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簡介：INTEGRATEDSOLARHEATINGSYSTEMSFROMINITIALSIZINGPROCEDURETODYNAMICSIMULATIONYOANNRAFFENELA,B,,ENRICOFABRIZIOB,C,JOSEPHVIRGONED,E,ERICBLANCOA,MARCOFILIPPICALABORATOIREAMPERE,UMR5005,E′COLECENTRALEDELYON,BA?TH9,36AVENUEGUYDECOLLONGUE,69134ECULLY,FRANCEBCENTREDETHERMIQUEDELYONCETHIL,UMR5008,INSADELYON,DOMAINESCIENTIFIQUEDELADOUA,BA?TFREYSSINET,40RUEDESARTS,69621VILLEURBANNE,FRANCECDIPARTIMENTODIENERGETICADENER,POLITECNICODITORINO,CORSODUCADEGLIABRUZZI24,10129TORINO,ITALYDIUTALYON1,UNIVERSITE′DELYON,43BDDU11NOVEMBRE1918,69622VILLEURBANNECEDEX,FRANCEELABORATOIRESCIENCESDEL’HABITAT,E′COLENATIONALEDESTRAVAUXPUBLICSDEL’E′TAT,RUEMAURICEAUDIN,69518VAULXENVELINCEDEX,FRANCERECEIVED14FEBRUARY2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM12SEPTEMBER2008ACCEPTED19OCTOBER2008AVAILABLEONLINE26DECEMBER2008COMMUNICATEDBYASSOCIATEEDITORCESTRADAGASCAABSTRACTTHESIZINGOFTHESOLARINSTALLATIONOFANINDIVIDUALDWELLINGISAPROBLEMWHICHCANBESOLVEDINMANYWAYSTHEAPPROACHDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERISASIMPLIFIEDPROCEDUREOFCONSIDERABLEINTERESTITREQUIRESONLYASMALLQUANTITYOFDATAANDCANBECOMPUTEDINASHORTTIMETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHISPROCEDUREWASEVALUATEDBYAMORECOMPLEXSIZINGMETHODBASEDONDETAILEDSIMULATIONTHESIMPLIFIEDPROCEDUREWASAPPLIEDTOTHECASEOFANINDIVIDUALDWELLINGUSINGASOLARCOLLECTORFIELDTOPRODUCEDOMESTICHOTWATERANDSPACEHEATINGTHEBUILDINGANDTHESOLARINSTALLATIONHAVETHENBEENMODELLEDWITHTHESOFTWARETRNSYS16ANDTHEIRBEHAVIOURWASSIMULATEDDURINGAWHOLEYEARTHERESULTSOBTAINEDAREPARTICULARLYCLOSETOTHEONESEXPECTEDBYTHESIMPLIFIEDSIZINGPROCEDURE?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSOLARHEATINGSYSTEMSSOLARCOMBISYSTEMSINITIALSIZINGTRNSYS1INTRODUCTIONTHEEXPLOITATIONOFSOLARENERGYCANBEMADEBYMEANSOFPROCEDURESANDTECHNIQUESTHATAREQUITEDIFFERENTFOREXAMPLESOLARCOLLECTORSORPVPANELSASREGARDSADIRECTUSEOFSOLARENERGY,BIOMASSCOMBUSTIONORWINDENERGYASREGARDSINDIRECTUSEOFSOLARENERGYANDTHATINVOLVEDIFFERENTPRINCIPLESTHERMALCONVERSIONINCASEOFSOLARCOLLECTORS,PHOTOVOLTAICCONVERSIONINCASEOFPVPANELS,PHOTOSYNTHESISINCASEOFBIOMASS,MECHANICALCONVERSIONINCASEOFWINDENERGYINALLCASES,THEMAINDESIGNANDOPERATIONPROBLEMCONCERNSTHEMISMATCHBETWEENTHEENERGYDEMANDTHELOADANDTHEENERGYSUPPLYTHESOLARENERGYANDTHISPROBLEMISUSUALLYADDRESSEDTHROUGHTHEINTEGRATIONOFSTORAGEAND/ORABACKUPENERGYSOURCETHEREAREMANYCONFIGURATIONSTHATCANBEADOPTED,ANDTHESTUDYOFTHEOPTIMIZATIONBETWEENTHEENERGYDEMAND,THEENERGYSUPPLY,THECONVERTERS,STORAGEANDBACKUPSOURCESCHARACTERISTICS,THATCANBECALLEDANINTEGRATIONPROBLEM,HASTOBEATTHEFOREMOSTWHENDESIGNINGANDOPERATINGASYSTEMTHATEXPLOITSOLARENERGYTHISINTEGRATIONPROBLEMCANBESOLVEDBYDETERMININGALLTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEDIFFERENTQUANTITIESTHATAFFECTTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESOLARSYSTEMANDTHENFINDTHEVALUESOFTHEDESIGNPARAMETERBYOPTIMIZINGTHESYSTEMONCEANOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONHASBEENESTABLISHED,ORBYSIMULATINGAGREATNUMBEROFDIFFERENTCASESANDSUBSEQUENTLYRANKTHEMINFUNCTIONOFONE,OROFACOMBINATION,OFPERFORMANCEPARAMETERS0038092X/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JSOLENER200810021CORRESPONDINGAUTHORADDRESSLABORATOIREAMPERE,UMR5005,E′COLECENTRALEDELYON,BA?TH9,36AVENUEGUYDECOLLONGUE,69134ECULLY,FRANCETEL33472186111FAX33478433717EMAILADDRESSYOANNRAFFENELECLYONFRYRAFFENELWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SOLENERAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMSOLARENERGY832009657–663FSAV?FSAVDACVT?X2K?0DMKLNVTNKT?AKCD1TTHEVALUESOFTHEMANDNCOEFFICIENTSDETERMINEDMINIMIZINGTHEQUADRATICDIFFERENCEBETWEENDATAANDEQUATIONOUTPUTSTHROUGHAREDUCEDGRADIENTOPTIMIZATIONALGORITHMARETHEFOLLOWINGSM0??217?10?2N0?302?10?2M1?119?10?2N1?218?10?2M2??226?10?4N2??434?10?4AGOODCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTR2,EQUALTO0990,WASOBTAINEDBETWEENVALUESSIMULATEDANDCALCULATEDBYEQ1INFIG1SOMEFSAVCURVESAREPLOTTEDFORDIFFERENTSTORAGEVOLUMESOVERTHESIMULATEDVALUESALONE,THEPERFORMANCECURVEOFEQ1CANNOT,HOWEVER,BEUSEFULTOTHEINITIALSIZINGSINCETHEFRACTIONALENERGYSAVINGSALWAYSINCREASEFORANINCREASEINTHECOLLECTORAREAANDSTORAGEVOLUMETHUS,ASECONDPERFORMANCECURVEWASDETERMINEDTORELATETHEMEANANNUALEFFICIENCYOFTHESOLARCOMBISYSTEMINFUNCTIONOFTHEVARIABLESACANDVTHEMEANEFFICIENCYGWASCALCULATEDASARATIOBETWEENTHESOLARGAINSGSANDTHESOLARENERGYIFORTHESAMEPERIODOFTIMEITTAKESINTOACCOUNT?THEMEANPERFORMANCEOFTHESOLARCOLLECTORDURINGOPERATINGCONDITIONSTHECOLLECTOREFFICIENCYISGREATLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEFLUIDTEMPERATURE,THESOLARRADIATIONANDTHEAIRTEMPERATURE?THEVARIABILITYOFTHEENERGYDEMANDFORHEATINGPROFILESOFTHESPACEHEATINGANDOFTHEDHWHEATING?THEDYNAMICOFTHESTORAGECHARGEANDDISCHARGE,WATERTEMPERATUREINTHETANKINTHISCASEACUBICFUNCTIONOFTHECOLLECTORAREAACWHERETHECOEFFICIENTSOFEACHTERMAREALOGARITHMICFUNCTIONOFTHESTORAGEVOLUMEVWELLSUITSTHESIMULATEDDATATHISCURVECANBEEXPRESSEDASG?FGDACVT?X3K?0DMKLNVTNKT?AKCD2TWHERETHEVALUESOFTHEMANDNCOEFFICIENTSDETERMINEDMINIMIZINGTHEQUADRATICDIFFERENCEBETWEENDATAANDEQUATIONOUTPUTSTHROUGHAREDUCEDGRADIENTOPTIMIZATIONALGORITHMAREM0??125?10?2N0?0372M1?180?10?2N1?207?10?2M2??984?10?4N2?829?10?4M3?151?10?5N3??151?10?5ALSOINTHISCASE,AGOODCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTR2,EQUALTO0960,WASOBTAINEDINFIG2SOMEGCURVESAREPLOTTEDFORDIFFERENTSTORAGEVOLUMESOVERTHESIMULATEDVALUESTHEEFFICIENCYDECREASEWHENINCREASINGTHECOLLECTORAREAEVENTHOUGH,INTHISCASE,ASPREDICTEDBYEQ1REPORTEDINFIG1,THEFRACTIONALSAVINGSGREATLYINCREASEWITHTHECOLLECTORAREATHETRADEOFFBETWEENTHETWOFSAVANDGCURVESCANCLEARLYBEANALYZEDPLOTTINGTHETWOQUANTITIESTOGETHERASREPORTEDINFIG3,ITCANBESEENTHATALLTHEINTERSECTIONSBETWEENTHETWOCURVESPOINTSA02,A05,A1,INFIG3OCCURFORTHESAMEVALUEOFCOLLECTORAREAFORTHEDEFINITIONSOFFSAVTHERATIOGS/DBETWEENTHESOLARGAINANDTHEHEATINGENERGYDEMANDANDGTHERATIOGS/IBETWEENTHESOLARGAINSANDTHESOLARENERGYINCIDENTONTHECOLLECTOR,THISVALUEREPRESENTSTHECOLLECTORAREAFORWHICHTHESOLARENERGYIEQUALSTHEHEATINGENERGYDEMANDDFORTHISVALUEOFCOLLECTORAREAPOINTSAINFIG3ITISPOSSIBLETOOBTAINTHECOUPLEOFGREATERVALUESOFBOTHFSAVANDGIFTHECOLLECTORAREAISDESIGNEDFOLLOWINGTHISCRITERION,THENTHEFRACTIONALENERGYSAVINGSEQUALTHESYSTEMEFFICIENCYSELECTINGACOLLECTORAREASMALLERTHANTHEONEOFPOINTAISNOTRELEVANTSINCETHEEFFICIENCYISMAXIMISEDINSPITEOFADECREASEINTHESOLARGAINSTHEPOINTA,HOWEVER,DOES0020406081ACM2FSAVVALUESCURVESV4M3V2M3V1M3V02M3051015202530FIG1FRACTIONALENERGYSAVINGSINFUNCTIONOFSOLARCOLLECTORAREACOMPARISONBETWEENSIMULATEDVALUESANDPERFORMANCECURVESFORDIFFERENTSTORAGEVOLUMES0051015202530020406081ACM2ΗVALUESCURVESV4M3V2M3V1M3V02M3FIG2MEANANNUALEFFICIENCYOFTHESOLARCOMBISYSTEMINFUNCTIONOFSOLARCOLLECTORAREACOMPARISONBETWEENSIMULATEDVALUESANDPERFORMANCECURVESFORDIFFERENTSTORAGEVOLUMESYRAFFENELETAL/SOLARENERGY832009657–663659

簡介：NUMERICALSTUDYONPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERSIMLINLAU,MICHAELKSTENSTROMDEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,5714BOELTERHALL,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATLOSANGELES,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED24AUGUST2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM27JANUARY2010ACCEPTED1FEBRUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE10FEBRUARY2010KEYWORDSPICKUPHEADPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCECFDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDPRESSUREDROPTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERNUMERICALLYANINTEGRATED3DNUMERICALMODELWASCONSTRUCTEDBASEDONPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSINCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDSOFTWARETHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASTREATEDASACONTINUUM,WHILEPARTICLESWEREMODELEDASDISPERSEDPHASETHEREYNOLDSSTRESSMODELRSMANDDISCRETEPARTICLEMODELDPMWERECHOSENINORDERTOPREDICTTHEAIRANDPARTICLESFLOWACCURATELYTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADHAVEGREATEFFECTSONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCETHEREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHELOWERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDORTHEHIGHERPRESSUREDROP,ANDSMALLSIZEPARTICLESHAVEHIGHERGRADEEFFICIENCYTHANTHATOFLARGESIZEPARTICLESUNDERTHESAMEOPERATINGCONDITIONSMOREOVER,THEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHEHIGHERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFSHOULDBECONSIDEREDAMONGHIGHREMOVALEFFICIENCY,LOWENERGYCONSUMPTION,ANDHIGHREMOVALMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHTHENUMERICALSIMULATION,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERFORREMOVINGPARTICLESFROMROADSURFACEISEVALUATED,ANDANOPTIMALOPERATINGCONDITIONISOBTAINEDBESIDES,MOREINFORMATIONISGENERATEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSOFTHEPICKUPHEAD?