEPENDENTVARIABLEISREFERREDTOAS“TIME”THEINDEPENDENTVARIABLEMAYBECONTINUESORDISCRETESIGNALSTHATARECONTINUOUSINBOTHAMPLITUDEANDTIMEOFTENREFERREDTOASCONTINUOUSTIMEORANALOGSIGNALSARETHEMOSTCOMMONLYENCOUNTEREDINSIGNALPROCESSINGCONTEXTSDISCRETETIMESIGNALSARETYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHSAMPLINGOFCONTINUOUSTIMESIGNALSINADIGITALIMPLEMENTATIONOFSIGNALPROCESSINGSYSTEM,QUANTIZATIONOFSIGNALAMPLITUDEISALSOREQUIREDALTHOUGHNOTPRECISELYCORRECTINEVERYCONTEXT,DISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGISOFTENREFERREDTOASDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGDISCRETETIMESIGNALS,ALSOREFERREDTOASSEQUENCES,AREDENOTEDBYFUNCTIONSWHOSEARGUMENTSAREINTEGERSFOREXAMPLE,XNREPRESENTSASEQUENCETHATISDEFINEDFORINTEGERVALUESOFNANDUNDEFINEDFORNONINTEGERVALUEOFNTHENOTATIONXNREFERSTOTHEDISCRETETIMEFUNCTIONXORTOTHEVALUEOFFUNCTIONXATASPECIFICVALUEOFNTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENTHESETWOWILLBEOBVIOUSFROMTHECONTESTSOMESEQUENCESANDCLASSESOFSEQUENCESPLAYAPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTROLEINDISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGTHESEARESUMMARIZEDBELOWTHEUNITSAMPLESEQUENCE,DENOTEDBYΔN1,N0，ΔN0,OTHERWISE1THESEQUENCEΔNPLAYAROLESIMILARTOANIMPULSEFUNCTIONINANALOGANALYSISTHEUNITSTEPSEQUENCE,DENOTEDBYUN,ISDEFINEDASUN1,N≧0UN0,OTHERWISE2EXPONENTIALSEQUENCESOFTHEFORMXN3?NAPLAYAROLEINDISCRETETIMESIGNALPROCESSINGSIMILARTOTHEROLEPLAYEDBYEXPONENTIAL3T{AX1NBX2N}AY1NBY2N7WHERET{X1N}Y1N,T{X2N}Y2N,ANDAANDBAREANYSCALARCONSTANTSTIMEINVARIANCEOFASYSTEMISDEFINEDASTIMEINVARIANCET{XNN0}YNN08WHEREYNT{XN}ANDISAINTEGERLINEARITYANDTIMEINVARIANCEAREINDEPENDENT0NPROPERTIES,IE,ASYSTEMMAYHAVEONEBUTNOTTHEOTHERPROPERTY,BOTHORNEITHERFORALINEARANDTIMEINVARIANTLTISYSTEM,THESYSTEMRESPONSEYNISGIVENBYYN9????????KNHNXKNHKXWHEREXNISTHEINPUTANDHNISTHERESPONSEOFTHESYSTEMWHENTHEINPUTISΔNEQ9ISTHECONVOLUTIONSUMASWITHCONTINUOUSTIMECONVOLUTION,THECONVOLUTIONOPERATORINEQ9ISCOMMUTATIVEANDASSOCIATIVEANDDISTRIBUTESOVERADDITIONCOMMUTATIVEXNYNYNXN10ASSOCIATIVEXNYNWNXNYNWN11DISTRIBUTIVEXNYNWNXNYNXNWN12INCONTINUOUSTIMESYSTEMS,CONVOLUTIONISPRIMARILYANANALYTICALTOOLFORDISCRETETIMESYSTEM,THECONVOLUTIONSUMINADDITIONTOBEINGIMPORTANTINTHEANALYSISOFLTISYSTEMS,NAMELYTHOSEFORWHICHTHEIMPULSERESPONSEIFOFFINITELENGTHFIRSYSTEMSTWOADDITIONALSYSTEMPROPERTIESTHATAREREFERREDTOFREQUENTLYARETHEPROPERTIESOFSTABILITYANDCAUSALITYASYSTEMISCONSIDEREDSTABLEINTHEBOUNDEDINPUTBOUNDEROUTPUTBIBOSENSEIFANDONLYIFABOUNDEDINPUTALWAYSLEADSTOABOUNDEDOUTPUTANECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORANLTISYSTEMTOBESTABLEISTHATUNITSAMPLERESPONSEHNBEABSOLUTELYSUMMABLEFORANLTISYSTEM,

簡介：外文資料原文外文資料原文LARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMSRESEARCHLEDDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYSHIGHSPEEDDEVELOPMENT,LEDLIGHTEMITTINGDIODETHESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMTAKESAFTERTHETELEVISION,THEBROADCAST,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINE“THEFIFTHBIGMEDIA”MARCHESINTOTHESOCIALLIFEFASTEACHASPECTITSCOLLECTIONMICROELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGYINABODY,MAYTHEINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHEWRITING,THEDESIGN,THEANIMATIONANDTHEVIDEOFREQUENCYFOURFORMSDEMONSTRATESWITHMEDIAANDSOONBANKOFTELEVISIONMONITORS,MAGNETISMVANECOMPARES,THELEDLARGESCREENDISPLAYSYSTEMHASTHEDESIGNTOBEARTISTIC,THECOLORISSHARPTHEDESIGN,THECOLORCHANGEARERICH,AREFASTTHELOWPOWERLOSS,THELONGLIFE,THEUSECOSTLOW,WORKSTABLYRELIABLEANDSOONCHARACTERISTICSITDEMONSTRATEDTHECHARTARTICLEANGLEOFVIEWISBIG,THEAPPARENTDISTANCEISFAR,THUSHASWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHELARGESCALESQUARE,THECOMMERCIALADVERTIZING,THESPORTSCOMPLEXES,THEINFORMATIONDISSEMINATION,THENEWSISSUE,THESECURITIESTRADINGITALSOAPPLIESINTHEINDUSTRIALCONTROLANDTHEINDUSTRYREASSIGNMENTSYSTEM,ISADVANTAGEOUSEACHKINDOFPARAMETER,THEALARMPOINT,THETECHNICALPROCESSDEMONSTRATESCLEARLYPERFECT,MAYSATISFYTHEDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTTHENEEDTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISONEKINDOFUSECOMPUTERANDTHECOMPLEXDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGELECTRONADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDASCREENITSSCREENBODYPARTBYTHEMICROPROCESSORISMAINLYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEDRIVINGCIRCUITCONTROLMOVEMENT,DEMONSTRATEDTHEIMAGEORTHEWRITINGOBTAINBYTHECOMPUTEREDITIONSOFTWAREEDITORBECAUSETHELEDDISPLAYMONITORTHISKINDOFNEWGENERATIONINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICEHASTHEDEMONSTRATIONDESIGNTOBESTABLE,THEPOWERLOSSISLOW,LIFELONGANDSOONCHARACTERISTICS,MOREOVERITSYNTHESIZEDEACHKINDOFINFORMATIONGRAPHICDISPLAYDEVICESSTRONGPOINT,ANDHASOVERCOMEOWNINSUFFICIENCY,BECAUSESPECIALLYADISPLAYMONITORMAYDEMONSTRATETHATTHEDIFFERENTCONTENT,THEDISPLAYMODEISRICHTHEREFOREINTHEPUBLICAREA,ITHASTHEINTENSEADVERTISEMENTSPROPAGANDAANDTHEINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONEFFECT,ALREADYINTHESOLIDDEMONSTRATEDDAYBYDAYOCCUPIESTHEDOMINANTPOSITIONTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORSPROSPECTSFORDEVELOPMENTAREEXTREMELYBROAD,ATPRESENTTOWARDTHEHIGHLUMINANCE,AHIGHERWEATHERFASTNESS,THEHIGHERLUMINOUSDENSITY,THEHIGHERILLUMINATIONUNIFORMITY,THERELIABILITY,THEPANCHROMATICDIRECTIONISDEVELOPINGISCOMPOSEDOFTHEDIFFERENTMATERIALSSEMICONDUCTORCANSENDOUTTHEDIFFERENTCOLORTHELEDCRYSTALSPOTATPRESENTWHATAPPLIESISBROADESTISRED,THEGREEN,YELLOWLEDBUTTHEBLUECOLORANDTHEPUREGREENLEDDEVELOPMENTHADALREADYACHIEVEDTHEPRACTICALSTAGELEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFICATIONLEDDISPLAYMONITORSCLASSIFIEDLEDDISPLAYMONITORISMANYKINDSOFTECHNICALSYNTHESISAPPLICATIONPRODUCT,INVOLVESPHOTOELECTRONICS,THESEMICONDUCTORDEVICE,THEDIGITELECTRONICCIRCUIT,THELARGESCALEINTEGRATEDCIRCUIT,THEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDTHEMICROCOMPUTERANDSOONEACHASPECT,BOTHHASTHEHARDWAREANDTOHAVESOFTWARE4AFTERTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORISTAKESTHEBROADCAST,THETELEVISION,THENEWSPAPER,THEMAGAZINEANOTHERNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIAATPRESENTTHELEDDISPLAYMONITORBASISUSESTHEPLACETOBEDIFFERENT,MAYDIVIDEINTOTHEOUTDOORSCREENANDTHEINDOORSCREENTWOKINDS,ITSMAINDIFFERENCEISPHOTOTOP,FROMTHEDISPLAYPANELTOTHEACTUATIONBOARD,ARRIVESATTHECONTROLPANELAGAIN,CARRIESONTHEHARDWAREPROGRAMMING,AFTERDEBUGGINGSUCCESSFULLY,RECEIVESATELEGRAMTHESOURCEPLATE,FINALLYCOMPLETESTHEDATATRANSMISSIONBOARDANDPCMACHINECONNECTS,CARRIESONTHEPCSOFTWAREPROGRAMMING,COMPLETESTHEDEMONSTRATIONDATATHEPRODUCTION,THEEXTRACTION,PROCESSING,THETRANSMISSIONASWELLASTHEDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTREALTIMECONTROLEACHMODULEUSES8LEDLATTICESTOLIGHTENEACHLINEBYTHELINESCANFORMRED,GREEN,THETRAFFICLIGHT,THEDEMONSTRATIONWRITINGANDTHEIMAGETHELEDLATTICESACTUATION,THEDECODING,THELOCKSAVEANDSOONTOBERESPONSIBLEBYCONTROLPANELSDIGITALCIRCUITITSDATAREADSBYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITFROMTHEMEMORY,SIMULTANEOUSLYTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITUSESTHEINTERRUPTMODE,CARRIESONTHETWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHERS232DATALINEANDPCMACHINE,FROMTHEPCMACHINEGAINORDERORTHEDATA,ANDCARRIESOUTTHEMOVEMENTORTHESTOREDDATUMACCORDINGTOTHEORDERNOTONLYBUTPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINESERIALPORTCORRESPONDENCESWITHMANYMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,BUTMUSTBERESPONSIBLEFORTHEWRITINGINPUTANDTHETYPESETTING,THEPRODUCTIONLATTICEDATAORTHEORDERCHARACTER,REALIZETHEMANMACHINEINTERACTIONFUNCTIONPRINCIPLEOFWORKTHISARTICLEDESIGNSTHELARGESCALELEDDISPLAYMONITORBECOMESBYTHEDOUBLEPRIMARYCOLORLATTICELEDCOMBINATION,USESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGTHEDISPLAYMODETODEMONSTRATERED,GREEN,THEYELLOWTHREEKINDOFCOLORRANDOMLATTICEINFORMATIONTHEDISPLAYMODULEUSESTHELINEBYLINESCANNINGDEMONSTRATIONTHEWAY,ITSCONTROLSYSTEMTAKEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITAT89C52ASACORE,USES62256MEMORIESTOTAKETHEDATACARRIERSTORAGE,ACTUATES88USINGLATCH74HC377AND8GROUPOFLINEDRIVER2083THELEDDISPLAYMODULE,SIMULTANEOUSLYOPENSTHESERIALPORTINTERRUPTANDSUPERIORPCMACHINECARRIESONMANYMACHINECORRESPONDENCESTHROUGHREALIZESDISPLAYMONITORSMANYKINDSOFANIMATIONPATTERNTOTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITPROGRAMMINGTODEMONSTRATEROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,ROLLSTHESCREENUPWARDLY,ROLLSTHESCREENDOWNWARD,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDLEFT,ONROLLSTHESCREENTOWARDRIGHT,TOTHEZOLACURTAIN,PULLSTHECURTAINTOWARDRIGHT,PULLSTHECURTAINUPWARDLY,PULLSTHECURTAINDOWNWARD,TOTHERIGHTLATERAL,LIGHTENSINTURNFROMLEFTTORIGHT,FROMAMONGTOTWONEARBY,LIGHTENSINTURNANIMATIONSPEEDADJUSTABLEDIVIDESINTO100GRADES,LOWESTIS1FAST,HIGHESTIS100FASTTHEPATTERNCOLORISDIVERSETHEBACKGROUNDACHROMATICCOLOR,THEWRITINGRED/GREEN/YELLOW,THEBACKGROUNDISRED,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THEYELLOW/GREEN,THEBACKGROUNDGREEN,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/YELLOW/RED,THEBACKGROUNDYELLOW,THEWRITINGDOESNOTHAVE/THERED/GREENMOREOVER,BUTALSOINCREASEDSEVERALDOZENSKINDOFNEONLIGHTEFFECTANIMATIONTHEPCMACHINEONDISPLAYCONTROLSOFTWAREMAYREALIZEFUNCTIONSANDSOONCHINESECHARACTERINPUT,TYPEFACECHOICE,WORDSCHANGE,ANDAFTERCARRYINGONTHEDATAPROCESSING,MAYINLEFTSIDESIMULATETHEDEMONSTRATIONWHOLEEFFECT,SIMULTANEOUSLY“SEESNAMELYOBTAINED”DEMONSTRATIONINUNDERNEATHPREVIEWREGIONMOREOVER,THISCONTROLSOFTWAREALSOHASADDITIONALFUNCTIONSANDSOONTEXTDESIGNATION,MOUSELOCALIZATION,COORDINATETRACING,TIMEDATEPCMACHINEREALIZESTHROUGHTHERS232CONNECTIONWITHTHEDEMONSTRATIONPARTMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSCORRESPONDENCE,INTERRUPTSTHEREALTIMERECEIVEANDTHETRANSMISSIONDATAMESSAGEUSINGTHEMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSERIALPORTHASALSOGIVENDUALATTENTIONTOMONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSANTIJAMMINGABILITYINTHESYSTEMDESIGN,ENHANCEDTHESYSTEMSOPERATIONRELIABILITYEFFECTIVELYSHINESTHESECONDLEVELTUBECHARACTERISTICTHELIGHTEMITTERDIODELIGHTEMITTINGDIODE,LED,ISONEKINDTURNSTHEELECTRICALENERGYTHE

