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簡介：DEEPENINGTHEWRECKOFTHEASSIEUROLINKBYUSINGTHETRAILINGSUCTIONHOPPERDREDGERPRINSDERNEDERLANDENBJACOBS1ABSTRACTINJANUARY2003THEFREIGHTSHIPASSIEUROLINKSANKAFTERACOLLISION,48NMOFFTHENORTHCOASTOFTHENETHERLANDSASTHEWRECKWASLOCATEDINABUSYSHIPPINGLANEITHADTOBEEITHERREMOVEDORLOWEREDBELOWTHEGUARANTEEDNAVIGABLEDEPTHOF29MAFTERTAKINGCOSTANDFEASIBILITYINTOCONSIDERATIONRIJKSWATERSTAATDUTCHMARITIMEAUTHORITIESDECIDEDTOHAVETHEASSIEUROLINKLOWEREDBYDREDGINGTHEEXISTINGSEABOTTOMMATERIALAROUNDTHEWRECKDURINGTHESECONDHALFOF2003RIJKSWATERSTAATANDBOSKALISDEVELOPEDTHEDREDGINGOPTIONTHECOMBINATIONOFSITECONDITIONSMADETHEOPERATIONADREDGINGCHALLENGE,SINCEITHADNEVERBEENEXECUTEDBEFOREUNDERTHESECONDITIONSFIRSTTHELOCATIONOFTHEWRECKWASUNFAVORABLEFORWORKINGCONDITIONS,DUETOTHEOPENSEAENVIRONMENT,VERYBUSYSHIPPINGANDTHEDEPTHOFTHESEABOTTOM,WHICHWASALMOST45MTHESECONDITIONSLEADTOTHECHOICEOFAMODERN,VERSATILEANDHIGHLYMANOEUVERABLETRAILINGSUCTIONHOPPERDREDGER,BEINGABLETODREDGEUPTO80MSECONDTHESOILPROPERTIESPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLE,SINCETHEMATERIALHADTOFLOWFROMUNDERNEATHTHEASSIEUROLINKAFTERDREDGINGAHOLEAROUNDTHEWRECK’SHULLTHIRDTHEASSIEUROLINKHADBROKENUPINTOTWOPARTSANDSOMESECTIONSHADEVENCOLLAPSEDTHERISKOFDAMAGINGOREVENLOSINGTHESUCTIONPIPE,BYUNCONTROLLEDMOVEMENTSOFWRECKAGEWASHIGHTOENSUREASAFEOPERATIONAMONITORINGSYSTEMWITHMOTIONSENSORSWASINSTALLEDONTHEWRECK,WHICHREGISTEREDSUDDENMOVEMENTSANDGAVEAWARNINGSINCETHEGOALOFTHEPROJECTWASTOLOWERTHEWRECKBELOWTHEREQUIREDNAVIGABLEDEPTHANEFFORTHASBEENMADETOCONTINUOUSLYMONITORTHEEXACTLOCATIONBYUSINGANULTRASHORTBASELINEUSBLSYSTEMASAPARTOFTHESYSTEMSEVERALACOUSTICSENSORSWEREFITTEDONTHEWRECK,PRIORTODREDGINGOPERATIONSKEYWORDSWRECK,DEEPENING,DREDGING1DREDGINGDEPARTMENT,ROYALBOSKALISWESTMINSTER,ROSMOLENWEG20,POBOX43,3350AAPAPENDRECHT,THENETHERLANDS,EMAILBJACOBSBOSKALISNL7MMEDIUMTOCOARSE,VERYDENSESANDPLEISTOCENEEEMMOLENGATFORMATIONHARDCLAYPLEISTOCENECLEVERBANKFORMATIONTHERESULTSFROMTHESOILINVESTIGATIONPROVIDEDSUFFICIENTINFORMATIONTOANSWERQUESTIONSCONCERNINGDREDGEBILITYOFTHEMATERIALWITHEXISTINGDREDGINGEQUIPMENTSLOPEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMATERIALUNDERNEATHTHEWRECKPOSSIBLEEXCAVATIONDEPTHTOCREATETHEREQUIREDBUFFERTOSUFFICIENTLYSINKTHEWRECKPARTS3EQUIPMENTCHOICEAFTERSTUDYINGTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSITWASDECIDEDTOUSETHEBRANDNEW16,000M3TRAILINGSUCTIONHOPPERDREDGER“PRINSDERNEDERLANDEN”,BECAUSEOFTHEADVANTAGEOUSCHARACTERISTICSFORTHEEXECUTIONOFTHEPROJECTSUFFICIENTDEPTHRANGETHEVESSELISEQUIPPEDWITHONESTANDARDSUCTIONPIPELAYOUT,BEINGABLETODREDGEUPTO55MDEPTHANDONEDEEPDREDGINGLAYOUTFORAWORKINGDEPTHOF83MFURTHERMORETHEDEEPDREDGINGLAYOUTCONTAINSANUNDERWATERPUMP,GIVINGMOREFLEXIBILITYANDAHIGHERPRODUCTIONOUTPUTWHENWORKINGINWATERDEPTHSOFMORETHAN30MALOTOFINSTALLEDJETPOWERUPTO3,000KWASTHEPLEISTOCENESANDLAYERWASCONSIDEREDTOBEVERYDENSELYPACKEDITWASFORESEENTHATTHESLOPEDEVELOPMENTNEEDEDTOBEACTIVATEDBYMEANSOFJETTINGGOODMANOEUVRABILITYCHARACTERISTICS,MAKINGTHEVESSELMOSTSUITABLEFORWORKINGINARESTRICTEDAREAANDANTICIPATEONPOSSIBLESHIPTRAFFICPASSINGTHESITEBEINGABLETOOPERATEATWAVEHEIGHTSUPTO3M,WHICHWASCONSIDEREDAVERYIMPORTANTISSUEWHENWORKINGINAPRILONTHENORTHSEAINOFFSHORECONDITIONSEQUIPPEDWITHDYNAMICPOSITIONINGDPANDDYNAMICTRACKINGDT,GIVINGTHEPOSSIBILITYTOWORKVERYACCURATELYTHEVESSELBEINGSELFPROPELLEDANDTHEREFORESUITABLETOEVENLYSPREADITSLOADOVERTHESEABOTTOMATANYGIVENDISTANCE,WITHOUTBEINGANOBSTACLEINTHESHIPPINGLANE4RISKSFROMALLTHEAVAILABLESOILINFORMATIONITWASCONCLUDEDTHATTHEPLEISTOCENESANDLAYERWASSTRONGLYOVERCONSOLIDATEDDUETOANANCIENTGLACIALICECOVERSLOPESINTHEEXCAVATEDTRENCHWEREEXPECTEDTOREMAINSTEEPDUETOTHESOILBEHAVIOUR,WHICHWOULDPREVENTTHESANDFLOWINGFROMUNDERNEATHTHEWRECKINANATURALWAYCALCULATIONSSHOWEDTHATATLEASTAHOLEOF10MWOULDBENECESSARYTOCREATESUFFICIENTSLOPEDEVELOPMENTTOHAVETHEWRECKSLIDINGONITSOWNWEIGHTINTOTHEDREDGEDTRENCHATAPPROXIMATELY10MHOWEVERTHEREWASTHERISKOFENCOUNTERINGAHARDCLAYOFTHECLEAVERFORMATION,WHICHWASEXPECTEDTOHAVEANEGATIVEEFFECTONTHEFORMATIONOFASLIPCIRCLE,THUSPREVENTINGSUFFICIENTSLOPEDEVELOPMENTTOOVERCOMETHEHIGHSOILRISKS,ASPECIALJETTINGDEVICEWASDEVELOPEDTOACTIVATETHESLOPEDEVELOPMENTBYJETWATERFORCEFORTHISPURPOSE,THEJETCONSISTEDOFTWOSIDENOZZLESANDANOZZLEDIRECTEDBACKWARDTHEDEVICECOULDBEMOUNTEDONTHESUCTIONTUBEOFTHETRAILINGSUCTIONHOPPERDREDGERANDATOTALPOWEROF5,500KWWASAVAILABLEFROMONEDREDGEPUMPANDTHREEJETPUMPSASECONDOPTIONTOCREATESUFFICIENTINSTABILITYOFTHESANDLAYERUNDERNEATHTHEWRECKWASTODREDGEASECONDTRENCHONTHEOPPOSITESIDELARGEPIECESOFDEBRIS,POSSIBLESCATTEREDAROUNDTHEWRECKONTHESEABOTTOMCAUSINGDAMAGEONTHESUCTIONPIPECOULDSTAGNATETHEWHOLEOPERATIONTHEREFORESPECIALFOCUSWASMADEONLOCATINGTHESEPIECESTHISWASDONEBYROVINSPECTION,BEFORETHEDREDGINGOPERATIONSSTARTEDANDDURINGTHESTARTOFTHEPROJECTBYSOCALLEDRECONNAISSANCEDREDGINGRECONNAISSANCEDREDGINGCONTAINEDPREDREDGINGBYCOVERINGTHECOMPLETEAREAAROUNDTHEWRECKWITHONEPIPE,USINGTHESTANDARDPIPELINELAYOUTSINCETHISLAYOUTWOULDNOTBEUSEDDURINGTHEREMAININGDREDGINGOPERATIONS,DAMAGEONTHEPIPEORDRAGHEADWOULDNOTJEOPARDIZETHEPROJECTPLANNINGKNOWINGTHEEXACTPOSITIONANDMONITORINGTHEBEHAVIOUROFTHEWRECKDURINGTHEOPERATIONWASCONSIDEREDESSENTIAL,ASONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESWASTOSINKTHEWRECKPARTSINACONTROLLEDWAYANDFORSAFETYOFTHEDREDGINGOPERATIONESPECIALLYTHESPEEDATWHICHTHEWRECKMOVEDANDTHEWAYITCHANGEDPOSITION,BYMEANSOFSLIDING

簡介：DESIGNOFTHETEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONAT89S51DRLEONGAILLARDHEADOFRESEARCH,LAOINSTITUTEFORRENEWABLEENERGYLIRE,SOKPALUANGROAD,SOKPALUANGVILLAGE,VIENTIANE,LAOPDR,POBOX8010ABSTRACTTHEPRINCIPLEANDFUNCTIONSOFTHETEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONMICROCONTROLLERAT89S51ARESTUDIED,ANDTHETEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTUNITCONSISTSOFTHE1WIREBUSDIGITALTEMPERATURESENSORDS18B20THESYSTEMCANBEEXPECTEDTODETECTTHEPRESETTEMPERATURE,DISPLAYTIMEANDSAVEMONITORINGDATAANALARMWILLBEGIVENBYSYSTEMIFTHETEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITVALUEOFTHETEMPERATUREWHICHCANBESETDISCRETIONARILYANDTHENAUTOMATICCONTROLISACHIEVED,THUSTHETEMPERATUREISACHIEVEDMONITORINGINTELLIGENTLYWITHINACERTAINRANGEBASINGONPRINCIPLEOFTHESYSTEM,ITISEASYTOMAKEAVARIETYOFOTHERNONLINEARCONTROLSYSTEMSSOLONGASTHESOFTWAREDESIGNISREASONABLYCHANGEDTHESYSTEMHASBEENPROVEDTOBEACCURATE,RELIABLEANDSATISFIEDTHROUGHFIELDPRACTICEKEYWORDSAT89S511MICROCONTROLLER2DS18B203TEMPERATURE4IINTRODUCTIONTEMPERATUREISAVERYIMPORTANTPARAMETERINHUMANLIFEINTHEMODERNSOCIETY,TEMPERATURECONTROLTCISNOTONLYUSEDININDUSTRIALPRODUCTION,BUTALSOWIDELYUSEDINOTHERFIELDSWITHTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHELIFEQUALITY,WECANFINDTHETCAPPLIANCEINHOTELS,FACTORIESANDHOMEASWELLANDTHETRENDTHATTCWILLBETTERSERVETHEWHOLESOCIETY,SOITISOFGREATSIGNIFICANCETOMEASUREANDCONTROLTHETEMPERATUREBASEDONTHEAT89S51ANDTEMPERATURESENSORDS18B20,THISSYSTEMCONTROLSTHECONDITIONTEMPERATUREINTELLIGENTLYTHETEMPERATURECANBESETDISCRETIONARILYWITHINACERTAINRANGETHESYSTEMCANSHOWTHETIMEONLCD,ANDSAVEMONITORINGDATAANDAUTOMATICALLYCONTROLTHETEMPERATUREWHENTHECONDITIONTEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITVALUEBYDOINGSOITISTOKEEPTHETEMPERATUREUNCHANGEDTHESYSTEMISOFHIGHANTIJAMMING,HIGHCONTROLPRECISIONANDFLEXIBLEDESIGNITALSOFITSTHERUGGEDENVIRONMENTITISMAINLYUSEDINPEOPLESLIFETOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHEWORKANDLIFEITISALSOVERSATILE,SOTHATITCANBECONVENIENTTOEXTENDTHEUSEOFTHESYSTEMSOTHEDESIGNISOFPROFOUNDIMPORTANCETHEGENERALDESIGN,HARDWAREDESIGNANDSOFTWAREDESIGNOFTHESYSTEMARECOVEREDIISYSTEMGENERALDESIGNTHEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHETCISSHOWNINFIG1THESYSTEMHARDWAREINCLUDESTHEMICROCONTROLLER,TEMPERATUREDETECTIONCIRCUIT,KEYBOARDCONTROLCIRCUIT,CLOCKCIRCUIT,DISPLAY,ALARM,DRIVECIRCUITANDEXTERNALRAMBASEDONTHEAT89S51,THEDS18B20WILLTRANSFERTHETEMPERATURESIGNALDETECTEDTODIGITALSIGNALANDTHESIGNALISSENTTOTHEMICROCONTROLLERFORPROCESSINGATLASTTHETEMPERATUREVALUEISSHOWEDONTHELCD12232FTHESESTEPSAREUSEDTOACHIEVETHETEMPERATUREDETECTIONUSINGTHEKEYBOARDINTERFACECHIPHD7279TOSETTHETEMPERATUREVALUE,USINGTHEMICROCONTROLLERTOKEEPACERTAINTEMPERATURE,ANDUSINGTHELCDTOSHOWTHEPRESETVALUEFORCONTROLLINGTHETEMPERATUREINADDITION,THECLOCKCHIPDS1302ISUSEDTOSHOWTIMEANDTHEEXTERNALRAM6264ISUSEDTOSAVETHEMONITORINGDATAANALARMWILLBEGIVENBYBUZZERINTIMEIFTHETEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITVALUEOFTHETEMPERATUREAT89S51DS18B20KEYBOARDCONTROLCIRCUITFIGURE1HARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMIIIHARDWAREDESIGNAMICROCONTROLLERTHEAT89S51ISALOWPOWER,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCONTROLLERWITH4KBYTESOFINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASHMEMORYTHEDEVICEISMANUFACTUREDUSINGATMEL’SHIGHDENSITYNONVOLATILEMEMORYTECHNOLOGYANDISCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEINDUSTRYSTANDARD80C51INSTRUCTIONSETANDPINOUTTHEONCHIPFLASHALLOWSTHEPROGRAMMEMORYTOBEREPROGRAMMEDINSYSTEMORBYACONVENTIONALNONVOLATILEMEMORYPROGRAMMERBYCOMBININGAVERSATILE8BITCPUWITHINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASHONAMONOLITHICCHIP,THEATMELAT89S51ISAPOWERFULMICROCONTROLLERWHICHPROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTOMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSMINIMUMSYSTEMOFTHEMICROCONTROLLERISSHOWNINFIG2INORDERTOSAVEMONITORINGDATA,THE6264ISUSEDASANEXTERNALRAMITISASTATICRAMCHIP,LOWPOWERWITH8KBYTESMEMORYBTEMPERATUREDETECTIONCIRCUITTHETEMPERATURESENSORISTHEKEYPARTINTHESYSTEMTHEDALLASDS18B20ISUSED,WHICHSUPPORTSTHE1WIREBUSINTERFACE,ANDTHEONBOARDPATENTEDISUSEDINTERNALLYALLTHESENSORPARTSANDTHECONVERTINGCIRCUITAREINTEGRATEDININTEGRATEDCIRCUITLIKEATRANSISTOR1ITSMEASURERANGEIS55125,ANDTHEPRECISIONBETWEEN℃℃1085IS℃℃DRIVECIRCUITALARMCIRCUITLCDCIRCUITCLOCKCIRCUITEXTERNALRAM2010INTERNATIONALFORUMONINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDAPPLICATIONS9780769541150/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/IFITA2010209632010INTERNATIONALFORUMONINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDAPPLICATIONS9780769541150/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/IFITA201020963ISCONNECTEDTOTHEKEYBOARDANDDISPLAYWITHOUTUSINGANYACTIVEDEVICEACCORDINGTOTHEBASICREQUIREMENTSANDFUNCTIONSOFTHESYSTEM,ONLY6BUTTONSARENEEDEDTHESYSTEMSFUNCTIONSARESETBYTHEAT89S51RECEIVINGTHEENTEREDDATAINORDERTOSAVETHEEXTERNALRESISTOR,THE16KEYBOARDISUSED,ANDTHEKEYBOARDCODESAREDEFINEDAS07H,0FH,17H,1FH,27H,2FHTHEORDERCANBEREADOUTBYREADINGTHECODEINSTRUCTIONHD7279AISCONNECTEDTOTHEAT89S51INSERIALMODEANDONLY4PORTSARENEEDASSHOWNINFIG6,DIG0DIG5ANDDPARERESPECTIVELYTHECOLUMNLINESANDROWLINEPORTSOFTHESIXKEYSWHICHACHIEVEKEYBOARDMONITORING,DECODINGANDKEYCODESIDENTIFICATIONFIGURE6KEYBOARDCONTROLCIRCUITFALARMCIRCUITINORDERTOSIMPLIFYTHECIRCUITANDCONVENIENTDEBUGGING,A5VAUTOMATICBUZZERISUSEDINTHEALARMCIRCUIT8ANDTHISMAKETHESOFTWAREPROGRAMMINGSIMPLIFIEDASSHOWNINFIG7,ITISCONTROLLEDBYTHEPNPTRANSISTOR9012WHOSEBASEISCONNECTEDTOTHEPINP25OFTHEAT89S51WHENTHETEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITVALUE,THEP25OUTPUTLOWLEVELWHICHMAKESTHETRANSISTORBEONANDTHENANALARMISGIVENBYTHEBUZZERFIGURE7ALARMCIRCUITGDRIVECIRCUITASTEPMOTORISUSEDASTHEDRIVEDEVICETOCONTROLTHETEMPERATURETHEFOURPHASEANDEIGHTBEATPULSEDISTRIBUTIONMODEISUSEDTODRIVEMOTORANDTHESIMPLEDELAYPROGRAMISUSEDTOHANDLETHETIMEINTERVALBETWEENTHEPULSESTOOBTAINDIFFERENTROTATIONALSPEEDTHEREARETWOOUTPUTSTATESFORTHESTEPMOTORONEWHENTHETEMPERATUREISOVERTHEUPPERVALUE,THEMOTORROTATESREVERSELYTOLOWTHETEMPERATURE,WHILEWHENLOWERTHANTHELOWERLIMITVALUE,THEMOTORROTATESNORMALLYTORAISETHETEMPERATUREBESIDESNOTEQUALSTHEPRESETVALUETWOWHENTHETEMPERATUREISATSOMEWHEREBETWEENTHETWOENDSANDEQUALSTHEPRESETVALUE,THEMOTORSTOPSTHESESTEPSAREUSEDTOACHIEVETHETEMPERATURECONTROLINADDITION,THEMOTORSPEEDCANALSOBEADJUSTEDBYRELATIVEBUTTONSASSHOWNINFIG8,THECODEDATAISINPUTTHROUGHPORTSA11A8BEP23P20OFTHEAT89S51ANDINVERTEDOUTPUTBYTHEINVERTER74LS04FINALLYITISAMPLIFIEDBYTHEPOWERAMPLIFIER2803ATOPOWERTHEMOTORFIGURE8DRIVECIRCUITIVSOFTWAREDESIGNACCORDINGTOTHEGENERALDESIGNREQUIREMENTANDHARDWARECIRCUITPRINCIPLEOFTHESYSTEM,ASWELLASTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEPROGRAMREADABILITY,TRANSFERABILITYANDTHECONVENIENTDEBUGGING,THESOFTWAREDESIGNISMODULARIZEDTHESYSTEMFLOWMAINLYINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWING8STEPSPOSTPOWERONSELFTEST,SYSTEMINITIATION,TEMPERATUREDETECTION,ALARMHANDLING,TEMPERATURECONTROL,CLOCKCHIPDS1302OPERATION,LCDANDKEYBOARDOPERATIONTHEMAINPROGRAMFLOWISSHOWNINFIG9GIVEALITTLEANALYSISTOTHEABOVE8TASKS,ITISEASYTOFINDOUTTHATTHELASTFIVETASKSREQUIRETHEREALTIMEOPERATIONBUTTOTHETEMPERATUREDETECTIONITCANBEACHIEVEDWITHTIMER0TIMING1SECOND,THATISTOSAYTEMPERATUREDETECTIONOCCURSPERSECONDTHESYSTEMINITIATIONINCLUDESGLOBALVARIABLEDEFINITION,RAMINITIATION,SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERINITIATIONANDPERIPHERALEQUIPMENTINITIATIONGLOBALVARIABLEDEFINITIONMAINLYFINISHESTHEINTERFACEDEFINITIONOFEXTERNALINTERFACECHIPCONNECTEDTOTHEAT89S51,ANDSPECIALDEFINITIONOFSOMEMEMORYUNITSRAMINITIATIONMAINLYREFERSTORAMPROCESSINGFOREXAMPLEWHENTHESYSTEMISELECTRIFIEDTHETIMECODEWILLBESTOREDINTHEINTERNALUNITADDRESSORTHESCINTILLATIONFLAGWILLBECLEAREDTHESPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERINITIATIONINCLUDESLOADINGTHEINITIALVALUEOFTIMERANDOPENINGTHEINTERRUPTFOREXAMPLE,WHENTHESYSTEMISELECTRIFIEDTHETIMERISINITIALIZEDTHEPERIPHERALEQUIPMENTINITIATIONREFERSTOSETTHEINITIALVALUEOFPERIPHERALEQUIPMENTFOREXAMPLE,WHENTHESYSTEMISELECTRIFIED,THELCDSHOULDBEINITIALIZED,THESTARTUPDISPLAYSHOULDBECALLED,THETEMPERATURECONVERSIONCOMMANDSHOULDBEISSUEDFIRSTLYANDTHECLOCKCHIPDS1302SHOULDALSOBEINITIALIZEDTHEALARMHANDLINGISMAINLYTHELOWERINGANDTHERAISINGOFTEMPERATURETOMAKETHETEMPERATUREREMAINWITHTHEPRESETRANGEWHENTHETEMPERATUREISBETWEENTHEUPPERANDTHELOWERLIMITVALUE,ITGOESTOTEMPERATURECONTROLHANDLING,THATISTOSAYTHETEMPERATURENEEDTOBERAISEDORLOWEREDACCORDINGTOTHEPRESETVALUEBYDOINGSOMAKETHE6565