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTLY,THEREISAWIDESPREADCONCERNOVERTHEPOLLUTIONOFPARTICLEMATTERDUSTANDSILTARETHEMAJORSOURCESOFPARTICLEMATTERPOLLUTION,THEREMOVALOFWHICHTHEREFOREATTRACTSCONSIDERABLEATTENTION1STREETSWEEPINGISTYPICALLYPRACTICEDTOREMOVETHEACCUMULATIONOFDUSTANDSILTFROMROADSURFACETOIMPROVEAESTHETICS,PUBLICHEALTHY,ANDSTORMWATERQUALITY,SOITISCONSIDEREDASANEFFECTIVEPOLLUTANTCONTROLPRACTICEFORMANYLOCALAUTHORITIES2,3PICKUPHEADISTHEKEYCOMPONENTOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPER,WHICHISDESIGNEDTOPICKUPPARTICLESEFFICIENTLYFROMROADSURFACEANDSENDTHEMTODUSTCOLLECTIONHOPPERSMOOTHLYTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFTHEPICKUPHEADISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINDEXFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERMANYRESEARCHESHAVEBEENPERFORMEDONESTIMATINGTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFSTREETSWEEPINGFOREXAMPLE,ASTUDYBYCHANGETAL4EVALUATEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGFORCONTROLLINGAMBIENTTOTALSUSPENDEDPARTICLESBYEXPERIMENTS,WHICHINDICATEDTHATTHESTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGPROCESSWASEFFECTIVEATREMOVINGDUSTANDSILTFROMURBANROADSHOWEVER,SOMERESEARCHERSSUCHASVAZEANDCHIEW5CONSIDEREDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFSTREETSWEEPINGTOENVIRONMENTALQUALITYWASNOTVERYCLEAR,ANDMAYHAVEANADVERSEIMPACTBECAUSESTREETSWEEPERSDIDNOTPICKUPSMALLERSIZEPARTICLESEFFECTIVELYKANGANDSTENSTORM6STUDIEDTHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASASTORMWATERMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYUSINGSTATISTICALPOWERANALYSISTHEYPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEEFFECTOFSTREETSWEEPINGSHOULDNOTBEUNDERESTIMATEDBECAUSESOMEPREVIOUSRESEARCHESWEREBASEDONINSUFFICIENTDATATHEREFORE,NEWMETHODSWERENEEDEDTOEVALUATETHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEFORSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERVARIESBASEDONSWEEPINGTECHNOLOGY,OPERATINGCONDITIONS,SWEEPINGFREQUENCY,STREETDIRTLOADINGANDPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTION7,ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPAREPEATABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODTOCALCULATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERINORDERTOEVALUATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEAD,ENGINEERSGENERALLYCONCENTRATEONTWOPARAMETERS,THESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADTHEIRINFLUENCESONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALEFFICIENCYANDTHEPARTICLEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEDIRECTLYRELATETOTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESTREETVACUUMSWEEPERCHENETAL8INVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFSWEEPERSTRUCTUREANDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEBYEXPERIMENTSTHEYFOUNDTHATTHEWINGPLATEOFPICKUPHEADANDTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDHADGREATINFLUENCEONTHECRITICALPICKUPVELOCITYOFPARTICLESMEANWHILE,THEYANALYZEDTHERELATIONSHIPOFTHEPARTICLEPICKUPVELOCITIESANDTHEAIRFLOWRATESWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYADOPTEDTOPOWDERTECHNOLOGY200201016–24?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL862134206821FAX862134204542EMAILADDRESSSTENSTROSEASUCLAEDUMKSTENSTROM00325910/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOWTEC201002001CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOWDERTECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POWTECTHEREFORE,INORDERTOGETHIGHQUALITYMESHES,ITISNECESSARYTODECOMPOSETHEMODELGEOMETRYINTOSEVERALPORTIONSTHENECKPORTIONWASMESHEDWITHTETRAHEDRALGRIDSBECAUSEOFCOMPLEXGEOMETRYFOROTHERPORTIONS,HEXAHEDRALSCHEMESWITHMAPORCOOPERTYPESWEREEMPLOYEDTHECOMPUTATIONALGRIDSINTHISSTUDYWEREAPPROXIMATELY274,157CELLSFIG5SHOWSTHESURFACEMESHESOFTHEPHYSICALMODEL4MATHEMATICALMODEL41GOVERNINGEQUATIONSTHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASCALCULATEDNUMERICALLYBYSOLVINGASETOFGOVERNINGEQUATIONSCONSIDERINGTHESTEADYANDINCOMPRESSIBLEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEAD,THEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDNAVIER–STOKESEQUATIONSCANBEWRITTENASCONTINUITY?UI?XI0D2TMOMENTUM??XJΡUIUJ????P?XI??XJΜ?UI?XJΤIJΡGID3TWHEREUIANDGIARETHEAIRFLOWVELOCITYANDTHEGRAVITYACCELERATIONALONGTHECOORDINATEXI,RESPECTIVELY,ΡISTHEAIRDENSITY,PISTHEPRESSURE,ΜISTHEVISCOSITY,ANDΤIJ?ΡPU′IU′JISREYNOLDSSTRESS,WHICHREPRESENTSTHEEFFECTSOFTURBULENTFLUCTUATION42REYNOLDSSTRESSMODELRSMTHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADISTURBULENTFLOWDUETOITSHIGHVELOCITY,ANDTHEKEYTOSUCCESSOFMODELINGTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSLIESINTHEACCURATEDESCRIPTIONOFTHETURBULENTBEHAVIORTHESELECTIONOFTURBULENCEMODELDEPENDSONTHEPHYSICALMODELCOMPARINGWITHTHEK?ΕMODELTHATISWIDELYUSEDININDUSTRIALFLOWCALCULATIONS,THERSMISMOREACCURATEASTHERSMACCOUNTSFORTHEEFFECTSOFSTREAMLINECURVATURE,SWIRL,ROTATION,ANDRAPIDCHANGESINSTRAINRATEINAMORERIGOROUSMANNER,ANDCONSEQUENTLYITHASGREATERPOTENTIALTOGIVEACCURATEPREDICTIONSFORCOMPLEXFLOWS15MANYSTUDIESINDICATEDTHATTHERSMCOULDPROVIDEBETTERACCURACYTHANTHEK?ΕMODELFORTHECALCULATIONSOFCOMPLEXFLOWS16,17INTHERSM,THEEDDYVISCOSITYAPPROACHISDISCARDED,ANDTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSTRANSPORTEQUATIONISUTILIZEDTODESCRIBETHEEFFECTSOFTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSESARETHENUSEDTOOBTAINTHECLOSUREOFTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDMOMENTUMEQUATION18FORSTEADY,IRROTATIONALANDINCOMPRESSIBLEAIRFLOW,THEREYNOLDSSTRESSTRANSPORTEQUATIONTAKESTHEFOLLOWINGFORMCIJDTIJDLIJPIJΦIJΕIJD4TWHERECIJ,DT,IJ,DL,IJ,PIJ,ΦIJANDΕIJARECONVECTIONTERM,DIFFUSIONTERM,MOLECULARDUFFUSIONTERM,STRESSPRODUCTIONTERM,PRESSURESTRAINTERM,ANDVISCOUSDISSIPATIONRATETERM,RESPECTIVELYINTERMSOFEQ4,THETURBULENTKINETICENERGYKANDTHEDISSIPATIONRATEΕCANBEOBTAINEDBYSOLVINGTHETRANSPORTEQUATIONS??XIΡKUIDT??XJΜΜTΣK???K?XJ“12PII?ΡΕD5T??XIΡΕUIDT??XJΜΜTΣΕ???Ε?XJ“C1Ε12PII?C2ΕΡΕ2KD6TWHEREΜTISTHETURBULENTVISCOSITY,ANDTHECONSTANTSUSEDINTHISMODELAREΣK082,CΜ009,ΣΕ10,C1Ε144,C2Ε1921943PARTICLEMOVEMENTTHEEULER–LAGRANGEAPPROACHWASEMPLOYEDTOPREDICTTHEGAS–SOLIDFLOWFIELDINTHEPICKUPHEADTHEGASPHASEWASTREATEDASACONTINUUMBYSOLVINGTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDNAVIER–STOKESEQUATIONSDESCRIBEDABOVE,WHILETHESOLIDPHASEWASCALCULATEDBYTRACKINGPARTICLESTHROUGHTHECONTINUUMFLUIDFIELDINTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESS,THESOLIDPHASEISPRESENTEDATALOWVOLUMEFRACTION,SOTHEGAS–SOLIDFLOWISADILUTEPHASEFLOWTHISDISCRETEPHASEMODELTABLE1THEMAINDIMENSIONSOFTHEPICKUPHEADLENGTHMMWIDTHMMHEIGHTMMNARROWSLOTSHEIGHTMMOUTLETDIAMETERMMFRONTLEFTRIGHTREAR180040043015101010200FIG3THECUMULATIVESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFSANDPARTICLESFIG4PHYSICALMODELOFTHEPICKUPHEADFIG5CFDSURFACEMESHESOFTHEPHYSICALMODEL18SLLAU,MKSTENSTROM/POWDERTECHNOLOGY200201016–24

簡介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONPRETREATMENTOFTEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERUSINGANANOXICBAFFLEDREACTORAVISHAISINTOVA,TOMERAVRAMOVICHBADIVISIONOFADVANCEDMATERIALSENGINEERING,RCIT,CHONBUKNATIONALUNIVERSITY,JEONJU561756,REPUBLICOFKOREABDEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFBRITISHCOLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,CANADARECEIVED16NOVEMBER2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM15FEBRUARY2008ACCEPTED18FEBRUARY2008AVAILABLEONLINE2APRIL2008ABSTRACTASTUDYONPRETREATMENTOFTEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERWASCARRIEDOUTUSINGANANOXICBAFFLEDREACTORABRATWASTEWATERTEMPERATURESOF5–311?CWHENHYDRAULICRETENTIONTIMEHRTWAS8H,THECOLOROFOUTFLOWOFABRWASONLY40TIMESAT5?CANDITCOULDSATISFYTHEPROFESSIONALDISCHARGESTANDARDGRADE1OFTEXTILEANDDYEINGINDUSTRYOFCHINAGB428792THETOTALCODREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFABRWAS346,475,500,533,547AND581AT5,97,149,197,235AND311?C,RESPECTIVELYBESIDES,AFTERTHEWASTEWATERBEINGPRETREATEDBYABRWHENHRTWAS6HAND8H,THEBOD5/CODVALUEROSEFROM030OFINFLOWTO046OFOUTFLOWANDFROM030OFINFLOWTO040OFOUTFLOW,RESPECTIVELYEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATEDTHATABRWASAVERYFEASIBLEPROCESSTODECOLORIZEANDPRETREATTHETEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERATAMBIENTTEMPERATUREMOREOVER,AKINETICSIMULATIONOFORGANICMATTERDEGRADATIONINABRATSIXDIFFERENTWASTEWATERTEMPERATURESWASCARRIEDTHROUGHTHEKINETICANALYSISSHOWEDTHEORGANICMATTERDEGRADATIONWASAFIRSTORDERREACTIONTHEREACTIONACTIVATIONENERGYWAS19593KJMOL?1ANDTHETEMPERATURECOEFFICIENTAT5–311?CWAS1028?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSTEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERANOXICBAFFLEDREACTORHYDROLYSISPRETREATMENTDEGRADATIONKINETICSTEMPERATURECOEFFICIENT1INTRODUCTIONOVER7?105METRICTONESOFSYNTHETICDYESAREPRODUCEDWORLDWIDEEVERYYEARFORPRINTINGANDDYEINGAND5–10ISDISCHARGEDWITHWASTEWATERVAIDYAANDDATYE,1982YUETAL,2001THEREARESOMEDYESTUFF,SLURRY,DYEINGAID,ACIDORALKALI,FIBERANDINORGANICCOMPOUNDINTEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERFURTHERMORE,SOMEDYESTUFFCONTAINSNITRYL,AMIDOCYANOGENANDHEAVYMETALS,SUCHASCOPPER,CHROME,ZINCANDARSENICANDSOONBESIDES,THECOMPONENTSWILLBECHANGEDBECAUSEOFDIFFERENTDYESTUFFCATEGORY,DYEINGPROCESS,DYECONCENTRATIONANDEQUIPMENTSCALEDELEEETAL,1998GENERALLY,THETEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERISCHARACTERIZEDBYSTRONGCOLOR,HIGHPH,HIGHCOD,ANDLOWBIODEGRADABILITYLIAKOUETAL,1997SOTHETEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERFROMTEXTILEINDUSTRYISANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFENVIRONMENTALCONTAMINATIONJOOETAL,2007WITHSTABILITYANDDIFFICULTYDEGRADATIONBYMICROORGANISM,ITISDIFFICULTTOMEETTHEDISCHARGECRITERIONONLYUSINGSIMPLEBIOLOGICALTREATMENTPROCESSES,WHILEPHYSICALCHEMISTRYTREATMENTPROCESSESNEEDHIGHOPERATIONEXPENSEPEARCEETAL,2003ATPRESENT,RESEARCHERSGRADUALLYHAVEFOUNDNEWTREATMENTPROCESSES,ONEOFWHICHTHEWASTEWATERISFIRSTLYHYDROLYZEDUNDERANOXICCONDITION,ANDTHENISTREATEDUNDERAEROBICCONDITIONLOURENCOETAL,2000YUETAL,2000ANOXICHYDROLYSIS–AEROBICTREATMENTOFTEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERHASBEENCONSIDEREDTOHAVESOMEADVANTAGESOVERTHECONVENTIONALPROCESSESFORANOXICCONDITION,THEHYDRAULICRETENTIONTIMEHRTISSHORT,ANDNONDEGRADABLEORGANICCOMPOUNDSOFWASTEWATERCANBETRANSFORMEDINTODEGRADABLEMATTER,IE,THEDEGRADABLEPERFORMANCEOFTHEWASTEWATERISIMPROVEDGREATLYSIMULTANEOUSLY,THECOLORANDAPORTIONOFCODCANBEREMOVEDANOXICBAFFLEDREACTORABRASAHYDROLYSISPROCESSWASADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYTHEREWERESEVERALSMALL09608524/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBIORTECH200802026CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL972545562555EMAILADDRESSESSINTOVABGUACILASINTOV,ASHAPIROBGUACILASHAPIROAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMBIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9920087886–78913RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31HYDRAULICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEREACTORASALREADYMENTIONEDINTHEPARTOF‘‘METHODS”,THEHYDRAULICCHARACTERISTICSWEREMEASUREDINABRWITHOUTBIOMASSATHRTOF8H,THEOBTAINEDDISTRIBUTIONOFTHERESIDENCETIMEINTHEREACTORSOCALLEDRTDCURVEISSHOWNINFIG1HISAREDUCEDTIMEH?TSD1TWHERETISTHEREALTIMEMINANDSISTHETHEORETICALMEANRESIDENCETIMEMINTHEVARIABLECEXPRESSESTHERATIOCC/C0,WHERECISTHETRACERCONCENTRATIONINTHEEFFLUENTMGL?1ANDC0ISTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHETRACERTHATCOULDBEOBTAINEDIFTHEAMOUNTOFTHETRACERADDEDTOTHEREACTORGOTDISPERSEDTHROUGHOUTTHEWHOLEREACTORVOLUMEMGL?1INTHISCASEOFDISTRIBUTIONCFT,THETWOMOREIMPORTANTRESULTSOFRTDCURVESTUDIES,EXPERIMENTALMEANRESIDENCETIMEANDTHEVARIANCE,CANBEGIVENTHEEXPERIMENTALMEANRESIDENCETIMETEMIN,CANBECALCULATEDBYEQ2ANDTHEVARIANCER2T,CANBECALCULATEDBYEQ3TE?R10TFDTTDTFDTTDTD2TR2T?R10DT?TET2FDTTDTR10FDTTDT?R10T2FDTTDTR10FDTTDT?T2ED3TBESIDESRTDCURVE,THESYSTEMISCHARACTERIZEDBYTHEDISPERSIONNUMBERD/ULFORHYDRAULICALLYCLOSEDSYSTEM,THEDISPERSIONNUMBERCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHERELATIONR2TT2E?2DUL?2DUL??2D1?E?ULDTD4TWHEREDISTHELONGITUDINALDISPERSIONCOEFFICIENTM2S?1,UISTHEMEANFLOWVELOCITYTHROUGHTHEREACTORMS?1,ANDLISTHELENGTHOFTHETANKMINTHEEXPERIMENT,NACLMASSBALANCEWASCALCULATEDANDITSDEVIATIONWAS286THEDISPERSIONNUMBERD/ULOFTHEABRWASEQUALTO009SOTHEACTUALFLOWTYPEOFTHEREACTORWASINTERVENIENTBETWEENIDEALPISTONFLOWANDIDEALCOMPLETEMIXINGFLOW,BUTITWASCLOSETOPISTONFLOWMOREBESIDES,THEABRRUNATANOXICCONDITIONANDTHEGASPRODUCTIONWASSOSMALLTHATTHEINFLUENCEOFGASSTIRRINGONTHEFLOWCOULDBEIGNOREDTHUSTHEFLOWTYPEOFTHEABRCOULDBEASSUMEDTOBEAPISTONFLOWINTHISSTUDY32PERFORMANCEOFTHEABR321COLORREMOVALAPPARENTCOLOROFSAMPLEFROMEACHCOMPARTMENTINABRATSIXDIFFERENTWASTEWATERTEMPERATURESISLISTEDINTABLE2ATTHESAMEWASTEWATERTEMPERATURE,ALONGWITHINCREASEOFTHESERIALNUMBEROFCOMPARTMENT,THEAPPARENTCOLOROFSAMPLEGREWPALERGRADUALLYWHILEATSIXDIFFERENTWASTEWATERTEMPERATURES,THEHIGHERTHEWASTEWATERTEMPERATUREWAS,THEPALERTHEAPPARENTCOLOROFSAMPLEFROMTHESAMECOMPARTMENTWASANDTHEAPPARENTCOLOROFSAMPLEFROMCOMPARTMENTS5TO6WASSIMILARANDAPPROACHEDSTRAWYELLOWTODETERMINETHECOLORREMOVALEFFICIENCY,QUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFCOLORCONCENTRATIONSOFSAMPLESWASCONDUCTEDINTHISSTUDYCOLORANDCOLORREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFEACHCOMPARTMENTINABRARESHOWNINFIG2ALONGWITHINCREASEOFTHESERIALNUMBEROFCOMPARTMENT,THECOLOROFSAMPLEDROPPEDGRADUALLYANDINALLCOMPARTMENTS,THEMOSTFALLINGSCOPEOFCOLORAPPEAREDINCOMPARTMENT1ANDTHECOLORREMOVALEFFICIENCYWAS40,60,80,80,81AND85AT5,97,149,197,235AND311?C,RESPECTIVELYMOREOVER,ALONGWITHTHEINCREASEOFWASTEWATERTEMPERATURE,THECOLOROFOUTFLOWFROMABRGREWLOWERWHENWASTEWATERTEMPERATUREWASHIGHERTHAN97?C,THECOLORREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFOUTFLOWREACHED90ABOVEEVENATLOWWASTEWATERTEMPERATUREOF5?C,THECOLOROFOUTFLOWWASONLY40TIMESTHUSWECOULDDRAWACONCLUSIONTHATABRWASAGOODPROCESSTODECOLORIZETHETEXTILEDYEINGWASTEWATERATAMBIENTTEMPERATUREONLYPRETREATEDBYABRAT5–311?C,THECOLOROFOUTFLOWCOULDSATISFYTHEPROFESSIONALDISCHARGESTANDARDGRADE1COLOR640TIMESOFTEXTILEANDDYEINGINDUSTRYOFPRCHINAGB428792322CODREMOVALCODANDCODREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFEACHCOMPARTMENTINABRARESHOWNINFIG3ATTHESAMEWASTEWATERTEMPERATURE,THECODOFCOMPARTMENTINABRDECREASEDGRADUALLYALONGWITHINCREASEOFTHESERIALNUMBEROFCOMPARTMENT,ANDTHECODREMOVALEFFICIENCYROSECONTINUOUSLYCODREDUCTIONINCOMPARTMENTS1–6EXITEDTHEFOLLOWINGRELATIONMOSTINCOMPARTMENT1EXCEPT5?C,SECONDARYINCOMPARTMENTS4–5,TERTIARYINCOMPARTMENTS2–3,ANDLEASTINCOMPARTMENT6THEMAINREASONWASTHATAPORTIONOFCODINWASTEWATERWASADSORBEDANDTHEDEGRADABLEORGANICMATTERWASDECOMPOSEDFIRSTLYBY00051015202500020406081012CΘFIG1DISTRIBUTIONOFRESIDENCETIMEINTHEABRATHRTOF8H7888ASINTOVETAL/BIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9920087886–7891

簡介：中文中文4785字出處出處RAJANKM,NARASIMHANKANINVESTIGATIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDEFECTSDURINGFLOWFORMINGOFHIGHSTRENGTHTHINWALLSTEELTUBESJPRACTICALFAILUREANALYSIS,2001,156976關(guān)于經(jīng)旋壓成型生產(chǎn)的高強(qiáng)度薄壁鋼管缺陷發(fā)展的研究關(guān)于經(jīng)旋壓成型生產(chǎn)的高強(qiáng)度薄壁鋼管缺陷發(fā)展的研究KMRAJANANDKNARASIMHAN摘要摘要旋壓成型已經(jīng)作為一種有良好發(fā)展前景，經(jīng)濟(jì)的金屬成型技術(shù)開始出現(xiàn)。因?yàn)樗軌蛱峁└邚?qiáng)度，高精度，具有優(yōu)良表面光潔度的薄壁管。本文介紹了經(jīng)旋壓成型生產(chǎn)的高強(qiáng)度SAE4130鋼管的實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察研究。主要觀察的缺陷是魚尾紋、過早破裂、直徑增長、微裂紋和宏觀裂紋。本文通過各種失效模式分析各類缺陷并從中獲取促成缺陷的各種因素。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞金屬成形包含物專家系統(tǒng)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)表面加工引言引言旋壓成型是一種有發(fā)展空間、經(jīng)濟(jì)的金屬成形技術(shù)，能夠達(dá)到國防和航空航天工業(yè)發(fā)展需要的高比強(qiáng)度，高精密公差和優(yōu)良的表面光潔度的要求。相對(duì)較低的加工成本和高的金屬利用率要?dú)w功于無屑金屬成形技術(shù)，然而將低強(qiáng)度材料加工成高強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)品則要通過應(yīng)變硬化。旋壓成型是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的形成過程，使用三維軋制過程的基本變化并結(jié)合軋制，剪切，彎曲成一體的操作。它既不像鐓鍛也像模鍛。旋壓成型本質(zhì)上是逐點(diǎn)塑性變形過程，致使一部分形成高變形的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)。隨著旋壓成型的進(jìn)行，材料的屈服強(qiáng)度、極限抗拉強(qiáng)度、硬度和相對(duì)延伸率都顯著提高。傳統(tǒng)上，管材的生產(chǎn)是通過熱擠壓、拉拔或皮爾格軋制等方式。然而若要通過熱擠壓生產(chǎn)出超出規(guī)定極限的薄管是不可能的。拉拔方式相對(duì)于擠壓方式既簡單又經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此對(duì)于較厚鋼管的生產(chǎn)，一般先冷擠壓，然后經(jīng)拉拔或皮爾格軋機(jī)完成。拉拔過程基本上是一個(gè)拉伸過程。在拉拔的過程中，微觀裂紋和缺陷從材料的內(nèi)部開始傳播，最后導(dǎo)致材料的破壞。對(duì)于硬度較高的材料，每道拉拔工序都需要將斷面收縮率限制在10以內(nèi)1，而且總的收縮率需要根據(jù)一系列的退火周期來確定。增加拉拔和退火工序都要增加相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)成本。很顯然，用很難加工的材料通過拉拔方式來生產(chǎn)組件的成本很高。然而，如果對(duì)尺寸公差要求不高，用傳統(tǒng)的拉拔方式來生產(chǎn)管材也是可取的。而旋壓成型綜合了傳統(tǒng)管材生產(chǎn)方法的幾種優(yōu)勢。度無縫管，變形工具選擇壓力容器?？s旋成型技術(shù)在這此得到應(yīng)用。本文描述的研究工作所用的SAE4130鋼沒有經(jīng)過電渣冶煉法再冶煉。這些等級(jí)鋼的包含物級(jí)別以美洲試驗(yàn)材料協(xié)會(huì)45為依據(jù)，具體如下硫化物硫化物氧化鋁氧化鋁硅酸鹽硅酸鹽球狀氧化物球狀氧化物厚薄厚薄厚薄厚薄15052510151505鋼中溶解氧、氮和氫的含量視分析結(jié)果而定，一般為氧22PPM、氮110PPM、氫3PPM。外部構(gòu)造為三輥，內(nèi)部為四軸CNC旋壓機(jī)用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。下圖為旋壓成型機(jī)的顯微照片。粗加工成品用較厚的材料進(jìn)行旋壓成型進(jìn)行鍛造加工，用錐形穿孔機(jī)穿孔，芯軸精加工，然后進(jìn)行淬火和回火。該流程經(jīng)過三個(gè)道次完成，而且不需要中間退火。每個(gè)到此的硬度和厚度減少百分比如下表旋壓成型硬度和厚度縮減百分比旋壓成型硬度和厚度縮減百分比道次坯料厚度（MM）成品厚度（MM）坯料硬度（HRC）成品硬度HRC縮減百分比（）119509752128502975487528305034875200303160

簡介：POSTHARVESTBIOLOGYANDTECHNOLOGY442007107–115POSTHARVESTHOTAIRTREATMENTEFFECTSONTHEANTIOXIDANTSYSTEMINSTOREDMATUREGREENTOMATOESELHADIMYAHIAA,?,GLORIASOTOZAMORAB,JEFFREYKBRECHTC,ALFONSOGARDEABAUNIVERSIDADAUT′ONOMADEQUER′ETARO,JURIQUILLA,QUER′ETARO76230,QRO,MEXICOBCIAD,HERMOSILLO,SONORA,MEXICOCHORTICULTURALSCIENCESDEPARTMENT,UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL,USARECEIVED28SEPTEMBER2005ACCEPTED26NOVEMBER2006ABSTRACT‘RHAPSODY’TOMATOESWEREEXPOSEDTOAIRAT20CONTROL,34OR38?C,AND95RHFOR24HANDTHENSTOREDAT4?COR20?CFORUPTO4WEEKSFRUITEXPOSEDTO34OR38?CANDSTOREDAT20?CHADHIGHERCYSTEINE,“REDUCEDGLUTATHIONE”,CATALASE,ANDGLUTATHIONESTRANSFERASE,BUTLOWERISOASCORBICACIDANDASCORBATEPEROXIDASECOMPAREDTOCONTROLFRUITFRUITEXPOSEDTO38?CDEVELOPEDSLIGHTHEATINJURY,ANDHADSLIGHTLYLOWER?CAROTENE,LYCOPENE,CYSTEINE,ASCORBATEPEROXIDASE,CATALASE,AND“REDUCEDGLUTATHIONE”COMPAREDTOFRUITEXPOSEDTO34?CFRUITSTOREDAT4?CHADLESSCOLORDEVELOPMENT,LOWER?CAROTENE,LYCOPENE,ASCORBICACID,ISOASCORBICACID,DEHYDROASCORBICACID,CYSTEINEAND“REDUCEDGLUTATHIONE”,ANDHIGHER?TOCOPHEROL,DEHYDROASCORBATEREDUCTASE,PEROXIDASE,CATALASE,ANDGLUTATHIONEREDUCTASETHANTHOSESTOREDAT20?COFTHETWOHEATTREATMENTS,34?CFOR24HCAUSEDLITTLEINJURY,ANDHADLESSNEGATIVEEFFECTSONANTIOXIDANTSDURINGSTORAGEAT4OR20?CTHANDIDPRIOREXPOSURETO38?C?2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSLYCOPERSICONESCULENTUMHEATINJURYCHLOROPHYLLCAROTENOIDSLYCOPENEASCORBICACIDTOCOPHEROLGLUTATHIONECYSTEINEENZYMES1INTRODUCTIONTOMATOFRUITARESENSITIVETOCHILLING,ANDFRUITHARVESTEDMATUREGREENMAYDEVELOPCHILLINGINJURYCIIFHELDBELOW13?CFOR2WEEKSORLONGERSOTOETAL,2005HEATTREATMENTSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOAMELIORATECI,INADDITIONTOCAUSINGOTHERPOSITIVEEFFECTSSUCHASCONTROLOFRIPENING,ANDCONTROLOFDECAYANDINSECTSINSEVERALFRUITSANDVEGETABLESYAHIAANDORTEGA,2000LURIEANDSABEHAT1997REPORTEDTHAT2DAT38?CPRIORTO2?CSTORAGEELIMINATEDCISYMPTOMDEVELOPMENTIN‘DANIELLA’TOMATOESFORUPTO4WEEKSWITHOUTCAUSINGANYHEATINJURYSIMILARLY,MCDONALDETAL1998REPORTEDTHAT2DEXPOSURETO38?CALLOWEDMATUREGREEN‘SUNBEAM’TOMATOESTORIPENNORMALLYWITHOUTCIAFTER2WEEKSAT2?CHOWEVER,ITISIMPORTANTTOSTUDYTHEEFFECTOFTHESEHEATTREATMENTSONSOMEIMPORTANTNUTRITIONALANDHEALTHCOMPONENTS,SUCHASANTIOXIDANTS?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL524422281416FAX524422281416EMAILADDRESSYAHIAUAQMXEMYAHIAVARIOUSBIOCHEMICALANDPHYSIOLOGICALALTERATIONSHAVEBEENASSOCIATEDWITHHEATTREATMENTSKLEINANDLURIE,1991CHLOROPHYLLCONTENTINAPPLEPEEL,PLANTAINPEELANDTOMATOPERICARPDECREASEDDURINGAHOTAIRTREATMENTOF35–40?CSEYMOURETAL,1987LURIEANDKLEIN,1991,ANDTREATMENTWITHHOTAIRAT38?CINHIBITSLYCOPENESYNTHESISINTOMATOESCHENGETAL,1988THERMALPROCESSINGWASFOUNDTOELEVATETOTALANTIOXIDANTACTIVITYANDBIOACCESSIBILELYCOPENECONTENTINTOMATOES,ANDPRODUCEDNOSIGNIFICANTCHANGESINTOTALPHENOLICSANDTOTALFLAVONOIDSCONTENT,ALTHOUGHLOSSOFVITAMINCWASOBSERVEDDEWANTOETAL,2002HEATTREATMENT37?CFOR3DINDUCED25,12,AND14FOLDINCREASESINTHEACTIVITIESOFCATALASE,ASCORBATEPEROXIDASEANDSUPEROXIDEDISMUTASE,RESPECTIVELYSALAANDLAFUENTE,1999ANTIOXIDANTACTIVITYOFCITRUSPEELEXTRACTSWASSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYHEATINGTEMPERATURE50–150?CANDDURATIONTREATMENT10–60MINJEONGETAL,2004OXIDATIVEDAMAGEISCONSIDEREDTOBEANEARLYRESPONSEOFSENSITIVETISSUESTOCHILLINGHARIYADIANDPARKIN,1991ITHASBEENREPORTEDTHATCHILLINGELEVATESTHELEVELOFACTIVEOXYGEN09255214/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOSTHARVBIO200611017EMYAHIAETAL/POSTHARVESTBIOLOGYANDTECHNOLOGY442007107–115109WITH35?MC18SYMMETRYCOLUMN46MM150MMANDDIODEARRAYDETECTORAT294NMSOTOETAL,2005THEMOBILEPHASEUSEDWASMETHANOL100AT83?LS?1CYSTEINEANDREDUCEDGSHANDOXIDIZEDGLUTATHIONEGSSGCONTENTSWEREDETERMINEDUSINGTHEMETHODOFFARRISANDREED1987WITHSOMEMODIFICATIONSSAMPLES025GPERFRUITOFFREEZEDRIEDTISSUEWEREHOMOGENIZEDIN25MLOFANAQUEOUSSOLUTIONCONTAINING10PERCHLORICACIDAND1MMBATHOPHENANTHROLINEDISULFONICACIDTHEHOMOGENATESWERECENTRIFUGEDAT7800GFOR20MINAT4?C,ANDTHESUPERNATANTCOLLECTEDTHEPELLETWASRESUSPENDEDUSINGTHESAMEEXTRACTIONPROCESS,THESUPERNATANTSWERECOMBINED,AND05MLOFTHEEXTRACTAND50?L?GLUTAMYLGLUTAMATE05MM,ASINTERNALSTANDARDWERECARBOXYMETHYLATEDWITH50?L100MMIODOACETICACIDDISSOLVEDIN02MMMCRESOLPURPLE,ANDTHATSOLUTIONWASBROUGHTTOPH9–10BYTHEADDITIONOF048MLKOH2M–KHCO324MMIXTURE,ANDWASINCUBATEDINTHEDARKFOR15MINSAMPLESWERETHENDERIVATIZEDWITH1MLOF12,4DINITRO1FLUOROBENZENEANDKEPTINTHEDARKAT4?COVERNIGHTTHEFOLLOWINGDAY,THESAMPLESWERECENTRIFUGEDAT13,000GFOR15MINANDFINALLYWEREFILTEREDTHROUGHA02?MNYLONFILTERBEFOREINJECTIONINTHEHPLCTHEMOBILEPHASE“A”CONTAINED80METHANOLAND“B”WASPREPAREDBYADDING800MLOFASOLUTIONCONTAINING1KGSODIUMACETATE,448MLH2O,AND139LGLACIALACETICACIDTO32L80METHANOLTHEHPLCRUNSTARTEDWITH80OF“A”,AND20OF“B”FOR5MIN,FOLLOWEDBYA10MINLINEARGRADIENTTO1OF“A”,AND99OF“B”,AND2MINAFTERMAINTAININGTHEMOBILEPHASEINTHATCONDITIONITWASRETURNEDTOTHEINITIALCONDITIONOVERA5MINLINEARGRADIENTANDMAINTAINEDTHEREFOR15MINFORREEQUILIBRATIONOFTHECOLUMNSOTOETAL,2005SAMPLESOF50?LWEREINJECTEDINTOA5?MALLSPHEREAMINOCOLUMN250MM46MMAT167?LS?1,ANDTHEABSORBANCEWASREADAT365NMFORDEHYDROASCORBATEREDUCTASEDHARACTIVITY,015GFREEZEDRIEDTISSUESAMPLESWEREHOMOGENIZEDWITH25MLPOTASSIUMPHOSPHATEBUFFER100MM,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簡介：INTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200321678–690OWNERSHIPANDCOPYRIGHT?2003SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITEDDETERMINATIONOFTHEOPTIMALPARAMETERSFORFREEFORMSURFACEMEASUREMENTANDDATAPROCESSINGINREVERSEENGINEERINGFJSHIOU,YFLINANDKHCHANGDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALTAIWANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,NO43,SEC4,KEELUNGROAD,106TAIPEI,TAIWANONEOBJECTIVEOFTHISWORKISTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALCOMBINATIONOFTHEPROBEDIAMETERANDGRIDDISTANCEFORFREEFORMSURFACEMEASUREMENT,ANDANOTHERISTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALPARAMETERSFORTHELOCALSHEPARDINTERPOLATIONTHEOPTIMALCOMBINATIONOFTHEPROBEDIAMETERANDGRIDDISTANCEFORFREEFORMSURFACEMEASUREMENTWASDETERMINEDTHROUGHATAGUCHIMATRIXEXPERIMENTTHESMALLERTHEPROBEDIAMETERANDGRIDDISTANCE,THEBETTERTHEACCURACYOFTHESURFACENORMALBASEDONTHECONFIGUREDMATRIXEXPERIMENTALRESULTTHEOPTIMALPARAMETERS,NAMELYTHEEXPONENTΜANDTHERADIUSR,FORTHELOCALSHEPARDINTERPOLATIONWEREDETERMINEDBYUSINGTHEMINIMISATIONMETHODOFTHEROOTMEANSQUARENORMALISEDERRORRMSNEBETWEENTHEMEASUREDDATAPOINTSANDTHETHEORETICALDATAPOINTSONASTANDARDSTEELBALLSURFACETHEOPTIMALPARAMETERSDETERMINEDWEREACTUALLYAPPLIEDTOTHEMEASUREMENTOFAFREEFORMSURFACEMOUSESURFACEONACOORDINATEMEASURINGMACHINECMMTHELOCALSHEPARDINTERPOLATIONMETHODWASUSEDTOINTERPOLATE16CONTROLPOINTSFROM1054MEASUREDDATAPOINTSBICUBICBEZIERANDBSPLINESURFACECADMODELSWERECONSTRUCTEDTHROUGHTHESEINTERPOLATEDCONTROLPOINTSKEYWORDSBEZIERSURFACEBICUBICBSPLINESURFACEROOTMEANSQUARENORMALISEDERRORRMSNESHEPARDINTERPOLATIONMETHODTAGUCHI’SMATRIXEXPERIMENT1INTRODUCTIONTHENEEDFORRAPIDPRODUCTDESIGNISINCREASINGREVERSEENGINEERINGHASPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINRAPIDPRODUCTDESIGNINRECENTYEARSTHE3DDATAOFAPHYSICALMODELORACORRESPONDENCEANDOFFPRINTREQUESTSTODRFANGJUNGSHIOU,DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALTAIWANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,NO43,SECTION4,KEELUNGRD106TAIPEI,TAIWANEMAILSHIOUMAILNTUSTEDUTWRECEIVED17JANUARY2002ACCEPTED16APRIL2002SAMPLEPARTCANBEDIGITISEDTHROUGHA3DLASERSCANNERSYSTEMNONCONTACTTYPEORACOORDINATEMEASURINGMACHINECMM,CONTACTTYPEFIG1THEMAINADVANTAGESOFACONTACTPROBEAREHIGHACCURACY,GOODREPEATABILITY,ANDEASYOPERATIONHOWEVER,LOWMEASURINGSPEED,WEAROFPROBETIPANDTHEPROBLEMOFPROBERADIUSCOMPENSATIONARETHEMAINDISADVANTAGESOFACONTACTPROBEANONCONTACTPROBE,BECAUSEOFITSHIGHMEASURINGSPEED,LACKOFCONTACTFORCE,ANDABSENCEOFPROBERADIUSCOMPENSATION,ETC,HASBEENAPPLIEDTOCMMANDCNCMACHININGCENTRESFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFFREEFORMSURFACESINRECENTYEARS1,2FORFURTHEREDITING,MODIFICATIONORSMOOTHINGOFMASSIVEDIGITISEDPOINTDATA,3DSCANNEDDATAPROCESSINGSOFTWAREISUSUALLYNECESSARY3,4THROUGHTHEUSEOFCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGN,ANDMANUFACTURINGANDENGINEERINGTECHNIQUES,ANANALYTICALMODELCANTHENBECONSTRUCTEDFROMTHEPROCESSEDDATAANDSTUDIEDTHEMEASURINGACCURACYOFTHE3DDATAOFAPHYSICALMODELMEASUREDWITHACMMISRELIABLEANDBETTERTHANTHATWITHA3DLASERSCANNERSYSTEMHOWEVER,THEMEASURINGSPEEDWITHACMMISSLOWERTHANFORA3DLASERSCANNERSYSTEMFROMTHEINFORMATIONOFTHENORMALVECTORATEACHCONTROLPOINT,THEPROBERADIUSCOMPENSATIONMUSTBECALCULATED,INORDERTOOBTAINTHEDATAPOINTSONTHEWORKPIECESURFACEFORMEASUREMENTWITHACMMFIG25THEOPTIMALCOMBINATIONOFTHEPROBERADIUSANDTHEGRIDDISTANCEFORFREEFORMSURFACEMEASUREMENTONACMMHASNOTBEENSTUDIEDINTHELITERATUREREVIEWTHEPROJECTIONSOFDATAPOINTSONTHEX,YPLANE,WHICHAREORIGINALLYEQUIDISTANT,BECOMESCATTEREDAFTERTHECOMPENSATIONFORPROBERADIUSFIG3DATAPOINTSWITHARECTANGULARGRIDONTHEX,YPLANEARECONVENIENTANDHELPFULFORTHEPURPOSEOFPERFORMINGMEASURINGPATHPLANNINGANDFORBUILDINGTHECADMODELDATAPOINTSLOCATEDONTHERECTANGULARGRIDCANBEESTIMATEDFROMTHESCATTEREDDATAPOINTSUSINGTHESHEPARDINTERPOLATIONMETHODTHISMETHODHASBEENPROVENTOBESUITABLEFORTHEGRAPHICREPRESENTATIONOFSURFACES6THEPARAMETERSOFTHELOCALSHEPARDINTERPOLATIONMETHODFORTHENODESWITHALARGERNODEDISTANCEARENOTCLEARLYDEFINEDIN6ONEOBJECTIVEOFTHISWORKISTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALCOMBINATIONOFTHEPROBEDIAMETERANDGRIDDISTANCEFORFREEFORMSURFACEMEASUREMENT,ANDTHEOTHERISTODETERMINETHE680FJSHIOUETALFIG2GENERALPROCESSTOCONSTRUCTANUNKNOWNFREEFORMSURFACEFROMTHEMEASUREDDATAPOINTSBYCOONSPROCEDUREFROMTHEMEASUREDDATAPOINTSPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEMEASURINGACCURACYDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONSOFPROBEDIAMETERANDGRIDDISTANCERESULTINDIFFERENTSURFACENORMALSTHEANGLEBETWEENTHETHEORETICALSURFACENORMALANDTHECALCULATEDSURFACENORMALSHOULDBEASSMALLASPOSSIBLETHESETWOPARAMETERSARETOBEDETERMINEDBYMATRIXEXPERIMENTSSOTHATTHEYCANBEAPPLIEDTOASURFACEWITHBOTHASHALLOWSLOPEANDASTEEPSLOPE

簡介：JURNALMEKANIKALDECEMBER2008,NO26,768576STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORITSFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONUSINGFEMROSLANABDRAHMAN,MOHDNASIRTAMIN,OJOKURDIFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMALAYSIA,81310UTM,SKUDAI,JOHORBAHRUABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHESTRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISTHESTRESSANALYSISISIMPORTANTINFATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONOFCOMPONENTSTODETERMINETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHEANALYSISWASDONEFORATRUCKMODELBYUTILIZINGACOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEMODELHASALENGTHOF1235MANDWIDTHOF245MTHEMATERIALOFCHASSISISASTMLOWALLOYSTEELA710CCLASS3WITH552MPAOFYIELDSTRENGTHAND620MPAOFTENSILESTRENGTHTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHECRITICALPOINTOFSTRESSOCCURREDATTHEOPENINGOFCHASSISWHICHISINCONTACTWITHTHEBOLTTHESTRESSMAGNITUDEOFCRITICALPOINTIS3869MPATHISCRITICALPOINTISANINITIALTOPROBABLEFAILURESINCEFATIGUEFAILURESTARTEDFROMTHEHIGHESTSTRESSPOINTKEYWORDSTRESSANALYSIS,FATIGUELIFEPREDICTION,TRUCKCHASSIS10INTRODUCTIONTHEAGEOFMANYTRUCKCHASSISINMALAYSIAAREOFMORETHAN20YEARSANDTHEREISALWAYSAQUESTIONARISINGWHETHERTHECHASSISISSTILLSAFETOUSETHUS,FATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONONTHECHASSISISNECESSARYINORDERTOVERIFYTHESAFETYOFTHISCHASSISDURINGITSOPERATIONSTRESSANALYSISUSINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMCANBEUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHISCRITICALPOINTISONEOFTHEFACTORSTHATMAYCAUSETHEFATIGUEFAILURETHEMAGNITUDEOFTHESTRESSCANBEUSEDTOPREDICTTHELIFESPANOFTHETRUCKCHASSISTHEACCURACYOFPREDICTIONLIFEOFTRUCKCHASSISISDEPENDINGONTHERESULTOFITSSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREACCURATERESULTOFSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREVALIDTHEPREDICTEDLIFEOFOBJECTINTHISSTUDY,THESTRESSANALYSISISACCOMPLISHEDBYTHECOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYVEHICLESANDCOMPONENTSREPRESENTSASTRATEGICANDIMPORTANTBUSINESSSECTORINMALAYSIAWITHTHEEVENTUALTRADELIBERALIZATIONOFASEANFREETRADEAREAAFTA,LOCALAUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSANDVENDORSSHALLREQUIRECARSANDCOMPONENTSOFWORLDCLASSSTANDARDNOISEANDVIBRATIONARECORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILOJOKURDIYAHOOCOMJURNALMEKANIKAL,DECEMBER200878REGIME,WHICHIMPLIESTHATNOFATIGUEFAILUREOFTRUSSESANDFLOORSYSTEMWOULDBEEXPECTEDANYTIMEDURINGITSSERVICELIFEYEANDMOAN10HAVEINVESTIGATEDTHESTATICANDFATIGUEBEHAVIOROFALUMINIUMBOXSTIFFENER/WEBFRAMECONNECTIONSUSINGFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEATOPROVIDEACONNECTIONSOLUTIONTHATCANREDUCETHEFABRICATIONCOSTSBYCHANGINGTHECUTTINGSHAPESONTHEWEBFRAMEANDCORRESPONDINGLYTHEWELDPROCESSMEANWHILESUFFICIENTFATIGUESTRENGTHCANBEACHIEVEDFEBASEDFATIGUEWASUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTOFPROBABLECRACKINITIATIONANDTOPREDICTTHELIFEINADOORHINGESYSTEM11INTHISSTUDY,STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISLOADEDBYSTATICFORCEWILLBEINVESTIGATEDTODETERMINETHELOCATIONOFCRITICALPOINTOFCRACKINITIATIONASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONOFTHISTRUCKCHASSIS20FINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFTRUCKCHASSIS21BASICCONCEPTOFFEMTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMISACOMPUTATIONALTECHNIQUEUSEDTOOBTAINAPPROXIMATESOLUTIONSOFBOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMSINENGINEERINGSIMPLYSTATED,ABOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMISAMATHEMATICALPROBLEMINWHICHONEORMOREDEPENDENTVARIABLESMUSTSATISFYADIFFERENTIALEQUATIONEVERYWHEREWITHINAKNOWNDOMAINOFINDEPENDENTVARIABLESANDSATISFYSPECIFICCONDITIONSONTHEBOUNDARYOFTHEDOMAIN12ANUNSOPHISTICATEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEFEMETHODISTHATITINVOLVESCUTTINGASTRUCTUREINTOSEVERALELEMENTSPIECESOFSTRUCTURE,DESCRIBINGTHEBEHAVIOROFEACHELEMENTINASIMPLEWAY,THENRECONNECTINGELEMENTSATNODESASIFNODESWEREPINSORDROPSOFGLUETHATHOLDELEMENTSTOGETHERFIGURE1THISPROCESSRESULTSINASETOFSIMULTANEOUSALGEBRAICEQUATIONSINSTRESSANALYSISTHESEEQUATIONAREEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONSOFTHENODESTHEREMAYBESEVERALHUNDREDORSEVERALTHOUSANDSUCHEQUATIONS,WHICHMEANTHATCOMPUTERIMPLEMENTATIONISMANDATORY13FIGURE1ACOARSE–MESH,TWODIMENSIONALMODELOFGEARTOOTHALLNODESANDELEMENTSLIEINPLANEOFTHEPAPER13

簡介：1應(yīng)用微控制器進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512通信1引言DMX512是一種傳輸協(xié)議用于最專業(yè)的劇院燈光組件,例如調(diào)光器,掃描儀,移動(dòng)燈、追光燈、掃描等等。這個(gè)應(yīng)用筆記介紹了一個(gè)用于傳輸和接收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512通信協(xié)議的解決方案，這樣就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)使用任何PIC微控制器提供一個(gè)通用異步收發(fā)器（UART）模塊。特別需要指出的是，通用設(shè)備PIC18F24J10，被用來在本應(yīng)用筆記提供的代碼示例。它提供了1024字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器,它允許演示代碼來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),為整個(gè)512通道緩沖盡管這并不是必需的對(duì)于典型的應(yīng)用。只有一個(gè)外部RS485兼容的收發(fā)器必須完成應(yīng)用程序的框架。DMX解決方案分為兩部分1DMX512發(fā)送部分這部分將解釋如何生成和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。這是分為兩個(gè)小節(jié)A如何生成和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512包；B一個(gè)演示程序，說明如何發(fā)送命令到一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512調(diào)光接收器。2DMX512接收部分這部分將解釋如何接收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。再次，它分為兩個(gè)小節(jié)A如何接收數(shù)據(jù)；B一個(gè)演示程序，它接收到的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到PWM模塊用于控制一個(gè)LED的亮度。2背景在過去，變自耦變壓器被用來控制劇場舞臺(tái)燈光。這需要長期在臺(tái)上線供電的燈具，整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)將需要手動(dòng)控制變壓器。后來，電動(dòng)機(jī)接通了自耦變壓器，使控制少麻煩。最后，模擬控制采取了自耦變壓器的地方，變的很受歡迎，尤其是010V模擬游戲機(jī)。盡管如此，該系統(tǒng)有三大缺點(diǎn)1這容易產(chǎn)生噪音。2非線性調(diào)光可根據(jù)不同類型的燈具。3一個(gè)單獨(dú)的控制線，需要每個(gè)燈。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)變得更具成本效益，新的數(shù)字調(diào)音臺(tái)來到市場，并與他們需要一個(gè)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使來自不同制造商的設(shè)備進(jìn)行互操作的需要。美國劇場技術(shù)研究所，USITT的，首先制定了在1986年之間的調(diào)光器和阿司匹林標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)字接口DMX512協(xié)議濃度，后來擴(kuò)大并于1990年改善。該電流的發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。（ANSI）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（E111）的發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。您可以從WWWESTAORG或者WWWANSIORG網(wǎng)站獲取（購買）一個(gè)由萬維網(wǎng)協(xié)議規(guī)范的副本。3分析DMX512協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512（用于數(shù)字復(fù)縮寫），是極其簡單，成本低，相對(duì)強(qiáng)勁。由于這些優(yōu)勢，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512已獲得了很大的普及。顧名思義，它可以支持多達(dá)512個(gè)獨(dú)立的控制通道/設(shè)備。它是一個(gè)單向的異步串行傳輸協(xié)議，它不提供任何接收機(jī)和發(fā)射機(jī)之間的握手方式，也沒有提供任何錯(cuò)誤檢查，或更正機(jī)制的形式。因此，它是不是適合任何安全關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用。在25萬的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸波特率使用物理接口與兩個(gè)多線和地線的RS485傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)兼容。32．SENDDATA字節(jié)0到511的DMX框架3．SENDMAB數(shù)據(jù)線空閑的DMX4．SENDBREAKDMX資料線被拉低圖2發(fā)送狀態(tài)機(jī)在此應(yīng)用中，為了簡化代碼，但仍保持在時(shí)間限制，在SENDBREAK，SENDMAB和SENDMBB間隔為100微秒都設(shè)置。這些時(shí)間可以很容易改變，如果需要。TIMER0模塊是用來控制在100微秒的時(shí)間和傳輸?shù)淖止?jié)之間的間距。例1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512變送器狀態(tài)機(jī)代碼。示例1顯示了實(shí)施的DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)機(jī)子程序輪廓。發(fā)送子程序的DMX在合作設(shè)計(jì)的多任務(wù)應(yīng)用程序使用。為了避免任何的時(shí)間問題上，應(yīng)稱為狀態(tài)機(jī)頻繁地從主程序循環(huán)（約每40微秒或以下）。該DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)變量是用來表示當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)和跳

簡介：AMEASUREOFDISTORTIONANDITSVARIATIONDUETOATTENUATIONCONSTANTANDFREQUENCYDEPENDENTNONLINEARPHASECONSTANTSULTANSHOAIB1,WAQARALISHAH2,MUHAMMADNAEEM3,MUHAMMADAMIN4DEPARTMENTOFCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSENGINEERING,INSTITUTEOFSPACETECHNOLOGY,ISLAMABAD,PAKISTAN1SULTANSHOAIBLIVECOM2WAQAR1130HOTMAILCOM3MUHAMMAD_NAEEM265YAHOOCOM4MAMUGHALPKGMAILCOMABSTRACTINTHISPAPERAMEASUREOFDISTORTIONINPROPAGATIONOFELECTROMAGNETICWAVEWHICHRESULTSFROMFREQUENCYDEPENDENCEOFATTENUATIONCONSTANTANDNONLINEARPHASECONSTANTINMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINEISPRESENTEDASCORRELATIONOFTHEREFERENCESIGNALANDTHEDISTORTEDSIGNALBYTAKINGTHEFOURIERSERIESOFAPARTICULARPULSETRAINANDTHENTAKINGTHESUMOFFIRSTFEWDOMINANTCOMPONENTSTHATCONTAIN?90OFTHEENERGY,AREFERENCEINPUTSIGNALISOBTAINEDDISTORTIONDUETOVARIATIONINAMPLITUDEANDPHASECHARACTERISTICSOFTHETRANSMISSIONLINEISSIMULATEDBYCOMPARINGTHEDISTORTEDSIGNALWITHTHEREFERENCESIGNALAMPLITUDEVARIATIONISREPRESENTEDASPERCENTAGEVARIATIONINENERGYOFTHEREFERENCESIGNALWHEREASNONLINEARITYINPHASECONSTANTISREPRESENTEDBYDEGREEOFTHEPOLYNOMIALOF?INRADIANS/SECONDSIMULATIONSSHOWTHATDISTORTIONDUETONONLINEARPHASEISMOREPRONOUNCEDLOWERCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTASCOMPAREDTOTHATWHICHRESULTSBECAUSEOFFREQUENCYDEPENDENTATTENUATIONCONSTANTHIGHERCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTSIMULATIONSAREVALIDATEDBYMEASUREDRESULTSFURTHERMOREAGUIHASBEENDEVELOPEDINMATLAB?THATCANREPRESENTTHESIGNALDISTORTIONASCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTFORDESIREDAMPLITUDEDISTORTIONINPERCENTAGEOFENERGYANDNONLINEARPHASECONSTANTINTERMSOFDEGREEOFPOLYNOMIALINDEXTERMSDISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINE,DISTORTIONMEASUREMENT,ATTENUATIONCONSTANT,NONLINEARPHASECONSTANTIINTRODUCTIONADISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINEISDEFINEDASONETHATHASANATTENUATIONCONSTANT‘?’WHICHISINDEPENDENTOFFREQUENCYIETHEMAGNITUDEHASNOLOSSORACONSTANTLOSSFORALLCOMPONENTSTHEPHASECONSTANT‘?’OFDISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINEISLINEARLYDEPENDENTONFREQUENCYTHEGENERALEXPRESSIONSOF?AND?AREGIVENBY1,2?????1??????2THECHARACTERISTICIMPEDANCEZOOFTRANSMISSIONLINEINGENERALISTHENGIVENBYZOROJXO3AMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINEWHICHWOULDATTENUATETHEELECTROMAGNETICSIGNALTRAVELLINGINITLOSSYLINECANPRESERVETHESHAPEOFTHEINPUTSIGNALIEACTASDISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINEIFRO????????ANDXO04ANYTIMEDOMAINSIGNALCANBEREPRESENTEDASSUMOFSINUSOIDALHARMONICSPRESERVINGTHESHAPEOFTHETRANSMITTEDANDSIGNALREQUIRESTHATALLFREQUENCYCOMPONENTSBETREATEDIDENTICALLYINTHECHANNELTRANSMISSIONLINEWHICHTECHNICALLYMEANSFULFILLINGTHEABOVETWOCONDITIONSTHEPHASEVELOCITYUISGIVENBY?/?ANDWILLBEINDEPENDENTOF?,IF?ISLINEARLYDEPENDENTONFREQUENCYHOWEVERFORNONLINEARVARIATIONOF?WITHFREQUENCY,THEVELOCITYOFALLFREQUENCYCOMPONENTSWILLNOTBEIDENTICALRESULTINGINFEWERCOMPONENTSREACHINGLATERTHANOTHERS,THUSDISTORTINGTHESHAPEOFTHEORIGINALSIGNALSIMILARLYANATTENUATIONCONSTANTTHATISFREQUENCYDEPENDENTWILLDECREASETHEAMPLITUDEOFCERTAINFREQUENCYCOMPONENTSMORETHANOTHERSAGAINNOTPRESERVINGTHESHAPEOFTHEORIGINALSIGNALINORDERTOQUANTIFYANDMEASURETHEORIGINALDISTORTION,CORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTISOBTAINEDBETWEENTHETRANSMITTEDANDTHERECEIVEDSIGNALAMPLITUDEDISTORTIONISREPRESENTEDASPERCENTAGEINCREASEORDECREASEINTHETOTALENERGYCONTENTOFTHESIGNALPHASEDISTORTIONISGIVENBYTHEDEGREEOFTHEPOLYNOMIALOF?WHICHREPRESENTSNONLINEARDEPENDENCEOF?THEPROPOSEDQUANTIFICATIONCANBEUSEDTOGRADETHEDISTORTIONOFANYMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINEIIFORMULATIONOFTHEPROBLEMARECTANGULARPULSEISASSUMEDONTHETRANSMISSIONSIDEITSFOURIERSERIESCONTAINSINFINITECOMPONENTSANDONLYFIRSTFEWCOMPONENTSFIRSTFOURDOMINANTCOMPONENTSINTHISCASEARETAKENTHATACCOUNTFORATLEAST90ENERGYOFTHETOTALSIGNALTHESEFOURCOMPONENTSARESUMMED,ANDTHERESULTINGSIGNAL9781424427215/09/2500?2009IEEE2009LOUGHBOROUGHANTENNASPROPAGATIONCONFERENCE1617NOVEMBER2009,LOUGHBOROUGH,UK697FIG4ILLUSTRATESDIFFERENTCASESOFAMPLITUDEDISTORTIONOFTHEREFERANCESIGNALWHEREALLORSOMEOFTHEFOURIERCOMPONENTSAREMULTIPLIEDBYACONSTANTA2ANDCOMPAREDWITHTHEORIGINALSIGNALTHISISSIMULATEDUSINGGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACEGUIFIG4AWHENALLCOMPONENTSAREMULTIPLIEDBYSAMECONSTANTFIG4BWHENONLYFIRSTCOMPONENTISMULTIPLIEDBYCONSTANTFIG4CWHENONLYTHIRDCOMPONENTISMULTIPLIEDBYCONSTANTFIG4DWHENFIRSTANDTHIRDCOMPONENTSAREMULTIPLIEDBYCONSTANTFIG4EWHENSECONDANDFOURTHCOMPONENTSAREMULTIPLIEDBYCONSTANTONECANNOTICETHATINGENERALDISTORTIONISGREATERWHENCOMPONENTSWITHHIGHERENERGYCONTENTSFIG4BAREMULTIPLIEDBYASCALINGFACTORWHEREASTHEEFFECTOFCOMPONENTSTHATCONTAINLESSENERGYCONTENTISNOTSIGNIFICANTFIG5ILLUSTRATESDIFFERENTCASESOFSIGNALDISTORTIONOFTHEMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINEWHENPHASECONSTANTISNOTLINEARLYDEPENDENTON?FIG5AWHENLINEARPHASEISADDEDFIG5BWHENPHASEISNONLINEARPOLYNOMIALOFDEGREE2VQUANTIFICATIONOFDISTORTIONTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFDISTORTIONISCARRIEDOUTBYCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENT,ABUILTINMATLAB?FUNCTIONWHICHTAKESORIGINALSIGNALANDDISTORTEDSIGNALASINPUTPARAMETERSANDCARRIESOUTCORRELATIONTHERESULTSAREGIVENINTABLEIIWHEREPERCENTAGEOFENERGYDISTORTIONISGIVENBELOW,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????8THEFOLLOWINGRESULTSOBTAINEDUSINGEQ8ARETABULATEDINTABLEIII2009LOUGHBOROUGHANTENNASPROPAGATIONCONFERENCE1617NOVEMBER2009,LOUGHBOROUGH,UK699