簡介：1翻譯文稿翻譯文稿1、SPRINGSPRING的WEBWEBMVCMVC構架模式構架模式JUERGENJUERGENHOELLERHOELLER11介紹介紹SPRINGSPRING應用構架應用構架當你第一次看到SPRING的時候，你一定會說“哦不，又一種WEB構架“這篇文章將告訴你SPRING明顯區(qū)別于其他輕量級APPLICATIONFRAMEWORK,它將專注于WEB的支持，與STRUTS和WEBWORK有著明顯的區(qū)別。在和STRUTS和WEBWORK的對比上,SPRING是一個服務于所有層面的APPLICATIONFRAMEWORK提供了BEAN的配置基礎，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事務支持，等等。它有一個非常顯著的特點在某個層面上如果你不需要SPRING的支持，你就可以不使用STRING的CLASS，只使用它的某一部分的功能。從它的設計理念，你可以看到STRING幫助你實現(xiàn)了真正的邏輯層和WEB層的分離例如。一個校驗應用將不用依靠CONTROLLERS，就可以實現(xiàn)。這樣的目標是更好的重用和易測過分依靠不必要的容器和框架將不能實現(xiàn)這一點。當然,SPRING的自己的WEB支持和通?？蚣苣Ｊ降募氈峦暾欢?，SPRING替換STRUTS,WEBWORK或者其他的WEB方案非常的容易對于SPRING的WEB支持或者不同的地方，SPRING允許你在WEB容器里面建立一個中間層，在測試環(huán)境或者標準獨立的應用里面來設置重用你的商務邏輯還有在J2EE環(huán)境里面，你的商務邏輯不必依靠容器提供的服務，像JTA,EJB的支持良好的構架的WEB應用可以運行在任何容器上，如，TOMCAT或者RESIN值得注意的是，SPRING不是和已經(jīng)存在的解決方案進行競爭我們鼓勵結合標準的技術，如，SERVLET,JSP,JTA,JNDI,JDBC,ANDJDO,和非常匹配的工具，如，HIBERNATE,VELOCITY,LOG4J,ANDCAUCHOSHESSIAN/BURLAP這個框架的的設計思想是在你的應用需要改良的時候，你將會做一些技術的選擇例如,如果你需要分布式事務處理，你可能需要用SPRING的JTATRANSACTIONMANAGER來實現(xiàn)JTA服務或者，用DATASOURCETRANSACTIONMANAGERORHIBERNATETRANSACTIONMANAGER來實現(xiàn)美妙完美的單個數(shù)據(jù)庫交換。22WEBWEBMVCSPRINGMVCSPRINGWEBWEB框架的設計思想框架的設計思想3或者其他,每一種都可以直接完整使用這個MODELMAP還可以簡單得得到適當?shù)母袷交瘮?shù)據(jù)的轉換,像JSP請求屬性或者VELOCITY模版模式33集成集成用SPRINGSPRING一個不同一個不同WEBWEB框架框架許多開發(fā)團隊將為他們已有的項目或者新的項目已經(jīng)獲得的期限和工具進行投資這里沒有像STRUTS那樣大量的圖書和工具，但是同樣我們有大量的擁有SPRING開發(fā)技巧的開發(fā)人員然而,如果你愿意生活在STRUTS的構架瑕疵中的話，他將是你在WEB層開發(fā)不錯的選擇當然，其他應用也是一樣如果你不想用SPRING的WEBMVC，但是想借用SPRING嫁接其他的解決方案,你可以非常簡單地通過SPRING繼承你自己的WEB框架你可以非常簡單地通過CONTEXTLOADERLISTENER啟動一個SPRINGROOTAPPLICATIONCONTEXT,并且,通過STRUTS或者WEBWORK的ACTION利用SERVLETCONTEXT屬性或者SPRING的HELPER方法存取它值得注意的是,這里沒有任何的“PLUGINS“被調用,因此沒有專門的集成來自WEB層的視圖,你可以簡單的將SPRING作為一個管理APPLICATIONCONTEXT實例入口點的類庫所有你注冊BEAN和SPRING服務都可以在不需要SPRING的WEBMVC的情況下都可以被你輕松掌握SPRING不是和STRUTS,WEBWORK這些應用進行競爭,它將作為一個純WEB框架應用于很多領域,因為它不需要配置數(shù)據(jù)存儲和事務操作所以,你可以利用SPRING提供的中間層和數(shù)據(jù)存儲層來豐富你的應用,甚至,你想用JDBC或者HIBERNATE進行事務抽象44特點核對列表特點核對列表如果聚焦于WEB支持,SPRING的一些顯著特點是清楚地角色分離CONTROLLER,VALIDATOR,COMMANDOBJECT,FORMOBJECT,MODELOBJECT,和DISPATCHERSERVLET,HANDLERMAPPINGVSVIEWRESOLVER,等等強大而且直接的框架和作為JAVABEANS的應用配置,包括簡單的參照和應用內容,例如,從WEB控制器到業(yè)務對象和數(shù)據(jù)校驗適應性,外掛無論什么樣的控制器你都需要得到代替ACTION/ACTIONFORM所做的每件事情的方案簡單,命令,FORM,范例,多重ACTION,或者定制一個重用業(yè)務邏輯代碼,不需要復制你可以用已經(jīng)有的業(yè)務邏輯對象作為命令或則FORM對象代替反射特定的ACTIONFORM子類可訂制的邦定和數(shù)據(jù)校驗作為應用級的輸入機制的錯誤校驗,固定日期和數(shù)字邦定,例