簡介：DOI101007/S0017000423279ORIGINALARTICLEINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL20062853–60HUAMINZHOUDEQUNLIINTEGRATEDSIMULATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSWITHSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYMOLDSRECEIVED5MARCH2004/ACCEPTED5JULY2004/PUBLISHEDONLINE6APRIL2005?SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2005ABSTRACTFUNCTIONALPARTSARENEEDEDFORDESIGNVERIFICATIONTESTING,FIELDTRIALS,CUSTOMEREVALUATION,ANDPRODUCTIONPLANNINGBYELIMINATINGMULTIPLESTEPS,THECREATIONOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDDIRECTLYBYARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSHOLDSTHEBESTPROMISEOFREDUCINGTHETIMEANDCOSTNEEDEDTOMOLDLOWVOLUMEQUANTITIESOFPARTSTHEPOTENTIALOFTHISINTEGRATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGWITHRPHASBEENDEMONSTRATEDMANYTIMESWHATISMISSINGISTHEFUNDAMENTALUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTHEMODIFICATIONSTOTHEMOLDMATERIALANDRPMANUFACTURINGPROCESSIMPACTBOTHTHEMOLDDESIGNANDTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSINADDITION,NUMERICALSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESHAVENOWBECOMEHELPFULTOOLSOFMOLDDESIGNERSANDPROCESSENGINEERSFORTRADITIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGBUTALLCURRENTSIMULATIONPACKAGESFORCONVENTIONALINJECTIONMOLDINGARENOLONGERAPPLICABLETOTHISNEWTYPEOFINJECTIONMOLDS,MAINLYBECAUSETHEPROPERTYOFTHEMOLDMATERIALCHANGESGREATLYINTHISPAPER,ANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHTOACCOMPLISHANUMERICALSIMULATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGINTORAPIDPROTOTYPEDMOLDSISESTABLISHEDANDACORRESPONDINGSIMULATIONSYSTEMISDEVELOPEDCOMPARISONSWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREEMPLOYEDFORVERIFICATION,WHICHSHOWTHATTHEPRESENTSCHEMEISWELLSUITEDTOHANDLERPFABRICATEDSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYSLMOLDSKEYWORDSINJECTIONMOLDINGNUMERICALSIMULATIONRAPIDPROTOTYPING1INTRODUCTIONININJECTIONMOLDING,THEPOLYMERMELTATHIGHTEMPERATUREISINJECTEDINTOTHEMOLDUNDERHIGHPRESSURE1THUS,THEMOLDMATERIALNEEDSTOHAVETHERMALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESCAPABLEOFWITHSTANDINGTHETEMPERATURESANDPRESSURESOFTHEMOLDINGCYCLETHEFOCUSOFMANYSTUDIESHASBEENTOCREATETHEHZHOUUDLISTATEKEYLABOFMOLDU,VARETHEAVERAGEWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSESANDΗ,Ρ,CPT,KTREPRESENTVISCOSITY,DENSITY,SPECIFICHEATANDTHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFPOLYMERMELT,RESPECTIVELYINADDITION,BOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONCANBEDEFINEDASUWV0,TTWATZB5?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZ06WHERETWISTHECONSTANTWALLTEMPERATURESHOWNINFIG2ACOMBININGEQS1–4WITHEQS5–6,ITFOLLOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEU,V,T,PATZCOORDINATESSHOULDBESYMMETRICAL,WITHTHEMIRRORAXISBEINGZ0,ANDCONSEQUENTLYTHEU,VAVERAGEDINHALFGAPTHICKNESSISEQUALTOTHATAVERAGEDINWHOLEGAPTHICKNESSBASEDONTHISCHARACTERISTIC,WECANDIVIDETHEWHOLECAVITYINTOTWOEQUALPARTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTION,ASDESCRIBEDBYPARTIANDPARTIIINFIG2BATTHESAMETIME,TRIANGULARFINITEELEMENTSAREGENERATEDINTHESURFACESOFTHECAVITYATZ0INFIG2B,INSTEADOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEATZ0INFIG2AACCORDINGLY,FINITEDIFFERENCEINCREMENTSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREEMPLOYEDONLYINTHEINSIDEOFTHESURFACESWALLTOMIDDLE/CENTERLINE,WHICH,INFIG2B,MEANSFROMZ0TOZBTHISISSINGLESIDEDINSTEADOFTWOSIDEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEMIDDLEPLANEIEFROMTHEMIDDLELINETOTWOWALLSINADDITION,THECOORDINATESYSTEMISCHANGEDFROMFIG2ATOFIG2BTOALTERTHEFINITEELEMENT/FINITEDIFFERENCESCHEME,ASSHOWNINFIG2BWITHTHEABOVEADJUSTMENT,GOVERNINGEQUATIONSARESTILLEQS1–4HOWEVER,THEORIGINALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAREREWRITTENASUWV0,TTWATZ07?U?Z0?V?Z,?T?Z0,W0ATZB8MEANWHILE,ADDITIONALBOUNDARYCONDITIONSMUSTBEEMPLOYEDATZBINORDERTOKEEPTHEFLOWSATTHEJUNCTUREOFTHETWOPARTSATTHESAMESECTIONCOORDINATE7UIUIIVIVIITITIIPIPIIATZB9CM?ICM?II10WHERESUBSCRIPTSI,IIREPRESENTTHEPARAMETERSOFPARTIANDPARTII,RESPECTIVELY,ANDCMIANDCMIIINDICATETHEMOVINGFREEFIG2A,BILLUSTRATIVEOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINTHEGAPWISEDIRECTIONAOFTHEMIDDLEPLANEMODELBOFTHESURFACEMODELMELTFRONTSOFTHESURFACESOFTHEDIVIDEDTWOPARTSINTHEFILLINGSTAGEITSHOULDBENOTEDTHAT,UNLIKECONDITIONSEQS7AND8,ENSURINGCONDITIONSEQS9AND10AREUPHELDINNUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONSBECOMESMOREDIFFICULTDUETOTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1THESURFACESATTHESAMESECTIONHAVEBEENMESHEDRESPECTIVELY,WHICHLEADSTOADISTINCTIVEPATTERNOFFINITEELEMENTSATTHESAMESECTIONTHUS,ANINTERPOLATIONOPERATIONSHOULDBEEMPLOYEDFORU,V,T,PDURINGTHECOMPARISONBETWEENTHETWOPARTSATTHEJUNCTURE2BECAUSETHETWOPARTSHAVERESPECTIVEFLOWFIELDSWITHRESPECTTOTHENODESATPOINTAANDPOINTCASSHOWNINFIG2BATTHESAMESECTION,ITISPOSSIBLETOHAVEEITHERBOTHFILLEDORONEFILLEDANDONEEMPTYTHESETWOCASESSHOULDBEHANDLEDSEPARATELY,AVERAGINGTHEOPERATIONFORTHEFORMER,WHEREASASSIGNINGOPERATIONFORTHELATTER3ITFOLLOWSTHATASMALLDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMELTFRONTSISPERMISSIBLETHATALLOWANCECANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYTIMEALLOWANCECONTROLORPREFERABLELOCATIONALLOWANCECONTROLOFTHEMELTFRONTNODES4THEBOUNDARIESOFTHEFLOWFIELDEXPANDBYEACHMELTFRONTADVANCEMENT,SOITISNECESSARYTOCHECKTHECONDITIONEQ10AFTEREACHCHANGEINTHEMELTFRONT5INVIEWOFABOVEMENTIONEDANALYSIS,THEPHYSICALPARAMETERSATTHENODESOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBECOMPAREDANDADJUSTED,SOTHEINFORMATIONDESCRIBINGFINITEELEMENTSOFTHESAMESECTIONSHOULDBEPREPAREDBEFORESIMULATION,THATIS,THEMATCHINGOPERATIONAMONGTHEELEMENTSSHOULDBEPREFORMED222NUMERICALIMPLEMENTATIONPRESSUREFIELDINMODELINGVISCOSITYΗ,WHICHISAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATE,TEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREOFMELT,THESHEARTHINNINGBEHAVIORCANBEWELLREPRESENTEDBYACROSSTYPEMODELSUCHASΗ˙Γ,T,PΗ0T,P1?Η0˙Γ?Τ??1?N11WHERENCORRESPONDSTOTHEPOWERLAWINDEX,ANDΤ?CHARACTERIZESTHESHEARSTRESSLEVELOFTHETRANSITIONREGIONBETWEENTHENEWTONIANANDPOWERLAWASYMPTOTICLIMITSINTERMSOFAN