簡介：PERFORMANCETESTSONHELICALSAVONIUSROTORSMAKAMOJIA,SBKEDAREA,SVPRABHUB,ADEPARTMENTOFENERGYSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BOMBAYBDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BOMBAYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED27JANUARY2008ACCEPTED5JUNE2008AVAILABLEONLINE26JULY2008KEYWORDSHELICALSAVONIUSROTORCONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORCOEFFICIENTOFPOWERCOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEABSTRACTCONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORSHAVEHIGHCOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEATCERTAINROTORANGLESANDANEGATIVECOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEFROM135?TO165?ANDFROM315?TO345?INONECYCLEOF360?INORDERTODECREASETHISVARIATIONINSTATICTORQUEFROM0?TO360?,AHELICALSAVONIUSROTORWITHATWISTOF90?ISPROPOSEDINTHISSTUDY,TESTSONHELICALSAVONIUSROTORSARECONDUCTEDINANOPENJETWINDTUNNELCOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUE,COEFFICIENTOFTORQUEANDCOEFFICIENTOFPOWERFOREACHHELICALSAVONIUSROTORAREMEASUREDTHEPERFORMANCEOFHELICALROTORWITHSHAFTBETWEENTHEENDPLATESANDHELICALROTORWITHOUTSHAFTBETWEENTHEENDPLATESATDIFFERENTOVERLAPRATIOSNAMELY00,01AND016ISCOMPAREDHELICALSAVONIUSROTORWITHOUTSHAFTISALSOCOMPAREDWITHTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHECONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORTHERESULTSINDICATETHATALLTHEHELICALSAVONIUSROTORSHAVEPOSITIVECOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEATALLTHEROTORANGLESTHEHELICALROTORSWITHSHAFTHAVELOWERCOEFFICIENTOFPOWERTHANTHEHELICALROTORSWITHOUTSHAFTHELICALROTORWITHOUTSHAFTATANOVERLAPRATIOOF00ANDANASPECTRATIOOF088ISFOUNDTOHAVEALMOSTTHESAMECOEFFICIENTOFPOWERWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHECONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORCORRELATIONFORCOEFFICIENTOFTORQUEANDPOWERISDEVELOPEDFORHELICALSAVONIUSROTORFORARANGEOFREYNOLDSNUMBERSSTUDIED?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONSAVONIUS1ROTORIS‘‘SSHAPED’’CROSSSECTIONCONSTRUCTEDBYTWOSEMICIRCULARBUCKETSTHECONCEPTOFSAVONIUSROTORISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLEDEVELOPEDBYFLETTNERITISSIMPLEINSTRUCTURE,HASGOODSTARTINGCHARACTERISTICS,OPERATESATRELATIVELYLOWOPERATINGSPEEDS,ANDHASABILITYTOACCEPTWINDFROMANYDIRECTIONITSAERODYNAMICEFFICIENCYISLOWERTHANTHATOFOTHERTYPESOFWINDTURBINESSUCHASDARRIEUSANDPROPELLERROTORSSAVONIUSROTORISCONSIDEREDTOBEADRAGMACHINETHISMEANSTHATTHEMAINDRIVINGFORCEISDRAGFORCEOFWINDACTINGONITSBLADEHOWEVER,ATLOWANGLEOFATTACKS,LIFTFORCEALSOCONTRIBUTESTOTORQUEPRODUCTION2HENCE,SAVONIUSROTORISNOTAPUREDRAGMACHINEBUTACOMPOUNDMACHINEANDHENCECANGOBEYONDTHELIMITATIONOFCPOFAPRIMARILYDRAGTYPEMACHINECPMAX?008FORPLATETYPETURBINE,MANWELLETAL3ALTHOUGHCONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORSHAVELOWAERODYNAMICEFFICIENCY,THEYHAVEAHIGHSTARTINGTORQUEORHIGHCOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEDUETOTHISTHEYAREUSEDATSTARTERSFOROTHERTYPESOFWINDTURBINESTHATHAVELOWERSTARTINGTORQUESTHOUGHTHESTARTINGTORQUEISHIGH,ITISNOTUNIFORMATALLTHEROTORANGLESATCERTAINROTORANGLES,CONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORSCANNOTSTARTONTHEIROWNASTHECOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEISNEGATIVECONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORISHAVINGNEGATIVETORQUEFORTHEROTORANGLESINTHERANGEOF135–165?ANDFROM315?TO345?LITERATURESUGGESTSTHATTWOSTAGEANDTHREESTAGECONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORSCOULDOVERCOMETHISPROBLEMOFNEGATIVETORQUE4,5HOWEVER,WITHTHEINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSTAGES,THEMAXIMUMCOEFFICIENTOFPOWERDECREASESASREPORTEDBYKAMOJIETAL4ANDHAYASHIETAL5THEUSEOFTHREEBLADEDSINGLESTAGEROTOR,WITHEACHBLADEAT120?ALSOREDUCESTHETORQUEVARIATIONINAROTORCYCLEBUTTHECOEFFICIENTOFPOWERDECREASESASREPORTEDBYSHANKAR6ANDSHELDAHLETAL7SAHAANDJAYARAJKUMAR8REPORTTHATTWISTEDTHREEBLADEDSAVONIUSROTORWITHATWISTANGLEOF15?HASAMAXIMUMCOEFFICIENTOFPOWEROF014TIPSPEEDRATIOOF065COMPAREDTO011FORATHREEBLADEDCONVENTIONALSAVONIUSROTORHELICALSAVONIUSROTORSCOULDPROVIDEPOSITIVECOEFFICIENTOFSTATICTORQUEHELIXCANBEDEFINEDASACURVEGENERATEDBYAMARKERMOVINGVERTICALLYATACONSTANTVELOCITYONAROTATINGCYLINDERATACONSTANTANGULARVELOCITYFIG1SHOWSASINGLEHELICALROTORBLADETHEINNEREDGEREMAINSVERTICALWHEREASTHEOUTEREDGEUNDERGOESATWISTOF90?AQUARTERPITCHTURNTHEBLADERETAINSITSSEMICIRCULARCROSSSECTIONFROMTHEBOTTOM0?TOTHETOP90?COMBINATIONOFTWOSUCHBLADESISCALLEDASAHELICALSAVONIUSROTORINTHISSTUDYINSPITEOFITSGOODPROMISEONGENERATINGPOSITIVESTATICTORQUECOEFFICIENT,THEREISNOINFORMATIONONHELICALSAVONIUSROTORINTHEOPENLITERATUREHENCE,THEMAINOBJECTIVEOFTHEPRESENTSTUDYISTOEXPERIMENTALLYINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFOVERLAPCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT912225767515FAXT912225726875,25723480EMAILADDRESSESSVPRABHUMEIITBACIN,SVPRABHUIITBACINSVPRABHUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTRENEWABLEENERGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/RENENE09601481/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRENENE200806002RENEWABLEENERGY342009521–529MUSTBEMINIMIZEDTHESEALSAREREMOVEDFROMTHEBEARINGSANDBEARINGSAREWASHEDINPETROLTOREMOVETHEGREASEBEFOREMOUNTINGRESULTINGINTHEREDUCTIONOFFRICTIONWINDVELOCITYISADJUSTEDCORRESPONDINGTOAGIVENREYNOLDSNUMBERANDTHEROTORISALLOWEDTOROTATEFROMNOLOADSPEEDROTATIONALSPEEDOFTHEROTORISRECORDEDBYANONCONTACTTYPETACHOMETEREACHBEARINGISSPRAYEDWITHWD40ACOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLESPRAYLUBRICANTBEFOREEACHREADING9THEROTORISLOADEDGRADUALLYTORECORDSPRINGBALANCEREADING,WEIGHTSANDROTATIONALSPEEDOFTHEROTORASETOFTESTSARECARRIEDTOCALCULATETHESTATICTORQUEOFTHEROTORATAGIVENROTORANGLEUSINGTHEBRAKEDRUMMEASURINGSYSTEMTHESTATICTORQUEOFTHEROTORISMEASUREDATEVERY15?OFTHEROTORANGLEATAGIVENWINDVELOCIT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簡介：中文中文4890字MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFHYDROXYLFUNCTIONALIZEDCHLORINATEDPOLYETHYLENEPREPAREDBYINSITUCHLORINATINGGRAFTCOPOLYMERIZATION羥基官能團(tuán)原位氯化接枝氯化聚乙烯的力學(xué)性能孫瑩瑩萬庚平王寶興趙繼若應(yīng)峰接受2008年1月21日/接受2008年6月3日/發(fā)表在線2008年7月4日施普林格科學(xué)商業(yè)媒體BV2008摘要接枝共聚物是由丙烯酸酯（PHEA）作為分支鏈，氯化聚乙烯（CPE）為骨架組成，CPECGHEA，是由原味氯化接枝共聚物合成的（ISCGC）。這個(gè)聚合物具有特殊的分子結(jié)構(gòu)包括短的接枝鏈和豐富的分支點(diǎn)。這個(gè)CPECGHEA的力學(xué)性能通過拉伸試驗(yàn)、差示掃描量熱（DSC），動(dòng)態(tài)熱學(xué)分析（DMA）進(jìn)行研究。CPE和CPECGHEA它們拉伸斷裂表面的形態(tài)形成是用掃描電子顯微鏡調(diào)查（SEM）。測試結(jié)果顯示原味接枝共聚物比有差不多相同含氯量的CPE力學(xué)性能有了很大的提高。尤其是在接枝共聚物應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系曲線有個(gè)廣泛的高峰，意味著高彈性像變形。關(guān)鍵詞CPECGHEA官能團(tuán)力學(xué)性能應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線原味接枝共聚物縮寫HEA二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPE氯化聚乙烯ISCGC原位氯化接枝共聚發(fā)CPECGHEA原位聚乙烯氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯DSC差示掃描量熱法DMA動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)分析法SEM掃描電子顯微鏡HDPE高密度聚乙烯GD接枝度GPC凝膠滲透色譜法WAXD廣角X射線衍射TG玻璃花轉(zhuǎn)變溫度E’儲(chǔ)存模量TANΔ正切損耗角介紹為了擴(kuò)展氯化聚乙烯（CPE）的應(yīng)用或者獲得有特殊用途的聚合物，CPE需要通過物理或化學(xué)的方法被改性。在近些年有許多關(guān)于CPE的改性方法的報(bào)告。這些改性的例子包括添加氯化的基質(zhì)，高阻位的苯酚化合物和有機(jī)的化合物等等去獲得好的阻尼和高硬度1–6。通過多組分機(jī)械混合技術(shù)，一種與接枝共聚物兼容的遇水膨脹彈性體已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備用CPE和聚（丙烯酸丙烯酰胺）作為主要材料，兩親性的接枝共聚物作為增溶劑7。炭黑（CB）作為填充補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑也被放入CPE內(nèi)，為了獲得好的性能。對(duì)于CPE和CB的二組分系統(tǒng)，氧化的CB在低應(yīng)變振幅提供了高模量8。因?yàn)榫郯滨ズ虲PE都含有極性的多功能的官能團(tuán)，在加熱時(shí)可以相互作用形FIG2氯化聚乙烯（CPE）CL（WT）36應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線和聚乙烯原位氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPECGHEACLWT361實(shí)驗(yàn)材料材料在這個(gè)研究中的原始材料是高密度聚乙烯（HDPE），HDPELG6040由LGCHEMKOREA提供二羥基乙烷丙烯酯HEA是一個(gè)商業(yè)的等級(jí)由中國星路化工廠有限公司提供。氯氣由中國海晶化工廠提供。二氧化硅是一個(gè)商業(yè)等級(jí)由中國青島硅酸鈉有限公司提供。氯化聚乙烯和接枝共聚物CPECGHEA由實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的學(xué)者提供。CPECGHEA的接枝度由1HNMR光譜學(xué)決定。CPECGHEA接枝共聚的確定細(xì)節(jié)將被發(fā)布在別處。CPECGHEACPECGHEA的合成的合成ISCGC在一個(gè)帶有攪拌葉片，溫度計(jì)，氣體輸送管的500ML圓底三頸燒瓶中進(jìn)行。50GHOPE和一定量的HEA單體被加入到燒瓶中，攪拌約30MIN使HDPE和HEA充分混合。然后適量的二氧化硅被加入以避免PE的團(tuán)聚。反映混合物在約40℃通過氮?dú)猓∟2）抽真空15MIN以排除氧氣（O2）。氯氣被引入到反應(yīng)中，反應(yīng)被引發(fā)，當(dāng)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行時(shí)溫度升高，在氯含量達(dá)到17前保持在80±2°C，然后在反應(yīng)過程中升到一定溫度（140℃以下）。反應(yīng)過程是被反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)釋放的氯化氫（HCL）引發(fā)的。當(dāng)期望的氯含量達(dá)到時(shí)氯氣被停止，反應(yīng)被終止。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)被冷卻到100℃以下。反應(yīng)中的氯氣通過真空抽出然后空氣進(jìn)入到反應(yīng)中，真空和氧氣涌入的操作被交替的進(jìn)行以確保殘余的氯氣被完全的清除。CPECGHEA制備的合成計(jì)劃展示在FIG1差示掃描量熱法（差示掃描量熱法（DSCDSC）DSC測量是在一個(gè)珀金埃爾莫DSC7量熱計(jì)中進(jìn)行。樣品在10°C/MIN的加熱速率下從70℃加熱到150℃去研究聚合物的玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度。這個(gè)測試需在氮?dú)饬鲃?dòng)下實(shí)施并且912MG的樣品可以使用。動(dòng)態(tài)里學(xué)分析（動(dòng)態(tài)里學(xué)分析（DMADMA）不同樣品的動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)性質(zhì)是由動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)分析儀NETZSCHDMA242確定的，使用一個(gè)156HZ固定頻率，加熱速率3°C/MIN，在100°C到120°C范圍內(nèi)的動(dòng)態(tài)拉伸模式。掃描電子顯微鏡（掃描電子顯微鏡（SEMSEM）SEMJEOLJSM6700F被用來研究拉伸測試獲得的表面斷裂的形態(tài)。表面斷裂通過JFC1600細(xì)涂層器涂上金，然后通過SEM檢驗(yàn)。