簡介：基于單片機的步進電機電路控制設計英文文獻及翻譯THESTEPPERMOTORCONTROLCIRCUITBEBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHEAT89C51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCOMPUTERWITH4KBYTESOFFLASHPROGRAMMABLEANDERASABLEREADONLYMEMORYPEROMTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARDMCS51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89C51ISAPOWERFULMICROCOMPUTERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSFUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICTHEAT89C51PROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFEATURES4KBYTESOFFLASH,128BYTESOFRAM,32I/OLINES,TWO16BITTIMER/COUNTERS,AFIVEVECTORTWOLEVELINTERRUPTARCHITECTURE,AFULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,ONCHIPOSCILLATORANDCLOCKCIRCUITRYINADDITION,THEAT89C51ISDESIGNEDWITHSTATICLOGICFOROPERATIONDOWNTOZEROFREQUENCYANDSUPPORTSTWOSOFTWARESELECTABLEPOWERSAVINGMODESTHEIDLEMODESTOPSTHECPUWHILEALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTERS,SERIALPORTANDINTERRUPTSYSTEMTOCONTINUEFUNCTIONINGTHEOUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT2PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT2PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENT,BECAUSEOFTHEINTERNALPULLUPSPORT2EMITSTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBYTEDURINGFETCHESFROMEXTERNALPROGRAMMEMORYANDDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE16BITADDRESSESINTHISAPPLICATION,ITUSESSTRONGINTERNALPULLUPSWHENEMITTING1SDURINGACCESSESTOEXTERNALDATAMEMORYTHATUSE8BITADDRESSES,PORT2EMITSTHECONTENTSOFTHEP2SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERPORT2ALSORECEIVESTHEHIGHORDERADDRESSBITSANDSOMECONTROLSIGNALSDURINGFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONPORT3PORT3ISAN8BITBIDIRECTIONALI/OPORTWITHINTERNALPULLUPSTHEPORT3OUTPUTBUFFERSCANSINK/SOURCEFOURTTLINPUTSWHEN1SAREWRITTENTOPORT3PINSTHEYAREPULLEDHIGHBYTHEINTERNALPULLUPSANDCANBEUSEDASINPUTSASINPUTS,PORT3PINSTHATAREEXTERNALLYBEINGPULLEDLOWWILLSOURCECURRENTIILBECAUSEOFTHEPULLUPSPORT3ALSOSERVESTHEFUNCTIONSOFVARIOUSSPECIALFEATURESOFTHEAT89C51ASLISTEDBELOWPORT3ALSORECEIVESSOMECONTROLSIGNALSFORFLASHPROGRAMMINGANDVERIFICATIONRSTRESETINPUTAHIGHONTHISPINFORTWOMACHINECYCLESWHILETHEOSCILLATORISRUNNINGRESETSTHEDEVICE

簡介：摘要摘要本論文根據(jù)中國城市小區(qū)的供水要求，設計了一套基于PLC的變頻調速恒壓供水系統(tǒng),并利用組態(tài)軟件開發(fā)良好的運行管理界面。變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)由可編程控制器、變頻器、水泵機組、壓力傳感器、工控機等構成。本系統(tǒng)包含三臺水泵電機，它們組成變頻循環(huán)運行方式。采用變頻器實現(xiàn)對三相水泵電機的軟啟動和變頻調速，運行切換采用“先啟先?！钡脑瓌t。壓力傳感器檢測當前水壓信號，送入PLC與設定值比較后進行PID運算，從而控制變頻器的輸出電壓和頻率，進而改變水泵電機的轉速來改變供水量，最終保持管網(wǎng)壓力穩(wěn)定在設定值附近。通過工控機與PLC的連接，采用組態(tài)軟件完成系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控，實現(xiàn)了運行狀態(tài)動態(tài)顯示及數(shù)據(jù)、報警的查詢。關鍵詞關鍵詞變頻調速，恒壓供水，PLC，組態(tài)軟件目錄目錄1緒論111課題的提出112變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)的國內外研究現(xiàn)狀313PLC概述514本課題的主要研究內容72系統(tǒng)的理論分析及控制方案確定821變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)的理論分析822變頻恒壓供水系統(tǒng)控制方案的確定113系統(tǒng)的硬件設計1931系統(tǒng)主要設備的選型1932系統(tǒng)主電路分析及其設計2333系統(tǒng)控制電路分析及其設計2534PLC的I/O端口分配及外圍接線圖274系統(tǒng)的軟件設計3141系統(tǒng)軟件設計分析3142PLC程序設計3343PID控制器參數(shù)整定405監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的設計4651組態(tài)軟件簡介4652監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的設計466結束語51

