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簡介：APAGOPDFENHANCERAPAGOPDFENHANCER695112STRAINENERGYLETUSNOWCONSIDERTHEWORKDUDONEBYTHELOADPASTHERODELONGATESBYASMALLAMOUNTDXTHISELEMENTARYWORKISEQUALTOTHEPRODUCTOFTHEMAGNITUDEPOFTHELOADANDOFTHESMALLELONGATIONDXWEWRITEDU5PDX111ANDNOTETHATTHEEXPRESSIONOBTAINEDISEQUALTOTHEELEMENTOFAREAOFWIDTHDXLOCATEDUNDERTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMFIG113THETOTALWORKUDONEBYTHELOADASTHERODUNDERGOESADEFORMATIONX1ISTHUSU5X10PDXANDISEQUALTOTHEAREAUNDERTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMBETWEENX50ANDX5X1THEWORKDONEBYTHELOADPASITISSLOWLYAPPLIEDTOTHERODMUSTRESULTINTHEINCREASEOFSOMEENERGYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDEFORMATIONOFTHERODTHISENERGYISREFERREDTOASTHESTRAINENERGYOFTHERODWEHAVE,BYDEFINITION,STRAINENERGY5U5X10PDX112WERECALLTHATWORKANDENERGYSHOULDBEEXPRESSEDINUNITSOBTAINEDBYMULTIPLYINGUNITSOFLENGTHBYUNITSOFFORCETHUS,IFSIMETRICUNITSAREUSED,WORKANDENERGYAREEXPRESSEDINNMTHISUNITISCALLEDAJOULEJIFUSCUSTOMARYUNITSAREUSED,WORKANDENERGYAREEXPRESSEDINFTLBORININLBINTHECASEOFALINEARANDELASTICDEFORMATION,THEPORTIONOFTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMINVOLVEDCANBEREPRESENTEDBYASTRAIGHTLINEOFEQUATIONP5KXFIG114SUBSTITUTINGFORPINEQ112,WEHAVEU5X10KXDX512KX21ORU512P1X1113WHEREP1ISTHEVALUEOFTHELOADCORRESPONDINGTOTHEDEFORMATIONX1POXFIG112LOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMPPU?AREAOXXX1DXFIG113WORKDUETOLOADPPP?KXU?P1X1X1XP1O12FIG114WORKDUETOLINEAR,ELASTICDEFORMATIONBEE80288_CH11_692758INDDPAGE69511/12/1051223PMUSERF499BEE80288_CH11_692758INDDPAGE69511/12/1051223PMUSERF499/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/CH11/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/CH11

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簡介：ADVANCEDNUMERICALTECHNIQUESINROCKSLOPESTABILITYANALYSIS–APPLICATIONSANDLIMITATIONSDOUGSTEAD,EARTHSCIENCES,SIMONFRASERUNIVERSITY,VANCOUVER,CANADAERIKEBERHARDT,ENGINEERINGGEOLOGY,ETHZURICH,SWITZERLANDJOHNCOGGAN,CAMBORNESCHOOLOFMINES,UNIVERSITYOFEXETER,UKBORISBENKO,GOLDERASSOCIATES,ABBOTTSFORD,CANADAABSTRACTSTABILITYANALYSESAREROUTINELYPERFORMEDINORDERTOASSESSTHESAFEANDFUNCTIONALDESIGNOFANEXCAVATEDSLOPEEGOPENPITMINING,ROADCUTS,ETC,AND/ORTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONDITIONSOFANATURALSLOPETHEANALYSISTECHNIQUECHOSENDEPENDSONBOTHSITECONDITIONSANDTHEPOTENTIALMODEOFFAILURE,WITHCAREFULCONSIDERATIONBEINGGIVENTOTHEVARYINGSTRENGTHS,WEAKNESSESANDLIMITATIONSINHERENTINEACHMETHODOLOGYTHISPAPERPRESENTSAREVIEWOFNUMERICALTECHNIQUESUSEDINROCKSLOPESTABILITYANALYSISEMPHASISINGRECENTDEVELOPMENTSINNUMERICALMODELLING,INCLUDINGADVANCESINCOMPUTERVISUALISATIONANDTHEUSEOFCONTINUUMANDDISCONTINUUMNUMERICALMODELLINGCODESINTRODUCTIONTHEENGINEERTODAYISPRESENTEDWITHAVASTRANGEOFMETHODSFORTHESTABILITYANALYSISOFROCKANDMIXEDROCKSOILSLOPESTHESERANGEFROMSIMPLEINFINITESLOPEANDPLANARFAILURELIMITEQUILIBRIUMTECHNIQUESTOSOPHISTICATEDCOUPLEDFINITE/DISTINCTELEMENTCODESITISLESSTHAN25YEARSSINCEMOSTROCKSLOPESTABILITYCALCULATIONSWEREPERFORMEDEITHERGRAPHICALLYORUSINGAHANDHELDCALCULATOR,THEEXCEPTIONBEINGADVANCEDANALYSESINVOLVINGCRITICALSURFACESEARCHINGROUTINESPERFORMEDONAMAINFRAMECOMPUTERANDFORTRANCARDSTHEGREATMAJORITYOFEARLYSTABILITYANALYSISPROGRAMSWEREINHOUSEWITHVERYLITTLESOFTWAREBEINGAVAILABLECOMMERCIALLYTODAY,EVERYENGINEERHASACCESSTOAPERSONALCOMPUTERTHATCANUNDERTAKEWITHRELATIVEEASECOMPLEXNUMERICALANALYSESOFROCKSLOPESGIVENTHEWIDESCOPEOFNUMERICALAPPLICATIONSAVAILABLETODAY,ITHASBECOMEESSENTIALFORTHEENGINEERTOFULLYUNDERSTANDTHEVARYINGSTRENGTHSANDLIMITATIONSINHERENTINEACHOFTHEDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESFOREXAMPLE,LIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODSSTILLREMAINTHEMOSTCOMMONLYADOPTEDSOLUTIONMETHODINROCKSLOPEENGINEERING,EVENTHOUGHMOSTFAILURESINVOLVECOMPLEXINTERNALDEFORMATIONANDFRACTURINGWHICHBEARSLITTLERESEMBLANCETOTHE2DRIGIDBLOCKASSUMPTIONSREQUIREDBYMOSTLIMITEQUILIBRIUMBACKANALYSESINITIATIONORTRIGGERMECHANISMSMAYINVOLVESLIDINGMOVEMENTSWHICHCANBEANALYSEDASALIMITEQUILIBRIUMPROBLEM,BUTTHISISFOLLOWEDBYORPRECEDEDBYCREEP,PROGRESSIVEDEFORMATION,ANDEXTENSIVEINTERNALLANDSLIDES–CAUSES,IMPACTSANDCOUNTERMEASURES1721JUNE2001DAVOS,SWITZERLANDPP615624TABLE1CONVENTIONALMETHODSOFANALYSISAFTER5ANALYSISMETHODCRITICALINPUTPARAMETERSADVANTAGESLIMITATIONSSTEREOGRAPHICANDKINEMATICCRITICALSLOPEANDDISCONTINUITYGEOMETRYREPRESENTATIVESHEARSTRENGTHCHARACTERISTICSRELATIVELYSIMPLETOUSEANDGIVEANINITIALINDICATIONOFFAILUREPOTENTIALSOMEMETHODSALLOWIDENTIFICATIONANDANALYSISOFCRITICALKEYBLOCKSLINKSAREPOSSIBLEWITHOTHERANALYSISMETHODSCANBECOMBINEDWITHSTATISTICALTECHNIQUESTOINDICATEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREANDASSOCIATEDVOLUMESONLYREALLYSUITABLEFORPRELIMINARYDESIGNORDESIGNOFNONCRITICALSLOPESNEEDTODETERMINECRITICALDISCONTINUITIESTHATREQUIRESENGINEERINGJUDGEMENTMUSTBEUSEDWITHREPRESENTATIVEDISCONTINUITY/JOINTSHEARSTRENGTHDATAPRIMARILYEVALUATESCRITICALORIENTATIONS,NEGLECTINGOTHERIMPORTANTJOINTPROPERTIESLIMITEQUILIBRIUMREPRESENTATIVEGEOMETRYANDMATERIALCHARACTERISTICSSOILORROCKMASSSHEARSTRENGTHPARAMETERSCOHESIONANDFRICTIONDISCONTINUITYSHEARSTRENGTHCHARACTERISTICSGROUNDWATERCONDITIONSREINFORCEMENTCHARACTERISTICSANDEXTERNALSUPPORTDATAWIDEVARIETYOFSOFTWAREAVAILABLEFORDIFFERENTFAILUREMODESPLANAR,WEDGE,TOPPLING,ETCMOSTLYDETERMINISTICBUTINCREASEDUSEOFPROBABILISTICANALYSISCANANALYSEFACTOROFSAFETYSENSITIVITYTOCHANGESINSLOPEGEOMETRYANDMATERIALBEHAVIOURCAPABLEOFMODELLING2DAND3DSLOPESWITHMULTIPLEMATERIALS,REINFORCEMENTANDGROUNDWATERPROFILESFACTOROFSAFETYCALCULATIONSGIVENOINDICATIONOFINSTABILITYMECHANISMSNUMEROUSTECHNIQUESAVAILABLEALLWITHVARYINGASSUMPTIONSSTRAINSANDINTACTFAILURENOTALLOWEDFORDONOTCONSIDERINSITUSTRESSSTATEPROBABILISTICANALYSISREQUIRESWELLDEFINEDINPUTDATATOALLOWMEANINGFULEVALUATIONSIMPLEPROBABILISTICANALYSESMAYNOTALLOWFORSAMPLE/DATACOVARIANCEROCKFALLSIMULATIONREPRESENTATIVESLOPEGEOMETRYROCKBLOCKSIZESANDSHAPESCOEFFICIENTOFRESTITUTIONPRACTICALTOOLFORSITINGSTRUCTURESCANUTILISEPROBABILISTICANALYSIS2DAND3DCODESAVAILABLELIMITEDEXPERIENCEINUSERELATIVETOEMPIRICALDESIGNCHARTSCONSIDERABLEADVANCESINCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLELIMITEQUILIBRIUMCOMPUTERCODESHAVETAKENPLACEINRECENTYEARSTHESEINCLUDEINTEGRATIONOF2DLIMITEQUILIBRIUMCODESWITHFINITEELEMENTGROUNDWATERFLOWANDSTRESSANALYSESEGGEOSLOPE’SSIGMA/W,SEEP/WANDSLOPE/W6DEVELOPMENTOF3DLIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODSEGCLARA73DSLOPE8DEVELOPMENTOFPROBABILISTICLIMITEQUILIBRIUMTECHNIQUESABILITYTOALLOWFORVARIEDSUPPORTANDREINFORCEMENTINCORPORATIONOFUNSATURATEDSOILSHEARSTRENGTHCRITERIAGREATLYIMPROVEDVISUALISATION,ANDPREANDPOSTPROCESSINGGRAPHICSTHESECODESAREEXTREMELYRELEVANTINTHEANALYSISOFSOILSLOPESANDHIGHLYALTEREDROCKSLOPES,WHERESLIDINGTAKESPLACEONDISCRETEWELLDEFINEDSURFACESFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESTHEUSEOFTHE2DLIMITEQUILIBRIUMPROGRAMSLOPE/WINTHEBACKANALYSISOFAFAILUREINAKAOLINISEDGRANITESLOPEWHEREITISNECESSARYTOINCLUDETHESTRESSSTATEWITHINTHEROCKMASSANDTHEINFLUENCEOFCOMPLEXDEFORMATIONANDBRITTLEFRACTURE,NUMERICALMODELLINGTECHNIQUESSHOULDB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簡介：7452ANALYSISOFLANDGRADIENTANDPROPOSALOFSATOCHISATOYAMACONNECTINGZONE521CALCULATIONOFAVERAGELANDGRADIENTOF1KMRADIUSTHEAVERAGELANDGRADIENTOF1KMRADIUSISCALCULATEDUSINGTHEARCGISFOCALSTATISTICSFUNCTIONFIG51GEOSPATIALINFORMATIONAUTHORITYOFJAPAN20121WECANCLEARLYRECOGNIZETHATJAPANISAMOUNTAINOUSCOUNTRYWITHSTEEPSLOPESFORTYNINEPERCENTOFTHELANDISCOVEREDBYSLOPESSTEEPERTHAN20°FIGURE52ILLUSTRATESTHEDISTRIBUTIONPATTERNOFTHEAVERAGELANDGRADIENTOF1KMRADIUSINCENTRALJAPANWECANSEECLEARLYTHATAREASOFANAVERAGELANDGRADIENTOF3–20°FORMRINGZONESAROUNDFLATLANDSFLATLANDSOFLESSTHAN3°MOSTLYOVERLAPWITHALLUVIALPLAINSIWILLFOCUSONTHISRINGZONEINTHEFOLLOWINGANALYSIS522RELATIONSHIPBETWEENAVERAGELANDGRADIENT,LANDUSEANDVEGETATIONFIGURE53SHOWSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEAVERAGELANDGRADIENTANDTHELANDUSENATIONALLANDNUMERICALINFORMATIONDOWNLOADSERVICE2012OFJAPANHSHIMIZUANDCNAKATSUJI76OFSUSTAINABILITYANDBIODIVERSITYWEUSETHEWORD“SATOYAMA”TOREPRESENTTHECHARACTERISTICOFTHISKINDOFAREATHEWORD“SATOYAMA”WASINTRODUCEDBYTSUNAHIDESHIDEIINTHEEARLY1960SANDISNOWUSEDASA“NATURALENVIRONMENTTHATISBEINGMANAGEDAND,THEREFORE,ITSBASICELEMENTCANBEREPRESENTEDASSECONDARYNATURE”TAKEUCHIALSOINTRODUCEDTHEWORD“SATOCHI”ASTHELANDSCAPECOMPRISEDOFSATOYAMA,FARMLANDS,SETTLEMENTSANDRESERVOIRSTAKEUCHI2003THEMINISTRYOFTHEENVIRONMENTDESIGNATESTHISLANDSCAPEASSATOCHISATOYAMALANDSCAPEINSTEADOFSATOCHI,ANDISPROMOTINGGLOBALATTENTIONINTHISAREABECAUSETHISKINDOFLANDSCAPECOULDHAVERICHBIODIVERSITIESFIG52DISTRIBUTIONPATTERNOFAVERAGELANDGRADIENTOF1KMRADIUSINCENTRALJAPANHSHIMIZUANDCNAKATSUJI

簡介：附錄附錄一外文原文附錄一外文原文SENSITIVITYANALYSISOFTHECCHE1DCHANNELNETWORKMODELWEIMINGWU1,DALMOAVIEIRA2,ABDULKHAN3ANDSAMSYWANG41,2,3AND4,NATIONALCENTERFORCOMPUTATIONALHYDROSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,SCHOOLOFENGINEERING,THEUNIVERSITYOFMISSISSIPPI,MS38677PH6629155673/6629157788FAX6629157796EMAILWUWMNCCHEOLEMISSEDUABSTRACTTHECCHE1DMODELWASDESIGNEDTOSIMULATELONGTERMFLOWANDSEDIMENTTRANSPORTINCHANNELNETWORKSTOSUPPORTTHEDECPROJECTITUSESEITHERTHEDYNAMICWAVEORTHEDIFFUSIVEWAVEMODELTOCOMPUTEUNSTEADYFLOWSINCHANNELNETWORKSWITHCOMPOUNDCROSSSECTIONS,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEEFFECTSOFINSTREAMHYDRAULICSTRUCTURES,SUCHASCULVERTS,WEIRS,DROPSTRUCTURES,ANDBRIDGECROSSINGSITSIMULATESNONUNIFORMSEDIMENTTRANSPORTUSINGANONEQUILIBRIUMAPPROACH,ANDCALCULATESBANKTOEEROSIONANDMASSFAILUREDUETOCHANNELINCISIONTHECCHE1DMODELDECOUPLESTHEFLOWANDSEDIMENTTRANSPORTCALCULATIONSBUTCOUPLESTHECALCULATIONSOFNONUNIFORMSEDIMENTTRANSPORT,BEDCHANGESANDBEDMATERIALSORTINGINORDERTOENHANCETHENUMERICALSTABILITYOFTHEMODELINTHISPAPER,THESENSITIVITYOFCCHE1DTOPARAMETERSSUCHASTHENONEQUILIBRIUMADAPTATIONLENGTHOFSEDIMENTTRANSPORTANDTHEMIXINGLAYERTHICKNESSISEVALUATEDINCASESOFCHANNELAGGRADATIONANDDEGRADATIONINSUCCESSFULLYTESTEDINVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALANDFIELDCASESBECAUSESEVERALPARAMETERSINCCHE1DMUSTBEPRESCRIBEDEMPIRICALLY,ITISVERYIMPORTANTTOKNOWTHERESPONSEOFTHEMODELTOTHEUNCERTAINTYOFTHESEPARAMETERSINTHISSTUDY,THESENSITIVITYOFCCHE1DTOMODELPARAMETERSSUCHASTHENONEQUILIBRIUMADAPTATIONLENGTHOFSEDIMENTTRANSPORTANDTHEMIXINGLAYERTHICKNESSISANALYZEDINCASESOFCHANNELAGGRADATIONANDDEGRADATIONINLABORATORYFLUMESASWELLASINANATURALCHANNELNETWORKDESCRIPTIONOFTHECCHE1DCHANNELNETWORKMODELHYDRODYNAMICMODELTHECCHE1DFLOWMODELSIMULATESUNSTEADYFLOWINCHANNELNETWORKSWITHCOMPOUNDCROSSSECTIONSUSINGEITHERTHEDIFFUSIVEWAVEMODELORTHEDYNAMICWAVEMODELTHEDYNAMICWAVEMODELSOLVESTHEFULLSTVENANTEQUATIONSTHEPREISSMANNIMPLICIT,FOURPOINT,FINITEDIFFERENCESCHEMEISUSEDTODISCRETIZETHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONSLINEARIZEDITERATIONSCHEMESFORTHEDISCRETIZEDGOVERNINGEQUATIONSAREESTABLISHEDANDSOLVEDUSINGADOUBLESWEEPALGORITHMTHEINFLUENCEOFHYDRAULICSTRUCTURESSUCHASCULVERTS,MEASURINGFLUMES,BRIDGECROSSINGSANDDROPSTRUCTURESHASBEENCONSIDEREDINTHECCHE1DMODELSTAGEDISCHARGERELATIONSFORHYDRAULICSTRUCTURESAREDERIVEDSOTHATTHEHYDRAULICSTRUCTURESBECOMEANINTRINSICPARTOFTHENUMERICALALGORITHMSEDIMENTTRANSPORTMODELTHECCHE1DMODELCALCULATESNONUNIFORMSEDIMENTTRANSPORTINRIVERSUSINGANONEQUILIBRIUMAPPROACHTHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONFORTHENONEQUILIBRIUMTRANSPORTOFNONUNIFORMTOTALLOADIS

簡介：附錄附錄英文原文英文原文HOTELRESERVATIONSYSTEMBASEDONTHEJAVASERVERFACESTECHNOLOGYTHISPAPERDESCRIBESIMPLEMENTATIONOFWEBBASEDHOTELRESERVATIONSYSTEMWHICHENABLESUSERSTOBOOKHOTELROOMSBYMEANSOFAWEBBROWSERTHESYSTEMISBASEDONJAVASERVERFACESTECHNOLOGYINTHEPRESENTATIONLAYER,SPRINGFRAMEWORKINTHESERVICELAYERANDIBATISLIBRARYFORTHEDATAACCESSLAYERIINTRODUCTIONTHEHOTELRESERVATIONSYSTEMISASPECIFICTYPEOFSOFTWARETHATSUPPORTS,OFTENBYMEANSOFAWEBBROWSER,WHOLEINFRASTRUCTUREOFTHEHOTELFORWHICHTHESYSTEMHASBEENDEPLOYEDITSKEYFEATURESARELISTEDBELOWTOSEARCHANDTOBOOKHOTELROOMSTONOTIFYOFEVERYEVENTRELATEDTOAUSERBYSENDINGTHEEMAILONAGIVENADDRESSDURINGTHEREGISTRATIONPROCESSTOSUPPORTDEFINITIONPROCESSOFEACHCOMPONENTOFTHEHOTELTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEHOTELAREROOMS,PROMOTIONS,PACKAGES,DISCOUNTSANDSERVICESTOCOMPLETETHERESERVATIONPROCESSBYNOTIFYINGTHESYSTEMABOUTTHEFACTTHATTHEGUESTCAMETOTHEHOTELANDRECEIVEDKEYSTOTHEBOOKEDROOMIIJAVASERVERFACESTHEUSERGRAPHICALINTERFACEISACRUCIALPARTOFEVERYCOMPUTERPROGRAMMEWITHREGARDTOITSRESPONSIBILITYFORINTERACTIONWITHTHEUSERSTHISPARTOFAPPLICATIONSHOULDBEFLEXIBLE,WHICHMEANSSUSCEPTIBLETOANYNEEDEDCHANGESANDWITHOUTANYDOUBTS,USER–FRIENDLYREGRETTABLY,PROCESSOFDEVELOPINGSUCHUSERINTERFACEINTHEMAINREQUIRESUSUALLYAPROFUSIONOFDEVELOPERSWORKANDTIME,MAKINGTHEWHOLEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSINVOLVEDANDONEROUSTHEMOSTAPTINGTECHNOLOGYTOTHISFIELDISJAVASERVERFACESJSFTHISHOLISTIC,COMPONENTBASEDSOLUTIONFORLONGSTANDINGPROBLEMSFACINGSOFTWAREDEVELOPERSHASASPECIFICGOALTOMAKEWEBDEVELOPMENTFASTERANDEASIERBYMASKINGALOTOFCOMPLEXITIESHIDDENBEHINDTHISKINDOFTRANSPORTDATABETWEENRELATIONALDATABASEANDJAVA,NETORRUBYAPPLICATIONCONTRARYTOPOPULARHIBERNATELIBRARY,IBATISDOESNOTDIRECTLYTIECLASSESTOTABLESORFIELDSTOCOLUMNS,BUTINSTEAD,ITCOUPLESOBJECTSWITHRESULTSOFSTOREDPROCEDURESORSQLSTATEMENTSUSINGSIMPLEXMLDESCRIPTORLETTINGTHEDEVELOPERTOREACHONLYFORREQUIREDDATATHEIBATISFRAMEWORKCANMAPNEARLYANYDATABASETOANYOBJECTMODELANDISVERYTOLERANTOFLEGACYDESIGNS,OREVENBADDESIGNSSIMPLICITYISTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHEIBATISOVEROTHERFRAMEWORKSTHEHOTELRESERVATIONSYSTEMWASPRIMARILYBUILTUPONJSFTECHNOLOGYFORTHEUSERINTERFACEALONGWITHAUXILIARYLIBRARIES–SPRINGANDIBATISTHEAPPLICATIONARCHITECTUREISPRESENTEDINFIG3THECOMPOSITIONOFTHESYSTEMISMODULAREACHLAYERISSEPARATEDWITHANDAPPROPRIATEINTERFACELAYERSUCHSOLUTIONMAKESTHEARCHITECTURENOTONLYMOREERRORRESISTANTBUTALSOMOREFLEXIBLEFORCHANGESTHEPRESENTATIONLAYERCONSISTSOFTHEGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACEWRITTENINTHEJSFTECHNOLOGYANDUNDERLYINGBACKINGBEANSOBJECTSITCOMMUNICATESWITHTHESERVICELAYERTHROUGHTHESERVICEINTERFACESSERVICELAYERISTHECENTRALBUSINESSPARTOFTHESYSTEMWHERE,ONTHEBASISOFTHEUSERINPUTDATA,PROPERDECISIONSAREMADEITALSOTRANSLATESINPUTDATAINTOEXPLICITFORMUNDERSTOODFORTHEDATAACCESSLAYER,WITHWHICHCOMMUNICATIONTAKESPLACEBYMEANSOFDATAACCESSINTERFACELAYERTHEDATAACCESSLAYERCOOPERATESWITHDATAMAPPERLAYERANDISRESPONSIBLEFORDATAEXCHANGEWITHDATABASETHEDATAMAPPERLAYERTALKSVIAJDBCTODATABASETOASKREQUIREDDATATHISISALAYERWHEREIBATISDATAMAPPERPLAYSTHEMAINROLEVJSFSPRINGINTEGRATIONINANUTSHELL,JSF–SPRINGINTEGRATIONMAKESSPRINGMANAGEDBEANSVISIBLEASVARIABLESTOJSF,JUSTASIFTHESPRINGBEANSARECONFIGUREDASJSFMANAGEDBEANSBEFOREDIVINGINTOTHEINTEGRATIONSPECIFICSOFJAVASERVERFACES,THEGENERALINTEGRATIONSTEPFORANYWEBFRAMEWORKMUSTBESETFORTHALLTHATNEEDTOBEDONE,ISTODECLARECONTEXTLOADERLISTENERINTHESTANDARDJEESERVLETWEBXMLDEPLOYMENTDESCRIPTORTHISLISTENERINITIALIZESTHESPRINGSWEBAPPLICATIONCONTEXTTHATCONTAINSALLOFTHEBUSINESSBEANSINTHEAPPLICATIONFIG4THESECONDSTEPINTHEINTEGRATIONBETWEENSPRINGANDJSFISSPECIFICJUSTFORJSFTHEKEYCLASSUSEDINTHISPROCESS

簡介：PROCEDIAENGINEERING2620112126–213218777058?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDDOI101016/JPROENG2011112415AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMFIRSTINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONMINESAFETYSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGANALYSISANDCONTROLOFHUMANERRORSHIWENWENAKUNMINGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,KUNMING650093,CHINA,JIANGFUCHUAN,ZHENGQIANG,CUIJINGJINGABSTRACTSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTISTHEETERNALTHEMEOFENTERPRISES,ANDSECURITYISPROTECTIONOFTHETHEMETOPREVENTACCIDENTSANDPROTECTTHESAFETYOFENTERPRISESISANIMPORTANTISSUEWHICHWESHOULDCONSTANTLYFACEMOSTACCIDENTSINTHEENTERPRISEPRODUCTIONAREDUETOHUMANERRORTHEREASONSOFHUMANERRORARECOMPLICATED,SUCHASEMPLOYEESOWNPSYCHOLOGICALANDPHYSIOLOGICALFACTORS,ENTERPRISETRAINING,IMPERFECTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDPOORSOCIALENVIRONMENTTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEAPPROPRIATERESPONSESFIRST,STRENGTHENBASICMANAGEMENTTOENSUREGOODWORKINGCONDITIONSTHENENHANCESAFETYAWARENESSOFLEADERSHIPBYSTRENGTHENINGEXEMPLARYROLEMODEL,SOASTOIMPROVETHEOVERALLQUALITY,ANDTRAININGSECURITYAWARENESSOFSTAFFSTUDYOFTHECAUSESOFHUMANERROR，THENTAKETHEAPPROPRIATEMEASURESTOREDUCEACCIDENTSCAUSEDBYHUMANERRORSITISIMPORTANTTOPROTECTPEOPLESHEALTHANDPROPERTY，REDUCEENTERPRISESLOSSES，ANDPROMOTESTABLEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESOCIETY．KEYWORDSSAFETYHUMANERRORPSYCHOLOGICALFACTORPHYSIOLOGICALSAFETYPRECAUTIONS1INTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,ACCIDENTSCAUSEDBYHUMANERRORINTHEENTERPRISE’SSAFEPRODUCTIONAREDRAWINGMOREANDMOREATTENTIONACCORDINGTOTHEDATAOFSTATEADMINISTRATIONOFWORKSAFETY,IN2009,THENATIONALTOTALDEATHWAS83196BYACCIDENTIN2008,THETOTALOFALLKINDSOFACCIDENTSWAS413752,91172PEOPLEDEADTEL15198754115EMAILADDRESSSHIWENWEN1985126COMNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFYUNNANPROVINCE2009ZC021MOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSE?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFCHINAACADEMYOFSAFETYSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,CHINAUNIVERSITYOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJING,MCGILLUNIVERSITYANDUNIVERSITYOFWOLLONGONGOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSE2128SHIWENWENETAL/PROCEDIAENGINEERING2620112126–2132ACCIDENTHAPPENS,HEDONTKNOWHOWTOHANDLETOENSUREHISOWNSAFETYANDCONTROLTHEACCIDENTINTHESMALLESTRANGEREBELLIOUSPSYCHOLOGYTHEREBELLIOUSPSYCHOLOGYREFERSTOAKINDOFPSYCHOLOGICALSTATE,WHICHPEOPLEINORDERTOMAINTAINTHESELFESTEEMWITHEACHOTHER,TAKEANOPPOSITEATTITUDEANDBEHAVIOR3WHENSOMEENTERPRISESORLEADERSMANAGEANDEDUCATEAWORKER,THEYCAN’TDOINAWORKERS’ACCEPTABLEMANNER,SINCELONG,THEWORKERPRODUCESTHISKINDOFREBELLIOUSPSYCHOLOGYLEADERSSAYTHEYWILLTURNTHEWESTTOEASTHEEVENIGNORESTHESERIOUSVIOLATION,ANDTHENACCIDENTSHAPPENCRAFTYPSYCHOLOGYSOMEWORKERSINORDERTOCOMPLETEATASKINTHESHORTESTTIMEWITHTHEFEWESTNUMBEROFCONSUMPTION,THEIROPERATIONISJERRY,ESPECIALLYDON’TMINDFORSAFETYASPECTSINWORKINGPROCESS,ANDBELIEVETHATTHEREISNODIRECTRELATIONSHIPWITHPRODUCTIONINERTPSYCHOLOGYWORKERSWHOENGAGEDINACERTAINKINDOFJOBINALONGTIME,FORMANADVENTUROUSPSYCHOLOGYTHEYOFTENPAYLITTLEATTENTIONTOTHEJOBNEWPROBLEMSANDSITUATIONSTHENACCIDENTSHAPPENEDEASILYFLORID,COMPARINGPSYCHOLOGYSOMEWORKERSALWAYSPROVETHATTHEYARETHEBESTESPECIALLYTHEYCOMPAREWITHTHOSEINTHESAMECONDITION,DOSOMEIMPROPEROWEABILITYINORDERTOHIGHLIGHTTHEMTHOUGHTHEYKNOWTHERISK,DOITINORDERTO“OUTSTANDING“THEMSELVESITISAKINDOFVERYBADPSYCHOLOGYINTHEWORK22PHYSIOLOGICALFACTORSSENSEOF“FATIGUE“FACTOR45SENSEOF“FATIGUE“ISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSWHICHCAUSEHUMANERRORITSGENERATIONCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES,ONEISWHENENGAGINGINWORKTHATDRAB,BORING,TENSION,CONCENTRATION,THEBRAINMAYAPPEARSUPPRESSION,REJECTIONANDPARALYSISCONSCIOUSNESS“FATIGUE“RESPONSETOSAFETYSTUDYANDEDUCATION,REDUCETHESENSEOFSAFETY,THUSCAUSEHUMANERRORPHENOMENONTHEOTHERISTHEHIGHWORKLOAD,SOMEENTERPRISESINORDERTOPURSUITEFFICIENCY,FORMULATEUNREASONABLECONSTRUCTIONPLAN,ALMOSTDON’TARRANGERESTTIME,INTENSITYOFWORKFARBEYONDTHEEMPLOYEES’SCOPE,SOTHATEMPLOYEESAREINHIGHLOADWORKINGCONDITIONSOLONGASTHEEMPLOYEESWORKINSUCHASTATEOFHIGHLOAD,FATIGUECANNOTRESTORED,ITWILLHAVELOWDECREASEDALERTNESSANDSOON,GREATLYINCREASETHEOCCURRENCEOFHUMANERRORDEVICEQUALITATIVEFACTOREMPLOYEESARENOTSUITABLEFORTHEWORKTYPESTHEYTAKEBEFOREWORKING,THEYDON’TTAKECAREERADAPTABILITYEXAMINATIONACCORDINGTOTHETYPESOFWORKINPRACTICALWORK,WORKERSMAYBEINCAPABLEOFTHEJOBHETAKEANDMAKEMISTAKES,WHICHCAUSEACCIDENTSFOREXAMPLE,CONGENITALLIVERCANNOTENGAGEINBLASTINGJOBS,ANDETC,WHENARRANGINGJOBSFORPEOPLEOFFORMATIONOFDISEASES,EMPLOYEESSHOULDAVOIDTHEPOSITIONSWHICHAFFECTTHEIRHEALTHINADDITIONTOCONSIDERTHEIRPHYSICALFACTORS,THEIRPHYSIOLOGICALANDPSYCHOLOGICALFACTORSALSOSHOULDBECONSIDERED,ONLYSYNTHETICALLYCONSIDERALLFACTORS,THEYCANSTAFFPOSSIBLEFORTHEIRWORKBIOLOGICALCLOCKFACTORDUETOTHEROLEOFBIOLOGICALCLOCKPEOPLE’SREFLECTIONANDALERTNESSINTHENIGHTISLOWERTHANINTHEDAYTIME,ANDFATIGUEANDSLEEPINESSMOREEASILYHAPPENEDATNIGHTTHUSWRONGOPERATIONISEASILYHAPPENED,ANDTHENCAUSESACCIDENTS23ENVIRONMENTALFACTORSBADINTERNALENVIRONMENTFACTORSWHENWORKINGINTHEENVIRONMENTOFINTENSITYNOISES,UNVENTILATEDPLACE,BADLIGHTING,THEHIGHTEMPERATUREANDHIGHHUMIDITY,EXPOSURETODUST,POISONANDETC,ITDIFFERENTLYAFFECTSEMPLOYEES’PSYCHOLOGYANDPHYSIOLOGY,MAKESHANDLERSINAGITATED,IRRITABLE,UNSTABLEEMOTION,FIDGETYDEGREEINPROPORTIONTOENVIRONMENTS,EXTREMELYEASYTOCAUSEOPERATINGERRORSANDFURTHERMORECAUSESACCIDENTS

簡介：附錄英文原文TEMPERATURECONTROLOFTHEMASSIVECONCRETEOFTHEKRASNOYARSKHYDROELECTRICSTATIONDAMAPDOLRNATOVANDSZNEIDLINUDC627821266697202121035832822512DURINGRECENTYEARSANUMBEROFLARGEHYDROSCHEMESWITHHIGHMASSIVECONCRETEDAMSHAVEBEENBNILTINAREASOFTHEUSSRINANAREAOFEXTREMECLIMATEANUMBEROFPROBLEMSARISEINTHEERECTIONOFMASSIVEDAMSUNDERSEVERECLIMATICCONDITIONSRELATEDTOTHEPREVENTIONOFFISSURINGINTHECONCRETEANDOBTAININGAMONOLITHICSTRUCTURETYPICALFEATURESOFTHECONSTRUCTIONOFLARGEHYDROSCHEMESARETHELARGEVOLUMESOFCONCRETEANDTHEEXTREMELYLIMITEDTIMEFORPOURINGTHEM,WHICHMEANSAHIGHRATEOFCONCRETEPLACINGMEASURESFORCONTROLLINGTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECONCRETEONALARGESCALEWEREADOPTEDPRACTICALLYFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHESOVIETUNIONINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEKRASNOYARSKHYDROCOMPLEXTHESEVERECLIMATICCONDITIONSATTHESITEMEANANNUALTEMPERATURE04,MAXIMUMLONGRANGETEMPERATURE37ANDMINIMUM,54INTRODUCEDSERIOUSDIFFICULTIESINOBTAININGMONOLITHICMASSSTRUCTURESANDPTACEDSPECIALDEMANDSONTHECONCRETEANDITSPLACEMENTINORDERTOOBTAINMONOLITHICCONCRETESTRUCTURES,THE“TECHNICALREGULATIONSFORCARRYINGOUTCONCRETING“LAYSDOWNTHEFOLLOWINGTEMPERATURECONDITIONSFORBLOCKSWITHCOLUMNARSECTIONPLANDIMENSIONS15X115M,HEIGHT3TO9MAMAXIMUMTEMPERATUREINBLOCKSPLACEDONFRESHCONCRETELESSTHAN1MONTHOLDMUSTNOTEXCEED40BMAXIMUMTEMPERATUREINBLOCKSPLACEDONOLDCONCRETEMORETHANIMONTHOLDANDROCKMUSTNOTEXCEED28CTHETEMPERATUREDROPBETWEENTHECOREANDFACESMUSTNOTEXCEED23THENUMERATORSHOWSTHEAMOUNTOFCONCRETEPLACEDORCOOLEDDURINGTHEYEARTHEDENOMINATORSHOWSTHEVOLUMEANDINCREASEINTHEAMOUNT200,000MSOFTHISCONCRETEWASCOOLEDUSINGWATERCOOLEDINAREFRIGERATIONPLANTCONCRETEPLACINGINTHETOPSECTIONOFTHEDAM,WHICHISINTENDEDFORCOMPLETIONBY19691970,WILLBECARRIEDOUTWITHOUTARTIFICIALCOOLINGCOOLINGOFTHECONCRETEDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEKRASNOYARSKHYDROELECTRICSTATIONWASCARRIEDOUTINTWOSTAGESINTHEFIRSTSTAGECOOLINGWASUSEDFORREDUCINGTHEEXOTHERMICPEAKOFTHEFRESHLYPLACEDCONCRETEANDINTHESECONDSTAGEFORFURTHERCOOLINGOFTHEMASSDOWNTOTHETEMPERATUREWHEREITISMADEMONOLITHICFIRSTSTAGECOOLINGWASCARRIEDOUTUSUALLYINTHESUMMERONLYBUTFROM1965,WITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFHIGHBLOCKS,ITWASCARRIEDOUTINWINTERFROM1966THEFIRSTSTAGECOOLINGWASCARRIEDOUTCONTINUOUSLYFORTHEPURPOSEOFIMPROVINGTHECONCRETESTRESSINTHEIMMEDIATEVICINITYOFTHECOOLINGPIPES,ACCELERATINGCOOLINGOFTHEBLOCK,FORRENDERINGTHEJOINTSBETWEENCOLUMNSMONOLITHICANDIMPROVINGRELIABLEPERFORMANCEOFTHECOOLINGCOILSLEACHINGTHESECONDSTAGEUSUALLYSTARTSATTHEENDOFAUGUSTWITHAWATERTEMPERATUREOF1518DURINGTHISPERIODTHECONCRETEISCOOLEDMAINLYFROMATEMPERATUREABOVE2530,FORTHEPURPOSEOFFURTHERREDUCINGTHETEMPERATURETOWARDSTHEWINTERSEASONANDINPREPARATIONFORCOOLINGINWINTERWITHWATERATATEMPERATUREOF051

簡介：8–3AHOLISTICAPPROACHTOQUANTIFYINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEACCURACY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYOFMACHINETOOLSPETERWILLOUGHBY1,,MAYANKVERMA1,ANDREWPETERLONGSTAFF2,SIMONFLETCHER21MACHINETOOLTECHNOLOGIESLTD,307ECROYDSUITE,TURNERRD,LOMESHAYEBUSINESSVILLAGE,NELSON,BB97DR,UK2CENTREFORPRECISIONTECHNOLOGIES,UNIVERSITYOFHUDDERSFIELD,WESTYORKSHIRE,UKABSTRACTWITHTODAY’SEVERINCREASINGDEMANDFORIMPROVEDACCURACYANDFASTERMATERIALREMOVALRATES,CNCMACHINETOOLMANUFACTURERSANDUSERSAREUNDERPRESSURETOSUPPLYANDMAINTAINMACHINERYWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFACCURACYANDPERFORMANCEALTHOUGHSOMEMACHINETOOLUSERSHAVETHEIRMACHINES“CHECKED”,THEREISNOFORMALMETHODOFESTABLISHINGTHECAPABILITYOFAMACHINETOOLASANOVERALLMEASUREOFITSPERFORMANCE,ACCURACYANDAVAILABILITYTHISPAPERIDENTIFIESTHEKEYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORMODERNCNCMACHINESANDHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNICALDIFFICULTIESINUNDERSTANDINGMACHINETOOLCAPABILITYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEM,ANOVELMETHODOFMEASURING,ANALYSINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEOVERALLCAPABILITYISPRESENTEDTHEPHILOSOPHYANDPROCESSOFMACHINEPERFORMANCEEVALUATION,OPTIMISATIONANDMONITORINGMPEOMISEXPLAINEDTHEPAPERALSOILLUSTRATESHOWCONVENTIONAL“LEAN”TECHNIQUESCANBEUTILISEDTOSIMPLIFYTHECOMPLEXAREAOFMACHINETOOLMETROLOGYALLOWINGFORTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHEPROCESSINTOMODERNMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSKEYWORDSLEANMANUFACTURING,METROLOGYANDMEASUREMENT,SUSTAINABLEMANUFACTURING,PRECISIONMACHINING,CONDITIONMONITORING1INTRODUCTIONMANYHIGHPRECISIONMANUFACTURERSAREAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMATICAREASWITHINTHEIRPROCESSESANDTHEIMPACTTHEYHAVEONTHECOSTANDABILITYTOREMAINCOMPETITIVEALTHOUGHQUALITY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYLEVELSMIGHTBEMEASUREDINSOMEFORM,THEDATAONLYREPRESENTSTHESYMPTOMSOFUNDERLYINGPROBLEMSWITHINTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSASARESULT,MANUFACTURERSUSUALLYENGAGEINPROCESSIMPROVEMENTWHERE‘LEAN’STRATEGIESSUCHASKANBAN,KAIZEN,TPMANDSIXSIGMAAREIMPLEMENTEDTOIMPROVEORGANISATIONALEFFICIENCYANDOVERALLEQUIPMENTEFFECTIVENESSOEE,GIBBONS1UNFORTUNATELYTHISPROCESSIMPROVEMENTWILLOFTENSTOPATTHEMACHINETOOLLEVELDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFMACHINETOOLSYSTEMSANDASKILLSSHORTAGETHROUGHOUTTHEINDUSTRYISODIS2630031EMACHINETOOLS–RELIABILITY,AVAILABILITYANDCAPABILITYPROVIDESANINDIRECTMEASUREMENTOFCAPABILITYBYEVALUATINGTHEMACHININGPROCESSTHISMETHODOLOGYWASDEVELOPEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYANDISPARTICULARLYSUITEDTOLARGEBATCHMANUFACTURINGDUETOITSUSEOFSTATISTICALPROCESSCONTROLSPCTHESHORTTERMCAPABILITYOFASPECIFICPROCESSCANBEEVALUATED,HOWEVERSHOULDTHEPROCESSBECHANGEDORADIFFERENTAREAOFTHEMACHINEBEREQUIREDTHENCAPABILITYOFTHEASSETISNOLONGERKNOWN11MACHINETOOLCOMPLEXITYCNCMACHINETOOLSARECONTINUOUSLYINCREASINGINFLEXIBILITYANDFUNCTIONALITY,BUTTHEADDEDCOMPLEXITYLEAVESMANYENDUSERSSTRUGGLINGTOKEEPUPWITHTHETECHNOLOGYWHENTHECAPABILITYOFTHEMACHINETOOLISINQUESTION,NOTONLYISITOFTENUNKNOWN,BUTMETHODSOFESTABLISHINGITAREALSOUNCLEARTHISLEADSTOASITUATIONWHEREASSUMPTIONS,BASEDONNONFACTUALORUNTRACEABLEINFORMATION,AREMADEANDPROLIFERATEAMONGALLRELEVANTDEPARTMENTSASARESULT,THEEQUIPMENTISISOLATEDFROMORGANISATIONALQUALITYSYSTEMSFIGURE1ILLUSTRATESATYPICALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMWHEREALLOTHERPROCESSESAREMANAGEDBYSOMEKINDOFAUDITABLEOR“LEAN”SYSTEMTHEINTERFACEOFTHEMACHINETOOLINTOTHISSYSTEMISOFTENDISREGARDEDFIG1MANAGINGTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSAHOLISTICAPPROACHTOQUANTIFYINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEACCURACY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYOFMACHINETOOLS315IMPLEMENTATIONOFSUCHASYSTEMVIAAMACHINETOOLSERVICEANDCALIBRATIONBASEDORGANISATIONITHASBEENSEENFROMINDUSTRIALEXPERIENCEOFOTHERSTHATTHESEPARATEIMPLEMENTATIONOF‘CLASSIC’LEANAPPROACHESREGULARLYFAILDUETOLARGEFINANCIAL,HUMANANDTECHNICALREQUIREMENTSWHICHENDUSERSAREUNLIKELYTOBEABLETOJUSTIFYORPROVIDEASTRATEGYHASCONSEQUENTLYBEENDEVELOPEDTHATREQUIRESASIMPLEYETEFFECTIVESYSTEMTOFACILITATEANAPPROACHTOANYMANUFACTURINGCELLIRRESPECTIVEOFSIZE,LOCATIONANDCOMPLEXITYTHISSYSTEM,CALLEDMPEOM,HASBEENAPPLIEDTOAFULLSPECTRUMOFMACHINETOOLSRANGINGFROMSMALLMANUALLATHESTOVERYLARGEMULTIAXISGANTRYMACHINESANDISPRESENTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION2THEMPEOM?FRAMEWORKMPEOM?MACHINEPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONOPTIMISEMONITORISASIXSTAGECONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTPROCESSWITHCANBEUSEDTOEVALUATE,OPTIMISEANDMONITORTHECONDITIONOFMACHINETOOLSYSTEMSITISA‘LEAN’TOOLTHATCANBEUSEDTOPULLTHEMACHINEINTOAQUALITYSYSTEMANDCREATESTHESTRUCTUREOFTPMTHECYCLECANBESEENASSHOWNINFIGURE3FIG3THEMPEOMCYCLETHESYSTEMPICKSUPONALEANSTRATEGYOFTENUSEDINTPMANDSIGSIGMAITISANEVOLUTIONOFAPLAN,DO,CHECK,ACTCYCLEANDCANALSOBECOMPAREDTOTHEFIVESTAGEDMAICPROCESSEACHSTAGEOFTHEMPEOM?PROCESSWILLBEEXPLAINEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONOFTHISPAPER21PREASSESSMENTREVIEWTHEPREASSESSMENTREVIEWBRINGSTOGETHERMANUFACTURINGENGINEERS,PRODUCTION,MAINTENANCEANDMACHINETOOLSPECIALISTSDURINGTHISREVIEWTHEPARTORRANGEOFPARTSPRODUCEDONASELECTEDMACHINEANDTHEMACHININGPROCESSKEYPERFORMANCEVARIABLESKPVSAREANALYSEDANDFORMALISEDTHERESULTSOFTHEMEETINGINCLUDECLASSIFICATIONOFTHEMACHINEASRELIABILITYORACCURACYBIASEDACLARIFICATIONOFMACHINEPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSIDENTIFICATIONWHEREPART/PROCESSSPECIFICAUDITING/MEASUREMENTACTIONSAREREQUIREDAMETROLOGYINDEXBASEDONMACHINECONFIGURATIONMEASUREMENTEQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTS22MACHINECONDITIONEVALUATIONONCEOBJECTIVESHAVEBEENSETFORTHEMACHINE,ITISTHENAUDITEDDURINGTHISAUDITCRITI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簡介：EMERGINGDESIGNSTRATEGIESINSUSTAINABLEPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONOFTEXTILESANDCLOTHINGKIRSINIINIM?KIA,,LOTTAHASSIBAAALTOUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFARTANDDESIGN,DESIGNDEPARTMENT,DESIGNRESEARCH,POBOX31000,FI00076AALTO,FINLANDBAALTOUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,FINLANDARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED29JUNE2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM27APRIL2011ACCEPTED29APRIL2011AVAILABLEONLINE7MAY2011KEYWORDSTEXTILEINDUSTRYSUSTAINABLEDESIGNSTRATEGIESVALUECREATIONSTRATEGICINNOVATIONABSTRACTTHISSTUDYCONTRIBUTESTOCURRENTKNOWLEDGEOFSUSTAINABILITYINTEXTILEANDCLOTHINGPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONWHENTHETEXTILEANDCLOTHINGINDUSTRYAIMSTOPROMOTESUSTAINABILITY,THEMAINCHANGEFACTORSHAVEBEENLINKEDTOECOMATERIALSANDETHICALISSUESINPRODUCTIONATPRESENT,HOWEVER,BUSINESSMODELSAREMAINLYLINKEDWITHALARGEVOLUMEOFSALESANDPRODUCTIONALTHOUGHINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTHASMOVEDTOWARDSMALLERENVIRONMENTALIMPACT,PRODUCTIONASWELLASCONSUMPTIONHASINCREASEDTOLEVELSWHERETHEBENEFITSOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTAREREDUCEDACHANGEISTHUSNEEDEDTOREACHASYSTEMICTRANSFORMATION,NOTONLYINPRODUCTIONBUTALSOINCONSUMPTIONTHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOOPENUPTHEDISCUSSIONONOPPORTUNITIESFORRADICALCHANGEINTHISINDUSTRYTHEPAPERPRESENTSWAYSTORETHINKANDREDESIGNBUSINESSINTHETEXTILEANDCLOTHINGFIELDBYOFFERINGANOVERVIEWONSEVERALDESIGNSTRATEGIESTHATEXISTTODAYINNICHEMARKETSFURTHERMOREWEEVALUATEHOWINTERESTEDCONSUMERSAREINTHESEDESIGNSTRATEGIESANDDISCUSSTHEOPPORTUNITIESTHESEDESIGNAPPROACHESOFFERTOSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHNEWVALUECREATION?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONUNTILRECENTLY,DEVELOPMENTINTHETEXTILEANDCLOTHINGINDUSTRYHASFOCUSEDONTECHNOLOGICALANDCOSTASPECTSEMPHASISHASBEENPLACEDONKEEPINGTHEPRICEOFTHEFINALPRODUCTLOWANDINCREASINGEFFICIENCYINPRODUCTIONDESIGNERS,MANUFACTURERSANDRETAILERSHAVEPAIDLESSATTENTIONTOOTHERDIMENSIONSOFTHEOFFERING,EGOWNERSHIPANDRELATEDBUSINESSMODELS,ASWELLASCONSUMERWISHESANDVALUESHENCE,THEPRODUCTSAREDESIGNEDANDPRODUCEDACCORDINGTOREGULARLYCHANGINGTRENDSTHATENABLEQUICKPROFIT,RATHERTHANRADICALLYRETHINKINGTHEWAYSOFDESIGNINGANDMANUFACTURINGTHEOFFERINGTHATISBASEDONCONSUMERNEEDSANDSUSTAINABILITYTHUSTHEQUESTIONTOBEADDRESSEDISHOWTEXTILEANDCLOTHINGOFFERINGSSHOULDBEDESIGNEDANDMANUFACTUREDTOBETTERSUITCONSUMERPREFERENCEINAMORESUSTAINABLEWAYATPRESENT,THEBUSINESSMODELSARELINKEDTOTHEVOLUMEOFSALESANDPRODUCTIONALONETHEREFORE,MORESUSTAINABLECONSUMPTIONISSEENMERELYASLEADINGTOREDUCEDVOLUMESANDDECREASINGPROFITABILITYINPRODUCTION,NOTASANOPPORTUNITYFORANEWKINDOFGREENBUSINESSALLWOODETAL,2008ARADICALNEWMINDSETAMONGDESIGNERS,MANUFACTURERSANDCONSUMERSISNEEDEDINORDERTOFINDMORESUSTAINABLEWAYSTOFULFILLCONSUMERNEEDSANDTOATTAINSUSTAINABLEIMPROVEMENTSINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONASPERRELS2008POINTSOUT,TOALARGEEXTENTTHEISSUEINSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTISCHANGE,NOTONLYINPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSBUTALSOINCONSUMPTIONPATTERNSASKEMP2008REPORTS,AFUNDAMENTALCHANGEISNEEDEDTOREACHASYSTEMICCHANGE,BUTTRANSITIONFACESRESISTANCEANDITTAKESTIMETOEMERGESTRATEGICINNOVATIONSARENEEDEDTOCREATEAFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTWAYOFDOINGBUSINESSSTRATEGICINNOVATIONQUESTIONSWHOTHECUSTOMERIS,WHATPRODUCTSORSERVICESSHOULDBEOFFERED,ANDHOWTOOFFERTHOSEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESMARKIDES,1997INOTHERWORDS,ITISNOTMERELYABOUTRETHINKINGTHEFUNDAMENTALSONTHESUPPLYSIDE,BUTALSOABOUTREDESIGNINGTHEBUSINESSONTHEDEMANDSIDE,EGINTHEFORMOFTHEUSEREXPERIENCEANDRETHINKINGVALUECREATIONTHISPAPEROPENSUPTHEDISCUSSIONONTHERADICALNEWMINDSETANDCHANGENEEDEDINTEXTILEANDCLOTHINGDESIGN,MANUFACTURING,BUSINESSANDCONSUMPTIONTHEPAPERPRESENTSDESIGNSTRATEGIESTHATCANLEADDEVELOPMENTTOAMORESUSTAINABLEPATHTHEPAPERCOMBINESEMPIRICALRESEARCHDATAWITHATHEORETICALBACKGROUNDDISCUSSIONTHEPAPERBEGINSWITHANOVERVIEWONTHESTRUCTURALCHANGEINSIDETHISINDUSTRY,PROVIDESADESCRIPTIONOFPLANNEDOBSOLESCENCEINATHROWAWAYSOCIETY,ANDTHENFURTHERDISCUSSESTHEPOSSIBILITIESFORRADICALCHANGESECTION7EXTENDSTHEDISCUSSIONTOWARDTHENEEDFORANEWMINDSETANDCHANGEINTHEPATTERNOFDESIGNINGANDMANUFACTURINGCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT358405539414EMAILADDRESSESKIRSINIINGMAILCOM,KIRSINIINIMAKIAALTOFIKNIINIM?KICONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTIONJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JCLEPRO09596526/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJCLEPRO201104020JOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTION1920111876E1883TEXTILEMANUFACTURINGHASMOVEDTOLOWERCOSTCOUNTRIES,THEQUALITYOFGARMENTSHASALSODECLINEDHENCE,THELIFETIMEOFGARMENTSHASSHORTENEDITISNOTONLYIMPORTANTHOWMUCHCONSUMERSBUY,BUTALSOWHATKINDSOFPRODUCTSTHEYBUYANDHOWTHEYUSEANDDISPOSEOFTHEMGARMENTSAREAFFORDABLEANDEASYTOBUY,UPTOAPOINTWHEREREPAIRINGTHEGARMENTSISNOLONGERWORTHWHILECONSUMERSPOSSESSINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFSHORTLIFETIMEGARMENTS,WHICHHAVEBEENBOUGHTWITHOUTDEEPCONSIDERATIONANDUSEDONLYAFEWTIMESBEFOREBEINGDISPOSEDOFTHECLOTHINGINDUSTRYISBASEDONEXTREMELYFASTCYCLESOFFASHIONANDCONSUMERS’UNSUSTAINABLEDESIRESHENCEITISAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHEPLANNEDOBSOLESCENCEEXISTINGINTHECURRENTINDUSTRIALSYSTEMACCORDINGLY,LOWQUALITY,SHORTTERMUSE,FREQUENTCLOTHINGREPLACEMENTANDINCREASINGTEXTILEWASTECAUSEANENVIRONMENTALBURDENINBRITAINCLOTHINGANDTEXTILEWASTEISESTIMATEDTOBETHEFASTESTGROWINGWASTESTREAMBETWEENTHEYEA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簡介：2IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICSVOL5NOIJANUARY1990THEEFFECTSOFMOTORPARAMETERSONTHEPERFORMANCEOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESALANKWALLACE,SENIORMEMBER,IEEE,ANDRENESPEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTASIMULATIONMODELFORTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEPREDICTIONOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESISDESCRIBEDTHATDOESNOTREQUIREASSUMPTIONSOFTHEPHASEBALANCEOFEITHERTHEPOWERELECTRONICCONVERTERORTHEMOTORNORAREIDEALIZEDWAVEFORMSFORINDUCEDVOLTAGEORPHASEANDMUTUALINDUCTANCETERMSNECESSARYTHEMODELISAPPLIEDTODRIVESFORWHICHNEITHEREQUIVALENTCIRCUITNORDQAXISANALYSESARERIGOROUSLYAPPLICABLETESTRESULTSESTABLISHTHEDEGREEOFCORRELATIONOFTHEPREDICTIONSTOAPRACTICALEXAMPLETHEMODELISTHENUSEDTOCONDUCTASENSITIVITYSTUDYWHICHNOTONLYEXPLORESTHEDEGREESOFMODELCOMPLEXITYNECESSARYFORADEQUATEREPRESENTATIONBUTALSOPROVIDESGUIDELINESTOSYSTEMDESIGNERSONTHEEFFECTSOFCERTAINPRACTICALCONFIGURATIONSIINTRODUCTIONHEINTERESTINSIMULATIONOFPERMANENTMAGNETMOTTORSSUPPLIEDFROMPOWERTRANSISTORCONVERTERSBEGANAFEWYEARSAGOWITHTHEPOTENTIALDEVELOPMENTSOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESFORAEROSPACEACTUATORAPPLICATIONSMORERECENTLY,THISINTERESTHASBROADENEDINTODEVELOPMENTSFORDOMESTICANDAUTOMOTIVEDRIVES,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHECOSTREDUCTIONSPOSSIBLEWITHNEWERPOWERSEMICONDUCTORSFORTHECONVERTERSANDPROJECTEDSAVINGSFROMTHEUSEOFNEODYMIUMALLOYSFORTHEMOTORSTHEMAJORITYOFPUBLISHEDANALYTICALWORKONTHISTOPICHASFOLLOWEDEQUIVALENTCIRCUITIORDQAXISMODELAPPROACHESFORTHEMOTORS2,3,4THISHASTHEEFFECTOFSIMPLIFYINGTHEMOTORREPRESENTATIONTOENABLEEMPHASISONTHECONVERTERSANDCONTROLLERSTHESEMETHODSAREUSEFULINTHATTHEYPROVIDEINSIGHTSINTOTHEOPERATINGPRINCIPLESOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESAND,HENCE,ARESUITABLEFORINVESTIGATIONOFSYSTEMCONTROLTECHNIQUESHOWEVER,ITMUSTBEACKNOWLEDGEDTHATTHESEAPPROACHESTOTHEMODELINGOFTHEMACHINEAREIDEALIZEDINTHATITISNECESSARYTOASSUMESYMMETRYOFSYSTEMPHASES,BALANCEDPHASEQUANTITIES,SINUSOIDALVARIATIONSOFINDUCEDVOLTAGES,ANDCONSTANTORSINUSOIDALLYVARYINGWINDINGINDUCTANCESTHECONSTRUCTIONOFMOTORSWITHUNUSUALMAGNETICCIRCUITS,WHICHFACILITATEASSEMBLYANDMAGNETMOUNTING,CANRESULTINWINDINGINDUCTANCESWHICHARENEITHERCONSTANTNORVARYINANIDEALIZEDMANNERALSO,THEMOVEMENTAWAYFROMSINUSOIDALSUPPLIESHASREMOVEDTHEPREVIOUSLYOBVIOUSDESIRABILITYFORSINUSOIDALINDUCEDVOLTAGESINTHEMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJULYI,1987REVISEDAUGUST161989THISPAPERWASPRESENTEDATTHE1987IEEEPOWERELECTRONICSSPECIALISTSCONFERENCEBLACKSBURG,VAJUNE2126THEAUTHORSAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERING,OREGONSTATEUNIVERSITY,CORVALLISOR9733IIEEELOGNUMBER8931810MOTORSTHIS,INTURN,HASPROVIDEDANADDITIONALDEGREEOFFREEDOMINTHEMOTORDESIGN,WHICHMAYBEEXPLOITEDFORCOSTREDUCTIONANANALYSISOFBRUSHLESSDCMOTORDRIVESTHATWOULDENABLEINVESTIGATIONOFNONIDEALIZEDSYSTEMSHASBEENDEVELOPEDBYDEMERDASH,NEHLERAL5,6,171THEMODELDESCRIBEDINTHESEPUBLICATIONSREQUIREDCONSIDERABLECOMPUTERPOWERANDRUNTIMEBUTWASCAPABLEOFSIMULATINGDRIVESYSTEMINTERACTIONSNEGLECTEDINTHEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITANDDQAXISAPPROACHESHOWEVER,THETECHNIQUEDOESNOTAPPEARTOHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTODRIVESYSTEMSTHATREQUIREDALLITSFEATURESSTARTINGFROMATHREEPHASEREPRESENTATION,THEAUTHORSHAVEESTABLISHEDAMODELWHICHISFREEOFMANYOFTHELIMITATIONSOFEQUIVALENTCIRCUITORDQMODELSCONSEQUENTLY,ITCANBEUSEDTOINVESTIGATEDIRECTLYFEATURESSUCHASCURRENTRIPPLEANDTORQUEPULSATIONSDUETONONIDEALMOTORPARAMETERSWHICHCANBEINCLUDEDONLYWITHDIFFICULTY8BYTHEOTHERMODELSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEINTERACTIONOFCONVERTERDETAILS,SUCHASPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDPWMTECHNIQUE,ANDMOTORPARAMETERS,SUCHASINDUCEDVOLTAGEWAVEFORM,ISSTRESSEDINTHISAPPROACHTHECOMPUTATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFTHESEINTERACTIONSCANBEVERYTIMECONSUMINGBECAUSEOFTHENECESSITYTOINCLUDETHEFREQUENTCHANGESOFSTATETOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEMOFLENGTHYCOMPUTERRUNTIMES,AMETHODOFSELECTINGSTEPLENGTHSFORTHENUMERICALINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUEHASBEENDEVELOPEDWITHCONSIDERABLESUCCESS9FORUSEONAPERSONALCOMPUTER11SIMULATIONMODELTHEBASISOFTHESIMULATIONPROCESSISTHETHREEPHASE,LUMPEDPARAMETERMODELSHOWNINTHECIRCUITOFFIG1INTHISMODELITISEMPHASIZEDTHATNOASSUMPTIONSARENECESSARYABOUTTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONS1THEBALANCEOFPHASESOFEITHERCONVERTERORMA2THELINEARITYOFTHECIRCUITELEMENTS3THESYMMETRYOFTHEPHASESORTHECONVERTERSE4THEREGULARITYANDNATUREOFTHEWAVEFORMOFTHEIN5THEPURITYOFTHEDCSOURCEVOLTAGETHEEMPHASISOFTHEMODELINGAPPROACHISTOUSETHEACTUALPARAMETERSOFTHEMACHINEWINDINGSCONSECHINEQUENCINGDUCEDVOLTAGESAND08858993/90/0100000201OO01990IEEE4IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS,VOL5NO1JANUARY1990STEELCAREPERMANENTMAGNETSFIG2SCHEMATICOFTESTMOTORFIG3INDUCEDOPENCIRCUITPHASEVOLTAGE0100200300ROTORANGLEELDEGREESFIG4MOTORPHASEINDUCTANCEROTORANGLEELDEGREES0I002003001IIIIIIWHEREPDEPENDSUPONTHESPEEDOFTHEMOTORFORPHASES“B“AND“C“SIMILARRELATIONSHIPSDISPLACEDBY120“AND240“ELECTRICAL,RESPECTIVELY,AREAPPROPRIATESIGNIFICANTPARAMETERSOFTHEEXPERIMENTALMACHINEAREASFOLLOWSPHASERESISTANCE03Q,EFFECTIVEFLUXLINKAGEPHASEINDUCTANCEMUTUALINDUCTANCEMOMENTOFINERTIANUMBEROFPOLES4,RATEDSPEED11000R/MIN,MAXIMUMSPEED21000R/MIN,STATORBORE2125IN,ROTORSTEELDIMENSION1250IN,STATORWINDING13TURNS/COILTHEDELIBERATEUSEOFTHESIMPLEMAGNETSHAPESHOWNINTHEFIGURERESULTSINASQUARESECTIONMAGNETICCIRCUITINTHEROTORALTHOUGHTHISENABLESACONVENIENTCONSTRUCTION,THECOMBINATIONOFROTORGEOMETRYANDCONCENTRATEDPHASECOIL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簡介：EFFICIENTPLANNINGOFSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCABLESTHANIKESAVANSIVANTHIANDJANPOLANDABBSWITZERLANDLTD,CORPORATERESEARCH,SEGELHOFSTRASSE1K,5405,BADEND¨ATTWIL,AARGAU,SWITZERLANDABSTRACTTHEMANUALSELECTIONANDASSIGNMENTOFAPPROPRIATECABLESTOTHEINTERCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEDEVICESOFASUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMISAMAJORCOSTFACTORINSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMDESIGNTHISPAPERDISCUSSESABOUTTHEMODELINGOFTHESUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCABLEPLANNINGASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMTOGENERATEANEFFICIENTCABLEPLANFORSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONCABLINGBETWEENDIFFERENTDEVICESOFASUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMSASISAMAJORCOSTFACTORINTHESASDESIGNPROCESSUSUALLYCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNSOFTWAREISUSEDTOCREATETHEDESIGNTEMPLATESOFSASDEVICESANDTHEIRINTERCONNECTIONSTHEDESIGNTEMPLATESARETHENINSTANTIATEDINASASPROJECTANDTHECABLESAREMANUALLYASSIGNEDTOTHECONNECTIONSTHESELECTIONANDASSIGNMENTOFCABLESTOCONNECTIONSMUSTFOLLOWCERTAINENGINEERINGRULESTHISENGINEERINGPROCESSISUSUALLYTIMECONSUMINGANDCANCAUSEENGINEERINGERRORS,THEREBYINCREASINGTHEENGINEERINGCOSTAPPARENTLY,THESASCABLEPLANNINGISRELATEDTOTHEWELLKNOWNBINPACKINGPROBLEMTHESASCABLEPLANNINGCANBEFORMULATEDASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMWITHTHECABLEENGINEERINGRULESEXPRESSEDASASETOFLINEARCONSTRAINTSANDACOSTOBJECTIVEFORMINIMIZINGTHETOTALCABLECOSTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEFORMULATIONOFSASCABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMANDPRESENTSTHERESULTSFORSOMEREPRESENTATIVETESTCASESTOTHEBESTOFTHEAUTHORS’KNOWLEDGETHEWORKISTHEFIRSTOFTHEKINDTOSTUDYSASCABLEPLANNINGTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2PRESENTSANOVERVIEWOFTHESASCABLEPLANNINGPROCESSSECTION3EXPRESSESTHESASCABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMASANINTEGERLINEAROPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMTHERESULTSOBTAINEDBYSOLVINGTHEOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMUSINGSOMESOLVERSISPRESENTEDINSECTION4SECTION5DRAWSSOMECONCLUSIONSOFTHISWORK2SASCABLEPLANNINGTHESASCABLEPLANNINGBEGINSAFTERTHESYSTEMDESIGNPHASEOFASASPROJECTTHESASCABLEPLANNINGISATPRESENTDONEMANUALLYBYCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNTACHTERBERGANDJCBECKEDSCPAIOR2011,LNCS6697,PP210–214,2011CSPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2011EFFICIENTPLANNINGOFSUBSTATIONAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCABLES211TOTALNUMBEROFCONNECTIONS,ANDK{1,2,3,,M}212TSIVANTHIANDJPOLANDREPRESENTTHESETOFALLCABLETYPES,WHEREMISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCABLETYPESINASUBPROBLEMINACABLEINSTANCE,THERECANBEONEORMORECONNECTIONSANDWEREFERTOTHECONNECTIONWITHLOWESTINDEXAMONGALLCONNECTIONSINTHECABLEINSTANCEASTHELEADERANDTHEOTHERCONNECTIONSASTHEFOLLOWERSTHISIMPLIESTHATALLCONNECTIONSEXCEPTTHEFIRSTCONNECTIONINCCANEITHERBEALEADERORFOLLOWERMOREOVER,BASEDONTHESIGNALRULESASETOFCONNECTIONPAIRSXCANBEDERIVEDWHEREEACHI,?I∈XREPRESENTSTHECONNECTIONSIAND?ITHATMUSTNOTBEASSIGNEDTOTHESAMECABLELETˉCBETHESETOFCONNECTIONPAIRSI,?IWHEREI,?I∈C,I?I,I,?I/∈XWEINTRODUCETHEFOLLOWINGBINARYVARIABLEXI,?I,WHEREI,?I∈ˉC,WHICHWHENTRUEIMPLIESTHATCONNECTIONIISAFOLLOWEROFALEADER?I1CIIWHEREORXII??,,10,SIMILARLY,BASEDONTHECABLERULESASETOFCONNECTIONCABLEPAIRSYCANBEDERIVEDWHEREEACHI,J∈YIMPLIESTHATCABLETYPEJISNOTALLOWEDFORCONNECTIONILETˉKBETHESETOFCONNECTIONCABLEPAIRSI,J,WHEREI∈C,J∈K,I,J/∈YWEINTRODUCETHEFOLLOWINGBINARYVARIABLEYI,J,WHEREI,J∈ˉK,WHICHWHENTRUEIMPLIESTHATTHELEADERIISASSIGNEDTOANINSTANCEOFCABLETYPEJ2_,,,10KJIWHEREORXJI??TABLE1ILLUSTRATESALLBINARYVARIABLESCORRESPONDINGTOTHEEXAMPLESHOWNINFIGURE1FORTHECASEWITHTWOCABLETYPESK1ANDK2ITISASSUMEDTHATCONNECTIONSC1ANDC3CANNOTBEASSIGNEDTOTHESAMECABLEANDK1ISNOTANALLOWEDCABLETYPEFORCONNECTIONC3ASMENTIONEDBEFOREALLCONNECTIONSEXCEPTTHEFIRSTCONNECTION,WHICHMUSTBEALEADER,CANEITHERBEALEADERORFOLLOWERTHISISENSUREDBYTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINT（3）CIYXKJIKJJICIIII?????????,1,,,,,ACONNECTIONWHICHISALEADERINACABLECANNOTBEAFOLLOWEROFALEADERINANOTHERCABLETHISISEXPRESSEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINT（4）_,,,,,1_CIIXXCIIIIII??????ANIMPLICITCONSTRAINTOFTHECABLEPLANNINGPROBLEMISTHECAPACITYCONSTRAINTWHICHIMPLIESTHATTHENUMBEROFCONNECTIONSASSIGNEDTOACABLEMUSTBELESSTABLE1BINARYVARIABLESCORRESPONDINGTOFIGURE1EXAMPLE