簡介：AWATERFLOWMETERUSINGDUALFIBERBRAGGGRATINGSENSORSANDCROSSCORRELATIONTECHNIQUEABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,APRINCIPLEANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFACROSSCORRELATIONFLOWMETERUSINGFIBERBRAGGGRATINGFBGSENSORSAREPRESENTEDTHEFLOWMETERHASNOELECTRONICSANDNOMECHANICALPARTSINITSSENSINGPARTANDTHESTRUCTUREISTHUSSIMPLEANDIMMUNETOELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEEMIFORWATERFLOWMEASUREMENT,THEFLOWMETERUSESTHETIMEDELAYOFTHEVORTEXSIGNALGENERATEDBYABLUFFBODYKARMANVORTEXSHEDDINGFREQUENCYISALSODETECTEDANDUTILIZEDFORTHEFLOWVELOCITYESTIMATIONINTHESYSTEMINORDERTOREALIZEALOWNOISEANDWIDEBANDWIDTHSYSTEM,WEEMPLOYEDINTERFEROMETRICDETECTIONASAFBGWAVELENGTHSHIFTDETECTIONMETHODTHENOISESPECTRALDENSITYOFTHEFBGSENSORWITHTHEINTERFEROMETRICDETECTIONWAS410?4PM/HZ1/2CORRESPONDINGTO033NΕ/HZ1/2AWATERFLOWEXPERIMENTSHOWEDTHATTHEFLOWMETERHADALINEARCHARACTERISTICATVELOCITYRANGEFROM0TO10M/SANDTHEMINIMUMDETECTABLEVELOCITYOF005M/S1INTRODUCTIONFIBERBRAGGGRATINGFBGSENSORSHAVEVARIOUSADVANTAGESSUCHASSMALLSIZE,SIMPLICITYINSENSINGPRINCIPLE,ELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEEMIIMMUNITYANDCAPABILITYOFMULTIPLEXINGBECAUSEOFTHESEADVANTAGES,ANUMBEROFBASICRESEARCHESANDAPPLICATIONSONFBGSENSORSHAVEBEENMADE1–3INTELECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS,FBGSAREUSEDASADDDROPMULTIPLEXERSBECAUSEOFTHEIRNARROWBANDWIDTHTYPICALLY01NMTHEFBGAPPLICATIONTOOPTICALTUNABLEFILTERSISALSOUSEFULFORDISCRIMINATIONOFTHESIGNALSINFBGSENSORSYSTEMS4THEAPPLICATIONSTOSMARTSTRUCTURESANDHEALTHMONITORINGAREATTRACTIVEANDHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDACTIVELY5,6FBGSAREEMBEDDEDINCOMPOSITEMATERIALSANDUSEDASSTRAINANDTEMPERATURESENSORSINTHEAPPLICATIONINTHEFIELDOFCIVILENGINEERING,STRAINMEASUREMENTSFORBRIDGESANDBUILDINGSAREMADEUSINGFBGSENSORARRAYSWITHWAVELENGTHDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGWDMANDTIMEDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGAPPLICATIONISLIMITEDTHEREAREFEWREPORTSCONCERNINGTHECROSSCORRELATIONFLOWMETERUSINGOPTICALSENSORS,NOTLIGHTRAYORLASERBEAM,SUITEDFORWATERFLOWMEASUREMENTINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTAWATERFLOWMETERUSINGDUALFBGSENSORSANDCROSSCORRELATIONTECHNIQUETHEFLOWMETERHASNOELECTRONICSANDNOMECHANICALPARTSINITSSENSINGPART,ANDTHUSTHESTRUCTUREISSIMPLEATFIRST,WEEXPLAINTHEPRINCIPLEANDTHESCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHEFLOWMETERNEXT,WEPRESENTTHENOISEESTIMATIONOFTHEFBGSENSORWITHTHEINTERFEROMETRICDETECTIONUSINGAMACH–ZEHNDERINTERFEROMETERCOMPRISEDOFA22ANDA33COUPLERS9FINALLY,WEDESCRIBEEXPERIMENTALPERFORMANCESOFTHEFBGSENSORANDTHEFLOWMETER2ACROSSCORRELATIONFLOWMETERUSINGFBGSENSORSFIG1SHOWSTHEPRINCIPLEOFTHEFLOWMETERTHECROSSCORRELATIONFLOWMETERPRESENTEDHEREUSESFBGSTRAINSENSORSCOMPRISEDOFFBGSANDMETALCANTILEVERSINTHEFLOWMEASUREMENTSECTION,THEFBGSENSORSANDABLUFFBODYAREUSEDTHEBLUFFBODYWHOSESHAPEISARECTANGULARCOLUMNGENERATESSTABLEVORTICESTHETIMEDELAYBETWEENTHEVORTEXSIGNALSDETECTEDBYTHEFBGSENSORSAREESTIMATEDUSINGTHESMOOTHEDCOHERENCETRANSFORMRSCOTΤ15THEFUNCTIONRSCOTΤISEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWS1??????????????????FGFGFGFRYYXXXYRSCOT1TWHEREGXXFANDGYYFARETHEPOWERSPECTRAOFTHEUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMSENSORSIGNALS,GXYFISTHECROSSSPECTRUMOFTWOSIGNALSANDF?1DENOTESTHEINVERSEFOURIERTRANSFORMTHEFUNCTIONRSCOTΤISACROSSCORRELATIONFUNCTIONWEIGHTEDWITHTHECOHERENCEOFTHESIGNALSANDCANDETECTTHETIMEDELAYMOREPRECISELYANDROBUSTLYTHANTHESIMPLECROSSCORRELATIONFUNCTIONTHEMAXIMUMOFRSCOTΤISTHEBESTESTIMATE_TOFTHETIMEDELAYBETWEENTWOFBGSENSORSTHEMEASUREDVELOCITYVMEASISTHENCALCULATEDFROMTHEFOLLOWINGSIMPLEEQUATION2T??SMEASDVWHEREDSISTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTWOSENSORS

簡介：外文文獻原文ARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSINSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTINGKFREINSCHMIDT,PRESIDENTBLINGSTONEHWEBSTERADVANCEDSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTSERVICES,INC245SUMMERSTREETBOSTON,U02210PHONE6175891841ABSTRACTWEDISCUSSTHEUSEOFARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSTOTHESHORTTERMFORECASTINGOFLOADSINTHISSYSTEM,THEREARETWOTYPESOFNEURALNETWORKSNONLINEARANDLINEARNEURALNETWORKSTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKISUSEDTOCAPTURETHEHIGHLYNONLINEARRELATIONBETWEENTHELOADANDVARIOUSINPUTPARAMETERSANEURALNETWORKBASEDARMAMODELISMAINLYUSEDTOCAPTURETHELOADVARIATIONOVERAVERYSHORTTIMEPERIODOURSYSTEMCANACHIEVEAGOODACCURACYINSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTINGKEYWORDSSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTING,ARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORK1、INTRODUCTIONSHORTTERMHOURLYLOADFORECASTINGISANESSENTIALHCTIONINELECTRICPOWEROPERATIONSACCURATESHOIRTTERMLOADFORECASTSAREESSENTIALFOREFFICIENTGENERATIONDISPATCH,UNITCOMMITMENT,DEMANDSIDEMANAGEMENT,SHORTTERMMAINTENANCESCHEDULINGANDOTHERPURPOSESIMPROVEMENTSINTHEACCURACYOFSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTSCANRESULTINSIGNIFICANTFINANCIALSAVINGSFORUTILITIESANDCOGENERATORSVARIOUSTECLMIQUESFORPOWERSYSTEMLOADFORECASTINGHAVEBEENREPORTEDINLITERATURETHOSEINCLUDEMULTIPLELINEARREGRESSION,TIMESERIES,GENERALEXPONENTIALSMOOTHING,KALMANFILTERING,EXPERTSYSTEM,ANDARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSDUETOTHEHIGHLYNONLINEARRELATIONSBETWEENPOWERLOADANDVARIOUSPARAMETERSWHETHER2、VARIABLESAFFERTINGSHORTTERMLOADSOMEOFTHEVARIABLESAFFECTINGSHORTTERMELECTXICALLOADARETEMPERATUREHUMIDITYWINDSPEEDCLOUDCOVERLENGTHOFDAYLIGHTGEOGRAPHICALREGIONHOLIDAYSECONOMICFACTORSCLEARLY,THEIMPACTSOFTHESEVARIABLESDEPENDONTHETYPEOFLOADVARIATIONSINTEMPERATURE,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEALARGEREFFECTONRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALLOADSTHANONINDUSTRIALLOADREGIONSWITHRELATIVELYHIGHRESIDENTIALLOADSWILLHAVEHIGHERVARIATIONSINSHORTTERMLOADDUETOWEATHERCONDITIONSTHANREGIONSWITHRELATIVELYHIGHINDUSTRIALLOADSINDUSTRIALREGIONS,HOWEVER,WILLHAVEAGREATERVARIATIONDUETOECONOMICFACTORS,SUCHASHOLIDAYSASANEXAMPLE,FIGURE21SHOWSTHELOADVARIATIONOVERONEDAY,STARTINGATMIDNIGHTFIGURE21EXAMPLEOFLOADVARIATIONDURINGONEDAY

簡介：出處出處ERKAN?,HASTEMOGLUHBUILDINGEVACUATEMODULEFORURBANUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESSUBWAYSTATIONINTURKEYJJOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGIES,2015,5011中文中文3710字為城市地下通道建造安全模塊為城市地下通道建造安全模塊土耳其地鐵車站土耳其地鐵車站ERKAN?,HASTEMOGLUH摘要摘要在地鐵或者地下通道中人群疏散的主要任務(wù)就是當緊急情況發(fā)生的時候在最短的時間內(nèi)疏散到安全地帶的人越多越好。本文以土耳其為例，選擇了位于伊斯坦布爾的一個地鐵的地下通道。運用了以網(wǎng)站調(diào)查、現(xiàn)場試驗和計算機模擬相結(jié)的研究方法的新型軟件。它被稱為建筑疏散模塊軟件。我們提出一個經(jīng)過深度分析后得出的有關(guān)于通道的數(shù)量和寬度、渠道化設(shè)置和行人的疏散時間的結(jié)果報告。并且使用大數(shù)據(jù)觀點是對公眾的影響效果最好的解釋。此外，行人疏散條件記錄在三個疏散時間早上高峰期，平時和晚上高峰期。通過峰值觀察和統(tǒng)計獲得的視頻，并且構(gòu)建模型來模擬疏散的行人的變化。因此當它顯示行人的數(shù)量接近超過200時，現(xiàn)場試驗和仿真條件基本一致。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞運輸計劃、建造疏散模塊、人群疏散、地鐵車站1、導(dǎo)論、導(dǎo)論如今，對于土耳其來說地下通道的人群疏散城市突發(fā)事件已經(jīng)成為一個不可缺少的環(huán)節(jié)，但是對于這個主題的研究還是不夠的。然而，關(guān)于這個方面的研究不是很多，其中相關(guān)的理論基礎(chǔ)還相對薄弱，甚至是非常困難的。因此，在大規(guī)模人群疏散城市的地下通道有緊急事件發(fā)生時的研究，以便提高人群疏散的能力已經(jīng)成為一個關(guān)鍵的主題，可以廣泛的影響城市的安全與社會的穩(wěn)定。人群管理、控制和疏散在土耳其是非常新的方法，計算機仿真技術(shù)通常應(yīng)用于開發(fā)海外安全管理工作計劃。這些模擬可以用來分析建筑物、地鐵、輕軌、場館和交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的疏散，在計劃的過程中，仿真模型提供了評估網(wǎng)絡(luò)間隙的時間或者檢測應(yīng)急疏散的問題。研究表明，當研究人員安全通過街道到達地下通道時，研究表明行人的主觀條件壞于客觀條件。卡波特等提供了一個在公路隧道的應(yīng)急管理決策支持系統(tǒng)的集成的實時模型。主要的區(qū)別在于這個模型可以提供結(jié)果快于真實時間（少于5秒）但是其他的模型運行的運行時間確實高。度為12米/秒。圖1模擬的場景為四個出口門圖2出口寬度的疏散時間圖3顯示了疏散通道寬度的增加直接提高疏散效率。當出口寬度為3米時，疏散時間是798秒，然而，當寬度增加到6米時，疏散時間是396秒。這意味著當疏散通道的寬度增加，疏散的時間不成比例縮少，但是需要更多的時間。因此，出口寬度的建筑設(shè)施應(yīng)設(shè)置合理根據(jù)需要的場所。23通道渠化設(shè)置通道渠化設(shè)置疏散出口的疏散速度和行人之間的干擾可以通過寬度和數(shù)量的影響；此外,通過合理的渠化設(shè)置也可以增加行人的疏散效率。緊急情況下,疏散門的寬度是1米,疏散的數(shù)量是100人,速度為12米/秒。我們建立了四種情況，分別為行人自我疏散，一段渠化設(shè)置，雙通道和三通道渠化設(shè)置，渠化設(shè)置如圖4。該圖表明，為了提高效率和安全性，當緊急疏散情況疏散行人時建立有效的渠化導(dǎo)流物體在入口和出口之間可以減少沖突也可以提高速度和撤離的命令。當設(shè)置太多的信道在疏散出口,它會太繁雜,從而疏散效率會減少。24行人的數(shù)量行人的數(shù)量行人的數(shù)量也是一個很重要的因素。在本例中，我們假設(shè)分別有50,100,150,200,250人疏散速度為12米/秒，在長度為20米，寬度為2米的地下通道里。疏散模擬場景如圖5所示的建筑疏散模塊（BEM）。行人數(shù)和疏散時間的關(guān)系如圖6所示。圖6顯示了疏散時間隨著行人的數(shù)量增加而上升。然而，趨勢圖表明，疏散時間不隨行人的數(shù)量成比例增加。疏散行人的數(shù)量更多的需求,和更高的通道堵塞,導(dǎo)致行人疏散的效率的下降。特別是當行人數(shù)達到200以上，疏散時間明顯增加。此外，受損的殘疾人也導(dǎo)致疏散效率LED下降13。因此，有關(guān)管理部門應(yīng)加強對通道行人數(shù)量的控制以減少疏散過程中的意外干擾。25公眾輿論的影響公眾輿論的影響特別是在群體性突發(fā)事件的發(fā)生時，在地下通道或地鐵指相關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿情應(yīng)急監(jiān)測。因為很多緊急情況的變化因素,復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部關(guān)系,預(yù)測發(fā)展趨勢和復(fù)雜的相關(guān)信息，美國政府很難做

簡介：中文中文4650字出處出處ZUNINP,LEARDIR,BISIOA,ETALOXIDATIVESTABILITYOFVIRGINOLIVEOILENRICHEDWITHCARNOSICACIDJFOODRESEARCHINTERNATIONAL,2010,43515111516畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯題目富含鼠尾草酸的初榨橄欖油的氧化穩(wěn)定性富含鼠尾草酸的初榨橄欖油的氧化穩(wěn)定性院系名稱院系名稱糧油食品學(xué)院糧油食品學(xué)院專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級食工食工F0905F0905學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號號指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師教師職稱教師職稱起止日期起止日期地點這些過程。因此，將這些植物次級代謝產(chǎn)物加入食物中可能極大地促進消費者的健康利益和提高產(chǎn)品自身的穩(wěn)定性。為了要提高橄欖油的營養(yǎng)價值和就功能性食品構(gòu)想而言，在橄欖油中添加鼠尾草酸會特別有趣，因為它會增加其內(nèi)酚抗氧化劑的自由基清除能力，特別是主要來源于橄欖葡萄糖甙的維生素E（100400毫克/公斤）和親水性植物酚（40800毫克/公斤）,鼠尾草酸（簡稱CA）是在各種不同的薄荷科植物例如鼠尾草和迷迭香CHANG,OSTRICMATIJASEVIC,HSIEH,CURVELIER,RICHARD,HUANG,FRANKEL,SCHWARZ,AESCHBACH,GERMAN,1996,油菜籽（TROJAKOVA，REBLOVA，POKORNY，2000和魚油（FRANKEL，HUANG,PRIOR，AESCHBACH，1996和在仿制的系統(tǒng)中（MIURA，KIKUZAKI，NAKATANI，2002被研究。此外，HOPIA等人（1996報告指出在玉米油中鼠尾草酸在氧化過程中對A生育酚展現(xiàn)了一種極大地保護作用。這種效果的可能機制也許類似于抗壞血酸，即鼠尾草酸會減少生育酚自由基成為活性生育酚。因此，鼠尾草酸可能通過一個節(jié)約效應(yīng)在氧化中保護A生育酚（HOPIA等人，1996。因此，這項研究的目的是為了評價不同劑量的鼠尾草酸添加量對橄欖原油的影響。60℃油的加速老化和油炸食物體溫情況（180℃）二者均被考慮在內(nèi)。通過第一和第二氧化產(chǎn)物的量評估油脂氧化趨勢。使用DPPH測試加熱油脂的自由基清除能力。2、實驗21材料鼠尾草酸從鼠尾草和迷迭香葉中提取，利用柱層析法提純（MARRERO，ANDRéS，LUIS，2002。特純橄欖油來自于當?shù)厥袌鲑徺I。對氨基苯甲醚和1,1二苯基2苦基偕腙肼自由基（DPPH由SIGMACHEMIE公司（STEINHEIM，德

簡介：中文中文5500字ANANALYTICAPPROACHTOTHEUNSTEADYHEATCONDUCTIONPROCESSESINONEDIMENSIONALCOMPOSITEMEDIA一維符合材料介質(zhì)非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱過程的分析方法一維符合材料介質(zhì)非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱過程的分析方法摘要一維層疊體瞬態(tài)傳熱問題常采用基于VODICKA的傳統(tǒng)方法解決，然而，如果把每一層的熱擴散系數(shù)放在傳熱方程的一側(cè)，在時間變量函數(shù)采集點處，采用分離變量法對傳熱方程進行修正，則修正傳熱方程自動成立，表示處于一種透明的物理狀態(tài)。這種自動的選擇簡化了對復(fù)合材料介質(zhì)的非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱分析，與傳統(tǒng)方法比較，熱效應(yīng)計算簡化成了一種相對簡單的數(shù)學(xué)問題。1、緒論、緒論一種實際應(yīng)用于層疊系列復(fù)合材料的瞬態(tài)溫度效應(yīng)的閉式方法最初是由VODICKA提出的，他采用分離變量法解熱傳問題的偏微分方程，在變量分離時，VODICKA將熱擴散系數(shù)保留在傳熱方程的一側(cè)，在傳熱方程中建立空間變量函數(shù)。這種選擇使得時間變量函數(shù)獨立于熱擴散，因此，盡管這種方法可以給出正確的定量的結(jié)果，但并不能表示真實的物理問題，而且特征值和相應(yīng)的本征函數(shù)的計算非常耗時且復(fù)雜。在VODICKA之后，復(fù)合材料的非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱問題的分析經(jīng)過50多年的發(fā)展，其中包括一些個人的貢獻，2、M層非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱數(shù)學(xué)建模層非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱數(shù)學(xué)建模假定一復(fù)合材料有M層平板處于理想化熱接觸條件，如圖1所示，和分別是第I層的熱傳到效率和熱擴散效率（I1,2M），初始體（T0），限制其變化范圍X,具有特定的溫度F（X）。T0時刻，固體復(fù)合材1≤≤1料兩界面受到對流熱通量的作用，溫度為，傳熱系數(shù)為的流體流經(jīng)X的∞?11外表面，另有一具有相同的溫度，傳熱系數(shù)為的流體流經(jīng)另外一邊的∞?1外表面X。1外部邊界條件（X）?1（??）1?1（1，）0（5）初始邊界條件?（，0）（）∈，1（1,2，，）（6）公式（3）表明，相互獨立的M層板材料表面兩相鄰區(qū)域的溫度相等，公式（4）則相反，熱通量連續(xù)，與內(nèi)界面相對應(yīng)，公式（1）（6）可通過分析求解。33自然分析法解自然分析法解M層非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱問題層非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱問題公式（1）可通過工件假設(shè)法求解（分離變量法）定義為（，）（）（）≥0,∈，1（1,2，，）（7）由公式（7）替代（1），得到傳熱修正方程11（）1?2≥0，∈，1（1,2，，），（8）是分離常量，與各層相對應(yīng)，且與物理約束條件相關(guān)聯(lián)，（1,2，）分離變量時，熱擴散率保留在公式（8）的左邊，建立隨時間變化的函數(shù)，自然分析法使得函數(shù)明顯依賴于相應(yīng)的熱擴散率，所以，問題的解析結(jié)果（）與瞬態(tài)熱傳導(dǎo)過程的物理事實保持一致。公式（8）給出的自然分離產(chǎn)生從2到M的通用型微分方程。20，≥0（1,2，），（9）1（）20,∈，1（1,2，，）（10）可過公式（9）解時間變量函數(shù)，得（）?2，≥0（1,2，）（

簡介：英文文獻英文文獻ANINTRODUCTORYGUIDETOBUILDINGANDDEPLOYINGMORESECURESITESWITHASPNETANDIISSUMMARYASPNETANDMICROSOFTINTERNETINFORMATIONSERVICESIISWORKTOGETHERTOMAKEBUILDINGSECUREWEBSITESABREEZEBUTTODOITRIGHT,YOUHAVETOKNOWHOWTHETWOINTERRELATEANDWHATOPTIONSTHEYPROVIDEFORSECURINGACCESSTOAWEBSITESRESOURCESTHISARTICLE,THEFIRSTINATWOPARTSERIES,EXPLAINSTHEABCSOFWEBSECURITYASSEENTHROUGHTHEEYESOFASPNETANDINCLUDESAHANDSONTUTORIALDEMONSTRATINGWINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONANDACLAUTHORIZATIONSARANGEOFSECURITYMEASURESANDAUTHENTICATIONMETHODSAREDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGBASICAUTHENTICATION,DIGESTAUTHENTICATION,ANDROLEBASEDSECURITYTHERESANOLDADAGEAMONGDEVELOPERSTHATSAYSBUILDINGSECURITYINTOSOFTWAREISLIKEPAYINGTAXESYOUKNOWITSIMPORTANTANDYOUKNOWYOUMUSTDOITSOONERORLATER,BUTYOUPUTITOFFASLONGASYOUCANANDWHENYOUFINALLYDOIT,YOUDOSOONLYBECAUSEYOUHAVETOYOUMIGHTNOTGOTOJAILFORBUILDINGINSECUREAPPLICATIONS,BUTSECURITYISNOLESSIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFITINMANYAPPLICATIONSWEBAPPLICATIONSINPARTICULARSECURITYISNTALUXURYITSANECESSITYSECURITYISABIGDEALINNETWORKAPPLICATIONSBECAUSEBYNATURETHOSEAPPLICATIONSAREAVAILABLETOANDVULNERABLETOMISUSEBYANDATTACKSFROMALARGERPOPULATIONOFUSERSWHENTHENETWORKTOWHICHANAPPLICATIONISDEPLOYEDISTHEINTERNET,SECURITYBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANTBECAUSETHELISTOFPOTENTIALUSERSGROWSTOABOUTFOURBILLIONWEBSECURITYISABROADANDCOMPLICATEDSUBJECTMUCHOFTHEONGOINGRESEARCHINTHEFIELDHASTODOWITHHARDENINGWEBSERVERSAGAINSTATTACKSMICROSOFT?INTERNETINFORMATIONSERVICESIISADMINISTRATORSAREALLTOOAWAREOFTHEPASTSECURITYHOLESINIISANDOFSEVERALPATCHESANDSECURITYUPDATESFROMREDMONDBUTTHISARTICLEISNTABOUTPROTECTINGSERVERSFROMBUFFEROVERRUNSANDOTHERHACKATTACKSRATHER,THISARTICLEISABOUTUSINGASPNETTOBUILDSECURESITESTHATSERVEUPPAGESONLYTOAUTHORIZEDUSERSATASLIGHTLYDEEPERLEVEL,YOUMIGHTWANTTOKNOWWHOREQUESTEDTHEPAGESOYOUCANPERSONALIZEITFORTHATINDIVIDUALEITHERFORMOFPROTECTIONREQUIRESTWOOVERTACTIONSONTHEPARTOFTHEAPPLICATIONIDENTIFYTHEORIGINATOROFEACHREQUESTANDDEFINERULESTHATGOVERNWHOCANACCESSWHICHPAGESAWEBSERVERIDENTIFIESCALLERSUSINGAMECHANISMCALLEDAUTHENTICATIONONCEACALLERISIDENTIFIED,AUTHORIZATIONDETERMINESWHICHPAGESTHATPARTICULARCALLERISALLOWEDTOVIEWASPNETSUPPORTSAVARIETYOFAUTHENTICATIONANDAUTHORIZATIONMODELSUNDERSTANDINGTHEOPTIONSTHATAREAVAILABLETOYOUANDHOWTHEYINTERRELATEISANIMPORTANTFIRSTSTEPINDESIGNINGASITETHATRESTRICTSACCESSTOSOMEORALLOFITSRESOURCESORTHATPERSONALIZESCONTENTFORINDIVIDUALUSERSAUTHENTICATIONAUTHENTICATIONENABLESTHERECIPIENTOFAREQUESTTOASCERTAINTHECALLERSIDENTITYTHECALLERMIGHTCLAIMTOBEBOB,BUTYOUDONTKNOWHEREALLYISBOBUNLESSYOUAUTHENTICATEHIMASPNETSUPPORTSTHREETYPESOFAUTHENTICATIONWINDOWSAUTHENTICATION,PASSPORTAUTHENTICATION,ANDFORMSAUTHENTICATIONWHENWINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONISSELECTED,ASPNETLOOKSTOIISFORHELPIISDOESTHEHARDPARTBYAUTHENTICATINGTHECALLERTHENITMAKESTHECALLERSIDENTITYAVAILABLETOASPNETLETSSAYWINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONISENABLEDANDBOBREQUESTSANASPXFILEIISAUTHENTICATESBOBANDFORWARDSTHEREQUESTTOASPNETALONGWITHANACCESSTOKENIDENTIFYINGBOBASPNETUSESTHETOKENTOMAKESUREBOBHASPERMISSIONTORETRIEVETHEPAGEHEREQUESTEDASPNETALSOMAKESTHETOKENAVAILABLETOTHEAPPLICATIONTHATHANDLESTHEREQUESTSOTHATATITSDISCRETION,THEAPPLICATIONCANIMPERSONATEBOBTHATIS,TEMPORARILYASSUMEBOBSIDENTITYTOPREVENTCODEEXECUTEDWITHINTHEREQUESTFROMACCESSINGRESOURCESTHATBOBLACKSPERMISSIONTOACCESSFORWEBAPPLICATIONS,WINDOWSAUTHENTICATIONISTYPICALLYUSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSCENARIOSYOURAPPLICATIONISDEPLOYEDONTHECOMPANYSINTRANETANDEVERYONEWHOUSESITHASANACCOUNTTHATTHEYCANUSETOLOGINANDACCESSNETWORKRESOURCES

簡介：機械工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文資料翻譯教科部專業(yè)姓名學(xué)號外文出處FREESCALESEMICONDUCTOR（用外文寫）CODEWARRIORDEVELOPMENTSTUDIO附件INTRODUCTIONTOCODEWARRIORDEVELOPMENTTOOLS指導(dǎo)老師評語簽名系統(tǒng)功能的一個簡單界面，比如可以在控制面板中完成諸如設(shè)置音量和鼠標移動速度這樣一些參數(shù)。動態(tài)鏈接庫DLLS提供了一些很有用的被系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用程序共享的函數(shù)。通常它們都是沒有用戶界面的。插件PLUGINS有點類似于DLLS，插件也是可供其它軟件使用的小程序，但插件只能被特定的軟件使用。比如說，PHOTOSHOP的插件允許程序員方便地擴展PHOTOSHOP的功能，而不需要去修改它的源代碼。同樣的，許多WEB瀏覽器也使用插件來增加功能，或者為了讓你能夠看到頁面上的新的內(nèi)容類型。實際上，有許多程序，包括CODEWARRIOR，都使用這種插件結(jié)構(gòu)。一旦你掌握了CODEWARIOR和你所使用的操作系統(tǒng)的編程接口時，你可以編寫許多其它類型的程序。實際上，本課程也是你深入學(xué)習(xí)其它編程方法的基礎(chǔ)課程。你已經(jīng)找到了一個最優(yōu)秀的地方開始你的編程之旅。二、什么是工程文件二、什么是工程文件為了使用CODEWARRIOR來創(chuàng)建一個應(yīng)用程序，你必須創(chuàng)建許多文件來構(gòu)成一個工程PROJECT。該工程的設(shè)置和所有這些文件的指針都被存放在一個工程文件中。這些設(shè)置包括編譯和鏈接設(shè)置、源文件、庫文件以及它們之間用于產(chǎn)生最終程序的相互關(guān)系。你可以將這個工程文件看作該工程的大腦它保存了所有文件相互依存的關(guān)系并知道如何將它們組合成為一個可用的應(yīng)用程序。工程窗口依次顯示了這些關(guān)于你的程序和該程序所包含的文件的信息，并允許你只需輕松點擊就可以修改這個工程。大多數(shù)組成你的程序的文件都是原始的文本文件。這些文件包含了你在CODEWARRIOR的編輯器中鍵入的源代碼。在某些情況下，你還將使用一些預(yù)編譯的源碼和頭文件。在進行數(shù)學(xué)運算和I/O操作時，你還要使用到一些庫文件，比如METROWERKS標準庫METROWERKSSTANDARDLIBRARY，MSL通常，你都是使用C或C來編寫源代碼，但通過給CODEWWARRIOR的集成開發(fā)環(huán)境加裝相應(yīng)的插件PLUGIN，你也可以在CODEWARRIOR中使用其它

簡介：THEEFFECTSOFAIRCONTENTONPERMEABILITYOFLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETETOMMYYLO?,HZCUI1,ABIDNADEEM1,ZGLI1DEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTION,CITYUNIVERSITYOFHONGKONG,HONGKONGRECEIVED31JULY2003ACCEPTED23JUNE2006ABSTRACTAIRENTRAININGAGENTISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEFLOATATIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATELWAINLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATECONCRETELWAC,THEREFOREREDUCINGTHESEGREGATIONOFLWACATTHESAMETIME,USINGANAIRENTRAININGAGENTWILLAFFECTTHEWATERSORPTIONOFTHECONCRETEINTHISPAPER,TWOLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETEMIXESOFDENSITY1000KG/M3ANDAIRCONTENTOF135AND319WERECOMPAREDANDTHEEFFECTSOFENTRAINEDAIRONTHESTRENGTH,SURFACESORPTIVITY,ANDCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFLWACAREPRESENTEDRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEUSEOFPOROUSLWAWOULDNOTLOWERTHEPERMEABILITYRESISTANCEOFCONCRETEENTRAINEDAIRHADLITTLEEFFECTONSORPTIVITYBUTAMAJOREFFECTONCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYTHEWEAKERPORESNETWORKINTHECEMENTPASTEISTHEBASICCAUSEFORTHEHIGHCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETETHANTHEUSEOFPOROUSLWAALTHOUGHCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFLOWDENSITYLWACCONCRETEDECREASEDWITHAGEOFCONCRETE,ITWASFOUNDTHATTHECONCRETEWASNOTDENSEENOUGHTOSTOPTHECHLORIDEIONTOPENETRATETHROUGHTHECONCRETEBEFORETHECONCRETEMATUREAT90DAYS?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETELIGHTWEIGHTEXPANDEDCLAYAGGREGATESORPTIVITYCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYAIRCONTENTCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH1INTRODUCTIONLOWSTRENGTHLIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETEISUSEDFORPREFABRICATIONOFDRYPARTITIONWALLS,WASHINGROOMANDKITCHENMODULES1–3FORLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATECONCRETELWAC,AIRENTRAININGAGENTISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEFLOATATIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATELWATHEREFOREREDUCINGTHESEGREGATIONOFLWACANDLOWERINGTHEDENSITYOFTHERESULTINGCONCRETEHOWEVER,THEWATERSORPTIONOFTHECONCRETEWILLBEINCREASEDATTHESAMETIMEPASTFINDINGS4–7INDICATEDTHATSORPTIVITYCANBECORRELATEDTOPERMEABILITY,ANDISAFUNCTIONOFPOROSITY,POREDIAMETER,DISTRIBUTIONANDCONTINUITYOFPORESWITHINTHECONCRETEMATRIXINMANYCASES,THECHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFORDINARYCONCRETEUSINGAASHTOMETHOD8ISUSEDTOCOMPARETHEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEBUTFEWRESEARCHERSHAVESTUDIEDTHECHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFLWACINTHISSTUDY,THEEFFECTSOFTHEENTRAINEDAIRONTHESTRENGTH,SORPTIVITYANDPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEOFTWOLWACMIXESOFDENSITY1000KG/M3WILLBESTUDIEDRESULTSOFTHESURFACESORPTIVITYANDCHLORIDEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEWEREANALYZED2MATERIALSANDEXPERIMENTALDETAILS21MATERIALSANDSPECIMENSPREPARATIONTHEBINDERSUSEDWEREPORTLANDCEMENTOPCTOBS1219899,WITHBLAINESURFACEAREAOF330M2/KGANDADENSITYOF3150KG/M3THELWAWASALIGHTWEIGHTEXPANDEDCLAYAGGREGATEFINEAND10MMCOARSEAGGREGATESWEREOFBULKDENSITIESOF955KG/M3AND4038KG/M3,RESPECTIVELYTHELWAWASPREWETTEDWITHHALFOFTHETOTALGAUGINGWATERFOR30MINSOTHATTHEAGGREGATEWAS‘SURFACESATURATED’PRIORTOMIXINGWATERABSORPTIONOF30MINOFTHEFINEANDCOARSEAGGREGATEIS145AND54,RESPECTIVELYTHEMIXPROPORTIONSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE1TWOCONCRETEMIXESOFTHESAMEW/CRATIOBUTDIFFERENTAIRCONTENTSWEREPREPAREDLIQUIDAIRENTRAININGAGENTINACCORDANCEWITHBS488710WASADDEDTOTHECONCRETEMIXTOCONTROLTHEFLOATATIONOFLWAINTHECEMENTPASTETHERESULTINGFRESHCONCRETEHADGOODWORKABILITYANDTHEFLOATATIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATEANDSEGREGATIONOFCONCRETEWEREWELLCONTROLLEDFOREACHCONCRETEMIX,FOUR100100100MM3CUBESWEREPREPAREDFORTESTATEACHAGETHREEOFTHEMWEREFORCOMPRESSIVETESTANDTHELASTONEWASFORSORPTIONTESTINADDITION,ONEDISCCEMENTANDCONCRETERESEARCH3620061874–1878?