簡介：畢業(yè)設計說明書英文文獻及中文翻譯班級學號姓名學院專業(yè)指導教師CONTENTISRIGHTCHOICE,THENEWCHALLENGEISTOCREATETHEINTERACTIONBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,INTHESEPROCEDURES,THECONTENTOFAWEBPAGEISBASEDONTHEUSERSREQUESTORTHESTATEOFTHESYSTEM,ANDARENOTPREDEFINEDCHARACTERSFORTHEPROBLEMOFANEARLYSOLUTIONISTOUSEACGIBININTERFACEDEVELOPERSWRITETOINTERFACEWITHTHERELEVANTPROCEDURESANDSEPARATEBASEDONWEBAPPLICATIONS,THELATTERTHROUGHTHEWEBSERVERTOINVOKETHEFORMERTHISPLANHASSERIOUSPROBLEMEACHNEWEXTENSIBLECGIREQUIREMENTSINANEWPROCESSONTHESERVERIFMULTIPLECONCURRENTUSERSACCESSTOTHISPROCEDURE,THESEPROCESSESWILLUSETHEWEBSERVEROFALLAVAILABLERESOURCES,ANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEREDUCEDTOEXTREMELYLOWSOMEWEBSERVERPROVIDERSHAVETOPROVIDEFORTHEIRSERVERBYPLUGINS“AND“THEAPITOSIMPLIFYTHEWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTTHESESOLUTIONSAREASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAINWEBSERVER,CANNOTSOLVETHESPANMULTIPLESUPPLIERSSOLUTIONSFOREXAMPLE,MICROSOFTSACTIVESERVERMIXASPTECHNOLOGYINTHEWEBPAGETOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTMOREEASILY,BUTALSOCANWORKINMICROSOFTONPERSONALWEBSERVERANDIISTHEREAREOTHERSOLUTIONS,BUTCANNOTMAKEANORDINARYPAGEDESIGNERSCANEASILYMASTERFOREXAMPLE,SUCHASTHESERVLETJAVATECHNOLOGIESCANUSEJAVALANGUAGEINTERACTIONAPPLICATIONSERVERCODEEASIERDEVELOPERSTOWRITESUCHSERVLETTORECEIVESIGNALSFROMTHEWEBBROWSERTOGENERATEANHTTPREQUEST,ADYNAMICRESPONSEMAYBEINQUIRESTHEDATABASETOFINISHTHEREQUEST,THENSENDCONTAINHTMLORXMLDOCUMENTSTOTHERESPONSEOFTHEBROWSERONEISBASEDONAJAVASERVLETJAVATECHNICALOPERATIONINTHESERVERPROGRAMWITHDIFFERENT,THELATTEROPERATINGINTHEAPPLETBROWSERENDINTHISBOOKTHESERVLETCHAPTER4USINGTHISMETHOD,THEENTIREPAGEMUSTHAVEMADEINJAVASERVLETIFDEVELOPERSORWEBMANAGERSWANTTOADJUSTPAGE,YOULLHAVETOEDITANDRECOMPILETHESERVLETJAVA,EVENINLOGICHASBEENABLETORUNUSINGTHISMETHOD,THEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEPAGESTILLNEEDTODEVELOPSKILLSOBVIOUSLY,WHATISNEEDEDISAINDUSTRYTOCREATEDYNAMICCONTENTWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPAGESOFTHESOLUTIONTHISPROGRAMWILLSOLVETHECURRENTSCHEMEARELIMITEDASFOLLOWS

簡介：文獻出處文獻出處HENDERSONVTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONJJOURNALOFECONOMICGROWTH,2003,814771原文原文THEURBANIZATIONPROCESSANDECONOMICGROWTHTHESOWHATQUESTIONVERNONHENDERSONTHEREISANEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEURBANIZATIONPROCESSLOOKINGATBOTHURBANIZATIONANDURBANCONCENTRATION,ASKINGWHETHERANDWHENTHEREISUNDEROROVERURBANIZATIONORUNDEROROVERURBANCONCENTRATIONWRITERSARGUETHATNATIONALGOVERNMENTPOLICIESANDNONDEMOCRATICINSTITUTIONSPROMOTEEXCESSIVECONCENTRATIONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEURBANPOPULATIONOFACOUNTRYISCONCENTRATEDINONEORTWOMAJORMETROPOLITANAREASEXCEPTINFORMERPLANNEDECONOMIESWHEREMIGRATIONRESTRICTIONSAREENFORCEDTHESELITERATURESASSUMETHATTHEREISANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANIZATIONORANOPTIMALLEVELOFURBANCONCENTRATION,BUTNORESEARCHTODATEHASQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINEDTHEASSUMPTIONANDASKEDTHEBASIC“SOWHAT“QUESTIONHOWGREATARETHEECONOMICLOSSESFROMSIGNIFICANTDEVIATIONSFROMANYOPTIMALDEGREESOFURBANCONCENTRATIONORRATESOFURBANIZATIONTHISPAPERSHOWSTHAT1THEREISABESTDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATION,INTERMSOFMAXIMIZINGPRODUCTIVITYGROWTH2THATBESTDEGREEVARIESWITHTHELEVELOFDEVELOPMENTANDCOUNTRYSIZE,AND3OVERORUNDERCONCENTRATIONCANBEVERYCOSTLYINTERMSOFPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHTHEPAPERSHOWSALSOTHATPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISNOTSTRONGLYAFFECTEDBYURBANIZATIONPERSERAPIDURBANIZATIONHASOFTENOCCURREDINTHEFACEOFLOWORNEGATIVEECONOMICGROWTHOVERSOMEDECADESMOREOVER,URBANIZATIONISATRANSITORYPHENOMENONWHEREMANYCOUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTOFER,1977FALLENBUCHL,1977THEMOREEXTENSIVELITERATUREONTHEDEGREEOFURBANCONCENTRATIONANDCHANGESINTHATDEGREEWHICHOCCURSASURBANIZATIONANDGROWTHPROCEEDHASAVARIETYOFSTRANDSCOUNTRIESANDINTERNATIONALPOLICYOFFICIALSWORRYABOUTWHETHERKEYCITIESARETOOBIGORTOOSMALLRENAUD,1981UN,1993WDR,2000ANDOVERTHEYEARSVARIOUSCOUNTRIESSUCHASEGYPT,BRAZIL,KOREA,MEXICO,ANDCHINAHAVEPURSUEDMEDIUMSIZECITYPROGRAMSDESIGNEDTOFORESTALLTHEGROWTHOFLARGERCITIESHENDERSON,1988ADESANDGLAESER,1995INTERNATIONALAGENCIESPRESUMETHATMANYOFTHEWORLDSMEGACITIESAREOVERPOPULATED,ATCONSIDERABLECOSTTOTHOSEECONOMIESTHEUN1993ASKSHOWBAD“THENEGATIVEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHVERYLARGECITIES“NEEDTOGET“BEFOREITISINTHESELFINTERESTOFTHOSEINCONTROLTOENCOURAGEDEVELOPMENTOFALTERNATIVECENTERS“THESAMEREPORTWARNSOF“UNBALANCEDURBANHIERARCHIES“ANDTHECRIME,CONGESTIONANDSOCIALINEQUALITYINMEGACITIESTHEWORLDDEVELOPMENTREPORT2000HASACHAPTER7ONTHEGRIMLIFEOFPEOPLEINMEGACITIESINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESANDTHEECONOMISTINONEOFITSSPECIALSURVEYSHASPOSEDTHEQUESTIONDIRECTLYJULY29,1995DOTHESPLENDORSOFLARGECITIESOUTWEIGHTHEIRDARKSIDETHEEFFECTSOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONGROWTHDEVELOPMENTINTHISSECTION,IEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFURBANCONCENTRATIONONPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHISTARTWITHURBANCONCENTRATION,ORPRIMACY,BECAUSETHATEXAMINATIONYIELDSTHEKEYRESULTSTHEEXAMINATIONALSODEVELOPSTHEMETHODOLOGYTHATISTHENAPPLIEDTOTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEEFFECTOFURBANIZATIONONGROWTHTHEFIRSTISSUEISHOWTOMEASUREURBANCONCENTRATIONTHEREARETHREEMEASURESTHATPEOPLEUSEFIRST,WHEATONANDSHISHIDO1981ANDHENDERSON1988USETHESTANDARDHIRSCHMANHERFINDAHLINDEXOFCONCENTRATIONWHICHINANURBANCONTEXTISTHESUMOFSQUAREDSHARESOFEVERYCITYINACOUNTRYINNATIONALURBANPOPULATION

簡介：中國地質大學長城學院地質英語論文系別地球科學與地球科學與資源系源系專業(yè)資源勘源勘查工程工程學生姓名學生姓名學號03410501指導教師2012年12月16日FORMEDINTHEGROUNDAFEWKILOMETERSTOTENSOFKILOMETERSTOWTHETOWTHEFORMATIONFORMATIONCONDITIONSCONDITIONSOFOFMAGMATICMAGMATICDEPOSITSDEPOSITSMAGMADEPOSITSAREMAINLYDERIVEDFROMTHEMAGMA,ITISTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFTHEPRODUCTBYAVARIETYOFGEOLOGICALFACTORS,WHICHPLAYINGALEADINGROLEISTHEGEOCHEMISTRYOFOREFORMINGELEMENTSTRAITS,THEMAGMATICROCKCONDITIONS,TECTONICCONDITIONSANDPHYSICALANDCHEMICALCONDITIONSANDSOON1、CONTROLTHECONDITIONSOFMAGMATICROCKSFORMEDBYMAGMATICDEPOSITSMAGMAISTHEMAINPROVIDEROFTHEMETALLOGENICMATERIALOFTHEMAGMATICDEPOSITSANDTHEMEDIUMOFCONTAININGMINERALMEDIUMTHEREFORE,HOWMUCHOFTHECONTENTOFUSEFULCOMPONENTSOFMAGMAISTHEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSIMAGMATICROCKSMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONMETALLOGENICSPECIALIZATIONOFMAGMATICROCKSINTHEGENESISOFMAGMATICROCKSWITHENDOGENOUSDEPOSITSSHOWEDREGULARCONTACT,ANDSPECIFICTYPESOFMAGMATICROCKSAREOFTENPRODUCEDSPECIFICTYPESOFDEPOSITSAWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICINTRUSIVEROCKSRELATEDDEPOSITSMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKISTHECOMPLEXIGNEOUSCOMPLEXFORMEDBYTHECOMBINATIONOFAVARIETYOFROCKTYPES,ROCKTYPESFROMASINGLEROCKCOMPOSEDOFROCKMASSISRELATIVELYRARETHESIZEOFTHEROCKMASSRANGINGMOSTLYSMALL,ANDROCKSTRAINS,ROCKCOVER,ROCK,BEDROCKISTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFTHEROCKMASSWITHFACIESANDTHEDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONS,THEMAFICANDULTRAMAFICROCKSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESBMINERALDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHSYENITE,NEPHELINESYENITEANDCARBONATEIGNEOUSCOMPLEXRELATINGTOMAGMATICDEPOSITSOFTHESEROCKSAREMOSTLYPRODUCEDWITHTHEFORMOFROCKSTRAIN,THEDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSOFROCKMASSFACIESZONEOFTENHASRINGDISTRIBUTIONIITHEROLEOFTHEVOLATILECOMPONENTSINTHEMAGMATHEMAGMAVOLATILECOMPONENTSHAVETHELOWMELTINGPOINT,HIGHLYVOLATILEANDTHEYCANDELAYTHECONDENSATIONRATEOFTHEMAGMA,MAKETHEMAGMAHAVEMOREFULLYDIFFERENTIATIONIIIMAGMATICASSIMILATIONHAVEANINFLUENCEONTHEMINERALIZATIONOFTHEMAGMADEPOSITSIVBEYONDONEPERIODOFMAGMAINTRUSIONONCONTROLOFTHEMINERALIZATION2、TECTONICCONDITIONSTHATCONTROLTHEFORMATIONOFMAGMATICDEPOSITSTECTONICSHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONTHETYPEOFMAGMATICDEPOSITS,DISTRIBUTION,THEMOSTMAGMATICDEPOSITSASSOCIATEDWITHMAFICANDULTRAMAFICIGNEOUSROCKSONTHECAUSESANDSPACEMAFICAND

簡介：華北電力大學科技學院畢業(yè)設計（論計（論文）附文）附件外文文獻翻譯學號號071914030401姓名名陳科池所在系別所在系別建筑工程系專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級土木工程07K1班指導教師指導教師史彩君原文標題原文標題THEINTRODUCTIONOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDEARTHWORK2011年4月17日2的地點去幫助下一臺鏟運機。斗式鏟運機通常是功率非常大的機械，許多廠家制造的鏟運機鏟斗容量為8M3，滿載時可達10M3。最大的自行式鏟運機鏟斗容量為19立方米（滿載時為25M3），由430馬力的牽引發(fā)動機驅動。翻斗機可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運輸設備，因為它們還可以被用來送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗車的車斗位于大橡膠輪胎車輪前軸的上方，盡管鉸接式翻斗車的卸料方向有很多種，但大多數(shù)車斗是向前翻轉的。最小的翻斗車的容量大約為05立方米，而最大的標準型翻斗車的容量大約為45M3。特殊型式的翻斗車包括容量為4M3的自裝式翻斗車，和容量約為05M3的鉸接式翻斗車。必須記住翻斗車與自卸卡車之間的區(qū)別。翻斗車車斗向前傾翻而司機坐在后方卸載，因此有時被稱為后卸卡車。3結構的安全度規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設計原理和計算方法，以便驗算結構的安全度。就目前的趨勢而言，安全系數(shù)與所使用的材料性質及其組織情況無關，通常把它定義為發(fā)生破壞的條件與結構可預料的最不利的工作條件之比值。這個比值還與結構的破壞概率（危險率）成反比。破壞不僅僅指結構的整體破壞，而且還指結構不能正常的使用，或者，用更為確切的話來說，把破壞看成是結構已經(jīng)達到不能繼續(xù)承擔其設計荷載的“極限狀態(tài)”。通常有兩種類型的極限狀態(tài)，即（1）強度極限狀態(tài)，它相當于結構能夠達到的最大承載能力。其例子包括結構的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性；某此界面失效，隨后結構轉變?yōu)闄C構；疲勞破壞；引起結構幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變；結構對交變荷載、火災和爆炸的敏感性。（2）使用極限狀態(tài)，它對應著結構的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括結構失穩(wěn)之前的過大變形和位移；早期開裂或過大的裂縫；較大的振動和腐蝕。根據(jù)不同的安全度條件，可以把結構驗算所采用的計算方法分成（1）確定性的方法，在這種方法中，把主要參數(shù)看作非隨機參數(shù)。（2）概率方法，在這種方法中，主要參數(shù)被認為是隨機參數(shù)。此外，根據(jù)安全系數(shù)的不同用途，可以把結構的計算方法分為（1）容許應力法，在這種方法中，把結構承受最大荷載時計算得到的應力與經(jīng)過按規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)進行折減后的材料強度作比較。（2）極限狀態(tài)法，在這種方法中，結構的工作狀態(tài)是以其最大強度為依據(jù)來衡量的。由理論分析確定的這一最大強度應不小于結構承受計算荷載所算得的強度（極限狀態(tài)）。計算荷載等于分別乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載與恒載之和。把對應于不乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載和恒載的工作（使用）條件的應力與規(guī)定值（使用極限狀態(tài)）相比較。根據(jù)前兩種方法和后兩種方法的四種可能組合，我們可以得到一些