簡介：FEEDBACKCONTROLFORCANCELINGMECHANICALVIBRATIONS反饋控制消除機械振動反饋控制消除機械振動摘要線性二次高斯（LQG）控制被用于主動取消振動。通過加速度的測量來控制振動電機的虛擬量。終端控制器是一個經(jīng)過修改的LQG設(shè)計，它被用于設(shè)計和制定一種增強型的振動電機。這篇文章介紹了機械振動電機的建模和參數(shù)辨識，控制器性能規(guī)格的發(fā)展，LQG控制器的設(shè)計和實驗測試所產(chǎn)生的控制系統(tǒng)。振動電機的建模是以理論推導(dǎo)和實驗數(shù)據(jù)的收集為基礎(chǔ)的?？刂破鞯囊?guī)范性發(fā)展主要是在使用兩種不同傳遞函數(shù)返回率的頻域范疇?？刂破鞯脑O(shè)計采用的是連續(xù)時間的LQG算法。該控制器是作為一個帶有運算放大器的模擬電路來使用。在實驗測試中，一些閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性問題被發(fā)現(xiàn)，并就這些問題提出了一種解釋。一、引言一、引言本文介紹了一種反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，該系統(tǒng)可用于消除一個物體表面的機械振動。振動的消除是通過振動電機對物體表面施加一個交替的作用力來實現(xiàn)的。這種方法被渴望用于減少各種物體的震動，這些物體可以是家用電器和汽車乃至飛機和高速列車1，2，3。降低機械振動使用戶的舒適和安全得到了改善，而且通過減少磨損使產(chǎn)品的可靠性和耐用性都得到了提高。作為這一設(shè)計項目的一部分，需要進(jìn)行四項任務(wù)。首先，確定商用振動電機的屬性和數(shù)學(xué)模型是必要的，這種電機在過去經(jīng)常被用于消除振動。第二項任務(wù)就是制定一套系統(tǒng)的性能規(guī)格，以用于控制器的設(shè)計。第三項任務(wù)是利用反饋控制技術(shù)設(shè)計一個控制器，從運動傳感器接收到輸入信號后，該控制器將對電機輸出一個控制信號來抵消振動。和線性二次高斯（LQG）技術(shù)都被進(jìn)行?H了研究。終端控制器是一個經(jīng)過修改的LQG設(shè)計，它被用于設(shè)計一種增強型的振動電機。第四個任務(wù)是模擬電路控制器的執(zhí)行和測試閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)。前三個任務(wù)在本文中進(jìn)行介紹。隨著對一些實驗結(jié)果的解釋，介紹了控制器執(zhí)行和完全系統(tǒng)測試的結(jié)果。二、建模和辨識二、建模和辨識振動消除系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分是一個振動電機。這個電機將被附在任何一個需要消除表面振動的物體表面。在電機的外殼安裝一個加速計來檢測物體的振動。電機外殼的加速度可以被感應(yīng)，而電機通過被控制產(chǎn)生自身振動這樣一種方式來消除那些來自外部的干擾。消除振動通過消力電機完成。那也就是數(shù)，他能實現(xiàn)的價值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于開環(huán)質(zhì)量。這個虛擬的質(zhì)量也有一個與之相關(guān)的相位角，所以加速度并不是完全與干擾力在同一個相位。虛質(zhì)量以為單位，GK它代表從干擾輸入信號到輸出信號的傳遞函數(shù)的幅度大小。WYAA參數(shù)辨識參數(shù)辨識進(jìn)行試驗以確定兩個物塊、彈簧和阻尼值、電機強度的作用。首先，電機放置在一個厚的而且高度兼容的海綿中，使它從工作臺上孤立出來，近似成為一個自由的部署空間。通過觀察源頻率改變時的負(fù)載電壓，發(fā)現(xiàn)阻抗最大值出現(xiàn)在頻率為時。諧振頻率是HZ60（1）,/1202121MMMMMSRMKWRRR?????下一步，電機放置在實驗室的長凳上，使有效地連接到臺式物體上，在這種1M情況下的質(zhì)量非常大。由于質(zhì)量很大，的質(zhì)量接近于。有了這個設(shè)1M1MRM2M置，阻抗最大值的出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移到51HZ，所以（2）SRMKW/10222???整個電機的質(zhì)量為。假定懸掛的質(zhì)量可以忽略不計，根KGMM331121??據(jù)上述關(guān)系可以得到以下值,,KGM93701?KGM39402?MNK/100544??。通過的加速度的書面計算，來確定電機強度和粘性阻尼系數(shù)。1MSD（3）212122122221MMKSMMDSMMSFSMSFKDSSMSACDM????????是干擾力，是控制力。假定干擾力有一個零值，那么下面的大小關(guān)SFDSFC系會在高頻時保持。（4）,212111MMDSMIAMSIARWCMCMRR??????????在這里。CCISF??頻率響應(yīng)程度經(jīng)過了實驗測定。公式（4）中和的數(shù)值為SD。//318,/973SMNDANS??BB狀態(tài)空間模型狀態(tài)空間模型通過上一節(jié)對測量方式的描述，對狀態(tài)空間模型將作如下定義的位置1M

簡介：FRANKGJENNINGSTHEPROSPECTFORTHE“BOOK“ASANEDUCATIONALMEDIUM1ITISNOPROPHECYTOSAYTHATTHEBOOKWILLALWAYSBEWITHUSITISSIMPLYASTATEMENTOFLOWGRADEPHYSICALFACT,USEFULBUTTRIVIALTHEBOOKISNOTTOBEDEFENDED,BUTUSEDITSMAJORTECHNOLOGICALVIRTUEISITSSIMPLICITYOFCONSTRUCTIONAND,EXCEPTINITSGARGANTUANFORMSUCHASELEPHANTFOLIO,ITISHIGHLYPORTABLEITISIMPORTANTTOMAKETHEDISTINCTIONSUGGESTEDBYALBERTSZENTGYORGYIBETWEENBOOKSTHATHOLDINFORMATIONANDBOOKSTHATUSEINFORMATIONTHATIS,BETWEENBOOKSTHATAREREPOSITORIESANDBOOKSTHATAREEXPOSITORIESTHEFORMERAREUSEDTORELIEVETHEMINDFROMSELFCLUTTER,THELATTERTOAIDTHEMINDINREACHINGBEYONDACURRENTCONDITIONTHEDIFFERENCECANALSOBEEXPRESSEDASBETWEENTHEPOSITIONOFTHEARTISANANDTHEARTISTITISTHISDISTINCTION,HOWEVER,WHICHCAUSESAGREATDEALOFTROUBLE,ANDTHEBOOKISHOARDEDANDCHERISHEDASATREASUREITISEASYTOLEARNTOREADITISALOWGRADESKILLTHATCANBETAUGHTTOALLBUTTHEMOSTSEVERELYBRAINDAMAGEDBUTTOUSEREADINGTOOSOONANDTODEPENDUPONITTOOHEAVILYINTHEPROCESSESOFEDUCATIONISTOBLUNTAGOODTOOLBYINEXPERTUSEFIFTYYEARSAGOALFREDNORTHWHITEHEADWARNEDAMERELYWELLINFORMEDMANISTHEMOSTUSELES3BOREONGODSEARTHTEACHERSANDLIBRARIANSKNOWTHISTRUTHINTHEIRFRANKGYENNINGSISDIRECTOROFCOLLEGERELATIONS,TEACHERSCOLLEGE,COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY,UNITEDSTATES198MARROW,ANDIFTHEYAREUNEASYBEFORETECHNOLOGYSOPENHANDEDADVANCE,ITISBECAUSETHEYWILLNOTALLOWINFORMATIONTOBEMISTAKENFORWISDOMITISTHISIMPULSETHATIMPELLEDGORDONNRAY,INHISAMERICANLIBRARYASSOCIATIONADDRESSINNEWYORKINJULYI965ASREPORTEDINPUBLISHERSWEEKLY,I8JULYI965TOASSERTTHATTHEPROFESSIONWOULDBEILLADVISEDTOTURNFROMTHEEDUCATIONOFLIBRARIANSTOTHEMANUFACTUREOFINFORMATIONRETRIEVERSANDTHETRAININGOFSERVITORSINSYSTEMSANALYSISHECOMPLAINEDABOUTTHELONGOBSERVEDLACKOFFELLOWFEELINGBETWEENLIBRARIANSANDFACULTYMEMBERS,WHOOUGHTTOBEUNITEDASHESAIDINTHECOMMONWORLDOFLEARNINGRAYTOLDHISAUDIENCEINNEWYORKYOUSHOULDNOTONLYBELIBRARIANSBUTBOOKMENMAKEITEVIDENTTHATYOURINTERESTISINBOOKSTHEMSELVESASWELLASPROCEDURESFORMAKINGTHEMAVAILABLE,THATYOUAREBOOKMENFIRST,ANDADMINISTRATORS,TECHNICIANS,ANDEFFICIENCYEXPERTSSECONDRAYARGUEDTHATACOMPELLINGCASECANSTILLBEMADEFORTHEBOOKASTHEBESTSOURCEOFINFORMATIONONCEONEGOESBEYONDTHEBROAD,ELEMENTARYVIEWOFASUBJECT,THEOPPORTUNITIESITHISPAPERWASWRITTENFORTOIMPROVELEARNINGANEVALUATIONOFLNSTRUCTIONALTECHNOLOGY,PREPAREDBYTHECOMMISSIONONINSTRUCTIONALTECHNOLOGYEDITEDBYSIDNEYGTICKTONWITHTHESTAFFOFTHEACADEMYFOREDUCATIONALDEVELOPMENTINC,NEWYORKANDITDOESNOTWORRYTOOMUCHABOUTHURTBOOKSANDSCARREDFURNITURECLEVELANDSBRANCHLIBRARIESARECOMMUNITYCULTURECENTRESNOTMERELYPLACESWHEREGENTEELBOOKREVIEWTALKSAREGIVENONRAINYAFTERNOONS,BUTEXCITINGANDVITALPLACESWHERETHEVOTERREGISTRATIONDRIVESARELOCATED,WHEREISSUESOFHOUSINGARENOTONLYDISCUSSED,BUTWHEREPLANSFORIMPROVEMENTAREWORKEDUPANDPOSSIBLYEVENIMPLEMENTEDINTHEWORSTOFTHESLUMSTHEREISABRANCHTHATISNOTEVENCALLEDALIBRARYITISKNOWNASTHETREASUREHOUSEFORCHILDRENTHERETHECHIEFLIBRARIAN,MIRACLEOFMIRACLES,ISTHECHILDRENSLIBRARIANEVERYTHINGABOUTTHEPLACEISTHEREFORTHECHILDTHEFURNITURE,THEDECORATION,THEREADINGMATERIALSAREALLAIMEDATTHECHILDWHOISCULTURALLYDEPRIVEDTHEREARETUNNELSANDOTHERSECRETPASSAGES,AMUSEMENTDEVICES,GAMEAREASEVERYTHINGISPLOTTEDTOSEDUCETHECHILDRENINTOTHEBUILDINGANDMAKETHEMFEELCOMFORTABLEINTHESURROUNDINGANDSOCLEVELANDLEADSALLBIGCITIESINTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHENUMBEROFBOOKSBORROWEDNOTONLYBYCHILDRENBUTBYADULTSTHISISNOTTOSUGGESTTHATTHEUPLIFTINGOFTHEPOORSHOULDBETHELIBRARYSONLYCONCERNYETOURSISTHEFIRSTSOCIETYINHUMANHISTORYINWHICHTHEPOORAREAHELPLESSMINORITYTHEREFORE,ONEMUSTMEASURETHEEFFICACYOFOURENTERPRISESBYOURCAPACITYTOMAKEAHEALTHYDIFFERENCEINTHELIVESOFTHELEASTADVANTAGEDOFOURCITIZENSTHEWORLDATLARGEISUNDERGOINGGREATANDFUNDAMENTALCHANGESWEUSETHEWORDEXPLOSIONTOCHARACTERIZEMANYOFTHEMEVENWHENWEREALIYMEANCRISISTHECRISISINVALUES,THERISINGTIDEOFEXPECTATIONS,THEPOPULATIONEXPLOSION,THECULTURALEXPLOSIONTHEREISEVENAN