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簡介：中文中文5400字出處出處SCIENCE,2002,29755839769792020世紀(jì)到世紀(jì)到2121世紀(jì)水性涂料面臨的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)世紀(jì)水性涂料面臨的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)ROBERTRMATHESONJR摘要摘要涂料技術(shù)是在人類掌握的最古老的技術(shù)之一。相對(duì)來說，水性涂料包括有機(jī)物涂料例如血液，雞蛋和2000年以前就已經(jīng)開始使用的從植物中萃取出來的萃取物質(zhì)。而且，隨著水性涂料原材料和制備、應(yīng)用技術(shù)的逐漸提高，水性涂料開始被連續(xù)地大范圍地使用。但是，縱觀所有年代和歷史文明，從水性涂料作為保護(hù)手段和裝飾手段這一根本目的來看，它依然存在某種缺陷。本文試圖通過分析水性涂料的研究和發(fā)展方向的關(guān)鍵問題所在，從現(xiàn)代科技角度對(duì)水性涂料在新世紀(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢做一個(gè)預(yù)測，從而可以作為21世紀(jì)研究水性涂料的開始。前言前言人類裝飾各種不同物質(zhì)表層的歷史已有數(shù)千年了。完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)最為行之有效的方式就是在被保護(hù)或者被裝飾物質(zhì)的表層涂上一層耐久性、黏附力等特性都達(dá)到應(yīng)用要求的新型材料。這種新型的材料就是水性涂料?？梢韵胂螅酝苛显缙诘难芯繗v史是一部非常規(guī)但又是專門研究的歷史書籍。人們經(jīng)常用各種不同的物質(zhì)混合來做實(shí)驗(yàn)，用當(dāng)時(shí)手頭上有限的、可從自然界獲取的材料意外地達(dá)到了他們的目的。人類祖先流下來的珍貴遺產(chǎn)依然影響著當(dāng)今涂料世界，盡管現(xiàn)在的大都分水性涂料都大量采用人工合成物質(zhì)作為原料，但還是有一些水性涂料使用天然物質(zhì)合成，被稀薄地涂抹在物體表層?，F(xiàn)如今，水性涂料要求能夠簡單讓大眾使用；涂抹之后能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)固化；要求涂料在生產(chǎn)、使用過程當(dāng)中對(duì)環(huán)境的綜合影響最?。荒軌蜉^好抵抗環(huán)境的腐蝕作用；并且可以提供良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。以上是筆者總結(jié)的影響當(dāng)今水性涂料生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展的五個(gè)重要因素。水性涂料命名原則水性涂料命名原則在水性涂料漫長、分散和經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的歷史演變和發(fā)展過程中留下了一些晦澀因?yàn)樵诿绹嘘P(guān)所謂空氣污染物HAPS的章程是非常重要的4，章程明確規(guī)定哪些傳統(tǒng)芳香溶劑不可以使用，眾所周知，大量使用這些溶劑將會(huì)引起人類健康方面的疾病。同樣，在世界各地也都明令禁止這些溶劑的大規(guī)模使用。在重金屬使用方面也有著這樣一個(gè)廣泛的制約，但有相當(dāng)多的特殊金屬通過在表層涂抹水性涂料達(dá)到使用要求的例子5。水性涂料還有一種應(yīng)用方法，即是通過電鍍的方式在負(fù)極給被保護(hù)物質(zhì)的表層鍍上一層保護(hù)層，例如給金屬鍍層鍍上一層鉻；以各式各樣的涂層鍍金屬鉻或者鉛；在防止海洋堵塞的物體上鍍錫；甚至用水銀作為鍍層電鍍金屬以達(dá)到抗菌的目的。與其它材料加工的領(lǐng)域相同，電鍍技術(shù)也必須尋找可供選擇的成分，但是沒有破壞環(huán)境的后顧之憂。雖然取得一定的進(jìn)展，但是同類型的，特別是關(guān)于金屬防腐涂層的技術(shù)還未被真正找到。消除水性涂料對(duì)環(huán)境的影響消除水性涂料對(duì)環(huán)境的影響對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響和較低的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度是所有水性涂料的缺陷，也是制約它發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。自然界的腐蝕是多年來難以解決的問題，它嚴(yán)重阻礙了水性涂料的發(fā)展。水性涂料可作為水下涂層的一部分，抵抗含水有機(jī)體的侵蝕，例如蠕蟲；作為外部涂層抵抗某些動(dòng)物排出糞便的侵蝕，例如鳥、昆蟲；最為內(nèi)部涂層抵抗某些細(xì)菌的侵蝕，例如霉菌。這些技術(shù)上的難題都是相同的，即在不對(duì)環(huán)境造成負(fù)面影響的基礎(chǔ)上使用無毒的水性涂料抵抗這些侵蝕。專門為此項(xiàng)任務(wù)研制特殊水性涂料的工作也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，這條道路通常是昂貴而又不完美的，但偶爾會(huì)卓有成效。但是，客觀地說，完全不使用有毒、或者重金屬物質(zhì)而又達(dá)到人們的要求，這樣的例子似乎還沒有出現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)在有一個(gè)新的思路，在被涂抹物質(zhì)表面產(chǎn)生包含生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)和簡單風(fēng)化反應(yīng)的輕型化學(xué)反應(yīng)來阻止侵蝕6。舉個(gè)例子來說，水性涂層的水解可以切斷生物腐蝕。如果人們設(shè)計(jì)的水性涂料水解后能生成防腐、防塞甚至是可達(dá)到我們?nèi)我饽康牡漠a(chǎn)物，那么這將成為一種有效的手段。最大化控制通過水性涂料的分子最大化控制通過水性涂料的分子對(duì)于水性涂料來說，防腐是一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù)，水性涂料的傳統(tǒng)任務(wù)就是保護(hù)被涂物體免受環(huán)境的影響，這種保護(hù)實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種化學(xué)和力學(xué)性質(zhì)的保護(hù)。油漆就是專門為此目的而開發(fā)出來的，在被保護(hù)物質(zhì)表層涂上一層油漆形成一層保護(hù)層是一種行之有效的手段，避免物體在使用過程中受到侵蝕。

簡介：出處MESKENDAHLSTHEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT,2010,288807817中文7020字THEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSASCHAMESKENDAHLTECHNISCHEUNIVERSIT?TBERLIN,CHAIRFORTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONMANAGEMENT,GERMANYRECEIVED12MARCH2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25JUNE2010ACCEPTED29JUNE2010商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理及項(xiàng)目組合成功影響的一個(gè)理論框架商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理及項(xiàng)目組合成功影響的一個(gè)理論框架摘要與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)建相比，公司戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施面臨著更多的困難，為了消除公司戰(zhàn)略制定與戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施之間的差距，本文探究了商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項(xiàng)目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，先前的研究為這些孤立的概念之間正相關(guān)系提供了一些證據(jù)，但是至今為止，還沒有一個(gè)連貫整體的理論框架來解釋從商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略到成功的整個(gè)過程，因此有關(guān)項(xiàng)目組合管理的研究都是戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向概念的延伸。本文在查閱大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)商業(yè)，提出一個(gè)考慮戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)果、項(xiàng)目組合成功、商業(yè)成功的全面的概念模型，這個(gè)模型今后可以用于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理和組合成功影響的實(shí)證研究，另外該模型在考慮其他因素條件下很容易延伸。1引言根據(jù)MANKINSANDSTEELE2005，公司只實(shí)現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略潛在價(jià)值的63，JOHNSON2004報(bào)道指出，66的公司戰(zhàn)略從來沒有被實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施通常被認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略的墳?zāi)苟缓雎?，研究的重點(diǎn)偏向于戰(zhàn)略的制定這個(gè)方面（GRUNDY,1998MORRISANDJAMIESON,2005）。但是就如HREBINIAK2006陳述的一樣，戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施比戰(zhàn)略的制定面臨著更多的困難，這也恰是項(xiàng)目組合管理能夠發(fā)揮作用的地方，SHENHARETAL2001強(qiáng)調(diào)項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目組合是強(qiáng)有力的戰(zhàn)略武器，因此項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目組合常常被視為在特定戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施過程中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)CLELAND,1999DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005GRUNDY,2000項(xiàng)目組合管理把公司內(nèi)部所有項(xiàng)目中同時(shí)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目看做一個(gè)巨大的整體，在理論研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用中獲得越來越多的重視ARTTOANDDIETRICH,2004DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005PATANAKULANDMILOSEVIC,2009。項(xiàng)目組合是在一個(gè)企業(yè)內(nèi)部共同享有和競爭有限資源的一系列項(xiàng)目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。目前文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目組合管理的重點(diǎn)在于項(xiàng)目的評(píng)估、優(yōu)先級(jí)定位和選擇與戰(zhàn)略一致的項(xiàng)目EGARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,2004COOPERETAL,2001ENGLUNDAND目前，只有很少的研究從單一的角度探究了企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項(xiàng)目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，MüLLERETAL2008認(rèn)為在戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的項(xiàng)目選擇與項(xiàng)目組合管理之間存在正相關(guān)系，一些其他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目優(yōu)先級(jí)作為項(xiàng)目組合管理的一部分是一個(gè)成功的關(guān)鍵要素EGCOOPERETAL,1999ELONENANDARTTO,2003FRICKEETAL,2000。另外，一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目組合對(duì)于商業(yè)成功也有積極的影響，但至今沒有一個(gè)理論框架來解釋從戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃經(jīng)過項(xiàng)目組合管理到商業(yè)成功整個(gè)過程，筆者提出一個(gè)基于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)、項(xiàng)目組和成功、商業(yè)成功的理論框架，這里項(xiàng)目組合重點(diǎn)考慮分析的項(xiàng)目為公司內(nèi)部發(fā)起的項(xiàng)目、RWALKERANDRUEKERT,1987。本文依據(jù)VENKATRAMAN1989的提議提出了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的概念來評(píng)估企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向描述一個(gè)公司行為和業(yè)績的總體態(tài)勢，它克服應(yīng)用分類方法EGMILESANDSNOW,1978PORTER,1980WRIGHTETAL,1995在評(píng)價(jià)公司戰(zhàn)略MORGANANDSTRONG,2003方面的廣泛局限性。在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和限制性條件下，項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)周期性過程在評(píng)估和選擇新的項(xiàng)目提案及正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。為了評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目組合管理以及其影響，與單個(gè)項(xiàng)目相比，結(jié)果更應(yīng)該可度量以及包含多個(gè)方面DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005MARTINSUOANDLEHTONEN,2007。項(xiàng)目組合成功的評(píng)估常常依據(jù)多維度的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)（COOPERETAL2002），由于項(xiàng)目組合的周期性，項(xiàng)目組合管理需要提升整體業(yè)務(wù)，因此從近期和長期結(jié)果來看，商業(yè)成功應(yīng)從項(xiàng)目組合管理概念基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行考慮SHENHARETAL2001。圖1展示了本文的基本框架，它認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ι虡I(yè)成功的影響通過項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目組合成功來作用的，同時(shí)，它也表明了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)?xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目組和成功之間的關(guān)系具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。為了滿足現(xiàn)代公司EGS?DERLUND,2004的要求同時(shí)消除企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與企

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