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL85227887685FAX85227887612EMAILADDRESSTOMMYCITYUEDUHKTYLO1TEL85227887685FAX8522788761200088846/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCEMCONRES200606009MIN05ATAW/CRATIOOF06SOMEOTHERRESEARCHSTUDIESSUGGESTEDTHATOPCCONCRETEWITHW/CRATIOOF04–05WOULDHAVESORPTIVITYOFABOUT023MM/MIN0519–22THEREFORE,THESORPTIVITYVALUEFORTHESELWACWITHLOWSTRENGTHANDAIRCONTENTATW/CRATIOOF040WASNOTPARTICULARLYHIGHWHENCOMPAREDTONORMALWEIGHTCONCRETEOFTHESAMEW/CRATIOASSORPTIONISMAINLYTHROUGHCAPILLARYPORES,THESIMILARITYOFWATERSORPTIVITYOFTHEMIXESWITHDIFFERENTAIRCONTENTSUGGESTEDTHATTHEPORESWITHINTHETWOCONCRETEMIXESWERELARGERTHANCAPILLARYPORESHOWEVER,THECHANGEOFWATERSORPTIVITYWITHAGEISDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFNORMALWEIGHTCONCRETEFORNORMALCONCRETE,WATERSORPTIVITYGENERALLYDECREASEWITHTHEINCREASEINAGEINTHISRESEARCH,SORPTIVITYOFLWACINCREASEWITHAGEFORMIXA,THESORPTIVITYAT7DAYSWAS0122MM/MIN05ANDITINCREASESTO0130MM/MIN05FOR90DAYSTHESIMILARPHENOMENONALSOOCCURSINMIXBTHEMAINREASONFORTHISPHENOMENONWASTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEAIRENTRAININGAGENTANDTHEUSEOFLIGHTWEIGHTAGGREGATETHEINITIALSORPTIONAASPERTABLE2INCREASESWITHAGEOFCONCRETEINDICATEDTHEMEANOFTHEINITIALSORPTIONFORMIXESAANDBOFTHELWACCHANGESFROM0444MM,066MMTO2465MMAT7DAYS,28DAYSAND90DAYS,RESPECTIVELYITISCLEARTHATCONCRETESORPTIONISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHESURFACEPORESOFTHECONCRETEPASTETHESURFACEPOREREDUCESASC–S–HANDLWACSTRENGTHALSODEVELOPWITHTIMEACCORDINGLY,ITREDUCESTHEPERMEABILITYANDWATERSORPTIVITYOFCONCRETETHEABOVEPHENOMENONCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEFACTTHATTHEQUANTITYOFPORESOFMIXBISGREATERTHANTHATOFMIXADUETOTHEHIGHERAIRCONTENTTHESURFACESORPTIONOFMIXBISHIGHERATTHEEARLYAGESBUTBECOMESSIMILARAT90DAYSSINCETHECEMENTCONTENTSOFBOTHMIXESAANDBARETHESAME,THECEMENTHYDRATIONANDTHESTRUCTUREOFCAPILLARYPOREWILLBESIMILARTHISEXPLAINSWHYINFIG4THESURFACESORPTIONSOFTHETWOMIXESATTHEAGEOF90DAYSARESIMILARMOREOVER,ITALSOI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簡介：EFFECTOFNANOSILICAONTHECOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERBLENDSSHLEEA,MKONTOPOULOUA,,CBPARKBADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,QUEEN’SUNIVERSITY,KINGSTON,ONK7L3N6,CANADABDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFTORONTO,TORONTO,ONM5S3G8,CANADAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED25OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8JANUARY2010ACCEPTED11JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE18JANUARY2010KEYWORDSNANOCOMPOSITESTHERMOPLASTICOLEFINBLENDSCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYABSTRACTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHEEFFECTOFNANOSILICASIO2ONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFCOCONTINUOUSIMMISCIBLEPOLYPROPYLENEPP/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERPOEBLENDSTHEUNFILLEDBLENDSDISPLAYPHASEINVERSIONANDACOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTUREATARATIOOF50/50PP/POEBYWEIGHTUPONADDITIONOFSIO2INTHEPRESENCEOFMALEATEDPPCOMPATIBILIZERAFINERSTRUCTURE,CONSISTINGOFELONGATEDPOEPARTICLESDISPERSEDWITHINTHEPPPHASEISOBTAINEDTHISTRANSFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFFINELYDISPERSEDSIO2PARTICLESTHATARELOCALIZEDEXCLUSIVELYWITHINTHEPPMATRIXTHEIMPACTPROPERTIES,FLEXURALANDYOUNG’SMODULIOFTHEBLENDSINCREASESIGNIFICANTLY,POINTINGTOASYNERGISTICEFFECTARISINGFROMTHEPRESENCEOFTHEREINFORCEDPPPHASE,CONTAININGHIGHAMOUNTSOFTHEFINELYDISPERSEDELASTOMERICPHASE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONPOLYMERBLENDINGISUSEDEXTENSIVELYTODEVELOPNEWMATERIALSTHATEXHIBITAFAVORABLECOMBINATIONOFPROPERTIES,DEPENDINGONTHESELECTIONOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASMOSTPOLYMERSAREIMMISCIBLE,THEIRBLENDSFORMMULTIPHASESYSTEMSWITHVARIOUSMORPHOLOGIESANDSYNERGISTICPROPERTIESTHENATUREOFTHESTRUCTURESCREATEDDURINGPROCESSINGDEPENDSUPONSEVERALFACTORS,SUCHASTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHENEATPOLYMERSINTERFACIALTENSION,RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES,PROCESSINGCONDITIONSSHEARRATEANDMIXINGTIMEANDTHERELATIVEAMOUNTSOFMATERIALUSEDTHETYPEOFMORPHOLOGYDETERMINESTOALARGEEXTENTTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THUSPROPERCONTROLOFTHEMORPHOLOGYPLAYSAKEYROLEININDUCINGDESIRABLEPROPERTIESTOTHEBLENDSTHEDROPLET/MATRIXMORPHOLOGY,WHICHIMPARTSFAVORABLEIMPACTANDOTHERMECHANICALPROPERTIES,ASINTHECASEOFHIGHIMPACTPOLYSTYRENEANDPOLYPROPYLENE,HASBEENWIDELYSTUDIEDCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESHAVEALSODRAWNSIGNIFICANTINTEREST1,BECAUSETHEYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOWIDENTHEAPPLICATIONRANGEFORPOLYMERBLENDSDUETOTHEIRINTERCONNECTEDNATURE1–4COCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESEXHIBITINTERESTINGPROPERTIESRELEVANTTOCONDUCTIVITYORPERMEABILITYOWINGTOTHEPERCOLATIONOFTHETWOPHASESAWIDERANGEOFTECHNIQUESTODETERMINETHECOCONTINUITYREGIONANDTHERESULTINGSTRUCTURES,INCLUDINGSOLVENTEXTRACTION5–9,MICROSCOPY10–14ANDRHEOLOGY10,15–17HAVEBEENDESCRIBEDINTHELITERATUREEXTENSIVERESEARCHDURINGTHELASTDECADEHASCONFIRMEDTHEINFLUENCEOFNANOPARTICLEADDITIONONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYMERBLENDSITISNOWWIDELYACCEPTEDTHATINTHEPRESENCEOFNANOPARTICLES,SUCHASORGANOCLAYSANDNANOSILICA,THEDROPLETMATRIXMORPHOLOGYSHIFTSTOWARDAFINERDISPERSIONOFTHEMINORPHASETHESELECTIVELOCALIZATIONOFTHENANOFILLERINONEOFTHEPHASES,TYPICALLYTHEMATRIXORTHEINTERPHASE,SEEMSTOBEKEYTOEXPLAININGTHISPHENOMENONPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSTHATHAVEBEENOFFEREDINCLUDECOMPATIBILIZINGEFFECTSDUETOFILLERADSORPTIONATTHEINTERFACEOFTHETWOPOLYMERS,RESULTINGINAREDUCTIONINTHEINTERFACIALTENSION18–20HOWEVERTHESEMECHANISMSAREOBVIOUSLYNOTDOMINANTWHENTHEFILLERRESIDESINTHEMATRIX21INTHATCASEITHASBEENSPECULATEDTHATEXFOLIATEDCLAYPLATELETSORWELLDISPERSEDNANOPARTICLESSURROUNDEDBYANIMMOBILIZEDBOUNDLAYEROFPOLYMERMAYHINDERPARTICLECOALESCENCEBYACTINGASPHYSICALBARRIERS22–24ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREAREQUITEAFEWREPORTSOFNANOFILLERSFAVORINGTHEFORMATIONOFCOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTURESINVARIOUSBLENDCOMBINATIONS25–30INSOMECASES,THEFORMATIONOFADOUBLEPERCOLATEDSTRUCTURE,WHERECONDUCTIVEFILLERSSUCHASCARBONNANOTUBESAREDISPERSEDINONEOFTHECOCONTINUOUSPHASESISDESIRABLEANDISDONEONPURPOSE,SINCEITCANRESULTINFAVORABLECONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES31,32ITISTHEREFORECLEARTHAT,APARTFROMTHEOBVIOUSEFFECTTHATNANOFILLERSHAVEONTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THEYCANALSOGENERATEAMOREINDIRECTEFFECT,THROUGHTHECONTROLOFTHEIRMORPHOLOGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT16135333079FAXT16135336637EMAILADDRESSMARIANNAKONTOPOULOUCHEEQUEENSUCAMKONTOPOULOUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOLYMERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POLYMER00323861/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOLYMER201001018POLYMER5120101147–1155FOURBLOCKSOFKNEADINGDISCSHAVINGPOSITIVET30?,NEUTRAL90?,ANDNEGATIVE?30?STAGGEREDANGLESANDTWOLEFTHANDEDSCREWELEMENTS,TOPROVIDEGOODDISPERSIVEANDDISTRIBUTIVEMIXINGTHESCREWSPEEDWAS200RPM,RESULTINGINANEXTRUSIONRATEOF25KG/HTHETEMPERATUREPROFILEINTHEEXTRUDERFROMTHEFEEDINGSECTIONTOTHEDIEWAS60?C–200?C–205?C–205?C–210?C–210?C–200?CFORALLBLENDSTHESECONDITIONSWERESELECTEDBECAUSEPRIORWORKHASSHOWNTHATTHEYPROVIDETHEOPTIMUMDISPERSIONOFNANOSILICASILICAWASADDEDTOTHE50/50PP/POEBLENDSATLOADINGSRANGINGFROM1TO5WTPPGMANWASUSEDTOIMPROVETHEDISPERSIONOFSIO2RESULTINGINAPPMATRIXCOMPOSITIONOFPP/PPGMAN90/10ANTIOXIDANT03PHRWASADDEDTOALLFORMULATIONS23MECHANICALPROPERTIESTENSILEPROPERTIESWEREMEASUREDUSINGANINSTRON3369UNIVERSALTESTER,ATCROSSHEADSPEEDSOF50MM/MINDUMBBELLSHAPEDSPECIMENSWERECUTWITHATYPEVDIEACCORDINGTOASTMD638FROM15MMTHICKSHEETS,WHICHWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGOFTHECOMPOUNDEDSAMPLESATAPP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簡介：AUTOMATICIDENTIFICATIONOFGEOMETRICCONSTRAINTSINMECHANICALASSEMBLIESSHMULLINS?ANDDCANDERSON?MECHANICALASSEMBLIESOFMANUFACTUREDCOMPONENTSINVOLVESETSOFRELATIONSBETWEENMATINGSURFACESANDFUNCTIONALCHARACTERISTICSCOMPONENTSMUSTFITTOGETHERTOASSEMBLEANDFUNCTIONPROPERLY,PLACINGCONSTRAINTSONTHEALLOWABLEVALUESOFTHECOMPONENTDIMENSIONSKINEMATICMOTIONOFTHECOMPONENTSISOFTENNECESSARY,RESULTINGINOTHERGEOMETRICCONSTRAINTSIDENTIFICATIONOFCONSTRAINTSINMODELSOFMECHANICALASSEMBLIESISNECESSARYFORSIMULATIONSOFTHEEFFECTSOFDIMENSIONANDTOLERANCECHANGESTHISPAPERPRESENTSTECHNIQUESFORTHEAUTOMATICIDENTIFICATIONOFSUCHCONSTRAINTSINCOMPUTERMODELSOFTHREEDIMENSIONALASSEMBLIESWITHNONORTHOGONALCONTACTSBETWEENCOMPONENTSURFACESANDKINEMATICJOINTSTHEAPPROACHRELIESONAGRAPHBASEDREPRESENTATIONOFTHEASSEMBLYSEARCHALGORITHMSFORIDENTIFYINGASSEMBLYCONSTRAINTSINTHISGRAPHAREPRESENTED?1998ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSASSEMBLYMODELING,MECHANICALASSEMBLIES,CONSTRAINTSINTRODUCTIONTHEIDENTIFICATIONANDSOLUTIONOFCONSTRAINTRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENCOMPONENTDIMENSIONSINMECHANICALASSEMBLIESISASIGNIFICANTPROBLEMINCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNPHYSICALCONTACTSBETWEENCOMPONENTSCREATECONSTRAINTSONTHERELATIVEPOSITIONOFTHECOMPONENTS,THEIRNOMINALDIMENSIONS,ANDTHETOLERANCESONTHOSEDIMENSIONSTHENUMBEROFSUCHCONSTRAINTSCANBELARGEEVENFORRELATIVELYSIMPLEASSEMBLIESSPECIALIZEDTECHNIQUESARENEEDEDTOACCOUNTFORSUCHGEOMETRICCONSTRAINTSTHECONSTRAINTSIDENTIFIEDCANBEUSEDTO1PROVIDEDIMENSIONSENSITIVITYFEEDBACKTOTHEDESIGNER2IDENTIFYRELATIONSHIPSTHATTHEDESIGNERMAYNOTRECOGNIZEORFULLYCOMPREHEND3ALLOWFORREDUCTIONOFDESIGNTIMEBYMAKINGITEASIERTOMODIFYTHEEXISTINGDESIGNAND4BEUSEFULFORBOTHTOPDOWNANDBOTTOMUPDESIGNMODESTOPDOWNASSEMBLYDESIGNSYSTEMSCREATEFUNCTIONALCONSTRAINTSWHICHTHEGEOMETRYMUSTSATISFYBOTTOMUPASSEMBLYDESIGNUSESTHEGEOMETRYTODEFINECONSTRAINTSONTHEDESIGN’SBEHAVIORBOTHAPPROACHESRESULTINCONSTRAINTSTHATARISEFROMCONTACTSANDCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEASSEMBLY,ANDINEITHERAPPROACHITISNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHECONSISTENCYOFTHEASSEMBLYTHROUGHOUTDESIGNCHANGESCOMPUTERSUPPORTFORINTEGRATEDDESIGNOFPARTSANDASSEMBLIESREQUIRESCONSTRAINTIDENTIFICATIONANDMANAGEMENTTHEREARETWOCATEGORIESOFGEOMETRICASSEMBLYRELATIONSHIPSMATINGCONDITIONSANDKINEMATICJOINTSINGENERALTERMS,AMATINGCONDITIONISAGEOMETRICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTWOORMORECOMPONENTSTHATHASSIGNIFICANCEINTHEDESIGNORFABRICATIONPROCESSESMATINGCONDITIONSINCLUDERELATIONSHIPSWHICHINVOLVECONTACTBETWEENPARTS,ASWELLASRELATIONSHIPSINWHICHTWOPARTSDONOTHAVECONTACT,SUCHASCLEARANCECONDITIONSTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENMATINGCONDITIONSANDKINEMATICJOINTSISTHATTHEGEOMETRICRELATIONSHIPOFAMATINGCONDITIONISSTATICAMATINGCONDITIONDEFINESARELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOMPONENTSTHATMAYNOTHOLDIFCHANGESOCCURINTHEDIMENSIONSOFTHECOMPONENTSINCONTRAST,AKINEMATICJOINTISAGEOMETRICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTWOCOMPONENTSTHATALLOWSRELATIVEMOTIONANDHOLDSDESPITECHANGESINTHECOMPONENT’SDIMENSIONSTHEKINEMATICJOINTISAFUNCTIONALSPECIFICATION,BUTTHEMATINGCONDITIONISNOTEXAMPLESOFKINEMATICJOINTSARETHEREVOLUTEJOINTANDTHEPRISMATICJOINTAMATINGSURFACEISASURFACEONACOMPONENTTHATISINVOLVEDINAMATINGCONDITIONTHEMATINGSURFACESOFACOMPONENT,OROFAGROUPOFCOMPONENTSCONNECTEDBYKINEMATICJOINTS,CANRESTRICTTHERANGEOFVALUESOFTHECOMPONENTS’DIMENSIONSANDTHEDEGREESOFFREEDOMDOFOFTHEKINEMATICJOINTSASETOFCOMPONENTSTHATARERELATEDBYASETOFKINEMATICJOINTSISAKINEMATICGROUP,ANDASINGLECOMPONENTORAKINEMATICGROUPISACONSTRAINEDGROUPTHETERMCONSTRAINEDGROUPINFERSTHEREAREGEOMETRICRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEMATINGSURFACESTHAT1ARENOTIDENTIFIABLEASASSEMBLYCONSTRAINTS,AND2AREUSEFULINIDENTIFYINGANDFORMULATINGASSEMBLYCONSTRAINTSFORASINGLECOMPONENT,THESEGEOMETRICRELATIONSHIPSARETHECOMPONENT’SDIMENSIONSANDTOLERANCESFORAKINEMATICGROUP,THEYALSOINCLUDETHEDOFOFTHEKINEMATICJOINTSANASSEMBLYCONSTRAINTISCREATEDBYMATINGCONDITIONSCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGN,VOL30,NO9,PP715–726,1998?1998ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPRINTEDINGREATBRITAIN00104485/98/1900000PIIS0010448598000268715TOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDTEL7654945720FAX7654940811EMAILDAVEECNPURDUEEDU?STRUCTURALDYNAMICRESEARCHCORPORATION,MILFORD,OH451502789,USA?SCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,PURDUEUNIVERSITY,WESTLAFAYETTE,IN479061288,USAPAPERRECEIVED5APRIL1996REVISED10MARCH1998ACCEPTED20MARCH1998MATINGSURFACESOFCOMPONENTACANCOMBINETORESTRICTITSMOTIONINTHETWODIMENSIONALSUBSPACEOFE3DEFINEDBYTHEPLANEOFTHEPAPERNOPAIROFMATINGSURFACESCANRESTRICTTHETRANSLATIONOFTHECOMPONENTINTHISSUBSPACESUCHASETOFMATINGSURFACESISDEFINEDASAPHYSICALLYCONSTRAININGFACESETPCFSTHEPCFSISSIGNIFICANTBECAUSEWITHOUTSUCHASETOFMATINGSURFACES,THECOMPONENTDIMENSIONSINTHECONSTRAINEDGROUPCOULDBECHANGEDWITHOUTREGARDTOTHEOTHERCOMPONENTSINTHEASSEMBLYTHECONSTRAINEDGROUPCOORDINATESYSTEMCOULDTRANSLATEDUETOCHANGESINTHEDIMENSIONSOFANYOFTHECOMPONENTSINTHEASSEMBLYTHENEXTSECTIONDESCRIBESAGENERALMATHEMATICALDEFINITIONOFPCFSTHATWILLENABLETHEIDENTIFICATIONOFGENERALTRANSLATIONALCONSTRAINTSONCOMPONENTSCHARACTERISTICVECTORSPACEEACHMATINGSURFACEHASACHARACTERISTICVECTORCVSPACEOFDIRECTIONSFORWHICHITPREVENTSTRANSLATIONOFTHEASSOCIATEDCONSTRAINEDGROUPFIGURE4DEMONSTRATESTHECVSPACESFORSEVERALTYPESOF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